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PHOTO BY RITTASE

Independence Hall, Philadelphia, where the
Declaration of Independence was adopted on
July 4, 1776, and which was the scene of many
important Exposition events.

The Sesqui-Centennial
International Exposition

A RECORD BASED ON OFFICIAL DATA
AND DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS

E. L. AUSTIN

Director-in-Chief

AND

ODELL HAUSER

Director of Publicity

WITH CONTRIBUTED CHAPTERS
BY OTHERS PROMINENT IN THE
ACTIVITIES OF THE EXPOSITION
AND 100 PAGES OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Published by

CURRENT PUBLICATIONS, Inc.
123 SOUTH BROAD STREET
PHILADELPHIA, PA.

1929

Second Printing, July, 1929

Current Publications, Inc.

Printed in the United States
of America

Cover design from
“ America Welcomes the World ”
official Exposition poster
Copyright, 1926, by
Elliott Brewer
Philadelphia

and lithographed for him by
A. HOEN & SON
Baltimore

Reproduced by Permission

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cT-O

President and Mrs. Coolideje with their official
party escorted to the tribune in the Stadium
by Mayor and Mrs. Kendrick on President's
Day at the Exposition, July 5.

Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2018 with funding from

This project is made possible by a grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services as administered by the Pennsylvania Department of Education through the Office of Commonwealth Libraries

https://archive.org/details/sesquicentennialOOaust

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C O N T E N T S

FOREWORD by W . Freeland Kendrick
INTRODUCTION by John Frederick Lewis

Page

CHAPTER I

The Exposition in Perspective . 19

CHAPTER II

Early History of the Project . 27

CHAPTER III

Period of Preparation . 35

CHAPTER IV

Opening Day to Closing Day . 48

CHAPTER V

The Financial Phases by Albert M. Greenfield . 54

CHAPTER VI

Architectural Features . 59

CHAPTER VII

Construction Achievements . . 70

CHAPTER VIII

Participation of Foreign Nations . 81

CHAPTER IX

Federal Government Participation by Rear Admiral H. O. Stickney . 104

CHAPTER X

State and Civic Participation . 122

CHAPTER XI

Pennsylvania’s Building and Exhibits by Gifford Pinchot . 130

24 8770

CHAPTER XII

Women’s Patriotic Contribution by Mrs. J. Willis Martin .

151

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, .CHAPTER XIII

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High Street, the Memo’raBi® 'by; 7^..,/., Willis May-tin. . . 160

CHAPTER XIV

Other Activities of Women by Mrs. J. Willis Martin . 174

CHAPTER XV

Military and Naval Displays . 183

CHAPTER XVI

Notable Ceremonies and Occasions . 190

CHAPTER XVII

Music and Musical Organizations by Herbert J. Tily . 210

CHAPTER XVIII

In the Palace of Fine Arts . 228

CHAPTER XIX

Pageantry, Drama and Spectacle by William W. Matos . 238

CHAPTER XX

Education and Social Economy by Joseph R. Wilson, LL.B . 249

CHAPTER XXI

Exhibits in Social Economy by Joseph R. Wilson, LL.B . 271

CHAPTER XXII

Aviation and National Air Races by Hollinshead N. Taylor . 293

CHAPTER XXIII

Palace of Liberal Arts and Manufactures . 306

CHAPTER XXIV

Palace of Agriculture and Foreign Exhibits . 339

CHAPTER XXV

Palace of United States Government, Machinery and Transportation. . 355

CHAPTER XXVI

Special Buildings . 365

CHAPTER XXVII

The Gladway, Amusements, and Concessions . 372

Pace

CHAPTER XXVIII

Celebration of Special Days . 376

CHAPTER XXIX

Religious Events . 414

CHAPTER XXX

The Municipal Stadium by Edward P. Simon . 419

CHAPTER XXXI

Sports Events by Robert T. Paul and Henry Penn Burke . 424

CHAPTER XXXII

Conventions, Congresses and Other Events . 434

CHAPTER XXXIII

A Mecca for Motorists by J. B orton Weeks . 441

CHAPTER XXXIV

Sesqui-Centennial Live Stock Show by B. H. Heide . 445

CHAPTER XXXV

Dog Show, Poultry, Pigeon and Pet Stock Shows . 458

APPENDIX

Officers, Directors, and Executive Committee of Sesqui-Centennial Ex¬
hibition Association . 462

National Sesquicentennial Exhibition Commission . 463

Council of Governors . 463

Committees . 464

Administrative Personnel . 475

Staff . 476

Awards by International Jury of Awards . 482

American Youth Award and American Teacher Award . 497

Festival Chorus . 499

Exhibitors and Concessionaires . 517

Westward across the Forum of the Founders ,
the Court of Honor of the Exposition, dedi¬
cated to the Founders of the Republic.

A section of the Col¬
umns of the Signers,
thirteen in number ,
each bearing a bronze
tablet with the names
of the Signers of the
Declaration of Indepen¬
dence from one of the
original thirteen States.
To the right rear is the
mammoth Liberty Bell.

The Sesqui- Centennial
International Exposition

FOREWORD
By W . Freeland Kendrick

FORMER MAYOR OF PHILADELPHIA, AND PRESIDENT OF THE SESQUI-CENTENNIAL

EXHIBITION ASSOCIATION

The Sesqui-Centennial International Exposition was brought into
being to celebrate the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the
signing of the Declaration of Independence. It was inconceivable
that the year which marked the arrival at that milestone of American
Independence should not be signalized by some observance far
greater in scope and magnitude than the customary Fourth of July
exercises.

It was an anniversary that belonged to our whole people but upon
Philadelphia devolved a peculiar responsibility to act as host for
the occasion. For it was here that the stirring events of 1776 were
centered. Independence Hall and Carpenters’ Hall and other settings
of those memorable days still stand as they were then. Enshrined
in its place of honor as our country's most precious historic relic
rests the Liberty Bell, whose voice proclaimed the signing of the
Declaration.

Upon Philadelphia, then, rested the obligation to take the initia¬
tive. She would have been recreant to her duty if she had not done
so and the omission would have brought reproach upon her good
name. With these considerations in mind, a number of our repre¬
sentative citizens had for some time been reflecting on the project
, of a fitting celebration. The brilliant precedent of the Centennial
Exposition in 1876 dictated that the proper form was an interna¬
tional exposition. Plans for such an undertaking were put under
way and had been in progress with more or less success when the
present writer took office as Mayor of Philadelphia in 1924. From
that time on the whole force of the city government was put behind
the project, help was obtained from many directions, and the Exposi¬
tion became a reality.

Its gates were opened not on June 1, 1926, as had originally been
planned, but one day ahead of that time, or on May 31. It is to be
admitted that the Exposition was not completed when it was opened,
but it was largely completed in its externals at least. Herein was a
distinct departure from precedent in international expositions, for
we have become used to the condition that postponement of the
opening date is the rule rather than the exception.

The public will never know the difficulties that were met and over¬
come. The Exposition was virtually built between January and June
and its construction in that time represented an almost miraculous
achievement by the engineering staffs.

There were proposals to postpone the opening a year in order to
secure a greater degree of preparation, as well as to hold the Exposi¬
tion over another year, the first made before the opening and the

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

latter near the close. Rightly or wrongly, the present writer threw
his influence against postponement and against reopening on the
general principle that the object of the Exposition was to celebrate
our country’s one hundred and fiftieth anniversary and that this
came in 1926 and no other year, wherefore the Exposition should
open in 1926 and close finally in the same year.

Many nations accepted President Coolidge’s invitation on behalf
of the Exposition to participate, many noted personages attended,
and many notable events were held. Nearly six and one half million
admissions were recorded at the gates. And of all those who came
from far and near it may be said, in furtherance of the patriotic pur¬
pose which underlay the whole event, even the humblest might tread
the very ground on which Washington and Jefferson and Franklin
walked.

Thus the Exposition accomplished its primary purpose, which was
to afford the people of the United States and the people of the world
an opportunity to meet in solemn celebration of one hundred and
fifty years of American independence. It offered a visualization of
the spiritual, scientific, economic, artistic and industrial progress that
has been made in the United States and other countries during the
half century since the Centennial Exposition.

The exhibits were enthralling in their interest, as was attested by
the attitude of the crowds of visitors constantly passing before them.
Nor were the aspects of affording relaxation and amusement for the
visitors neglected. There was satisfaction for the ear in the great
musical festivals and recital programs and for the eye in the far-
stretching vistas of beauty and charm which the architects created.

The Sesqui-Centennial International Exposition is now nothing
but a name. To many it has brought imperishable memories of col¬
orful events and delightful associations. These memories persist and
gradually obliterate the recollections of the difficulties, as is the way
with humankind. We look back at the Exposition today at a dis¬
tance of more than two years since its close and as this perspective
lengthens we shall come to value more and more highly the lasting
benefits that resulted from the Exposition. We shall realize the
measure in which it accomplished the objects set forth in President
Coolidge’s invitation to foreign nations to participate, namely : “ex¬
hibiting the progress of the United States and other nations in art,
science and industry, and trade and commerce, and the development
of the products of the air, the soil, the mine, the forest and the seas.”
We shall also feel a sense of satisfaction that so ambitious an under¬
taking was set as the measure of what we thought in keeping with
the observance of the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of our
country’s independence.

The beautiful Persian Building fronting on
Edgewater Lake, one of the exquisite archi¬
tectural features of the Exposition.

INTRODUCTION
By John Frederick Lewis

MEMBER OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE SESQUI-CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION

ASSOCIATION AND FORMER PRESIDENT

To commemorate the signing and proclamation of the Declaration
of Independence was the purpose of the Sesqui-Centennial Interna¬
tional Exposition, to state that purpose as broadly as it can be stated
and yet with the utmost possible economy of words. It was this pur¬
pose which animated the many men and women who contributed their
services and their money to its accomplishment from the time of its
earliest suggestion to the time when the gates closed and the Exposi¬
tion became a thing of the past.

It is well we should be reminded of this in retrospect, as they
thought of it in prospect. Our people are apt to take the Declaration
of Independence and the circumstances which surrounded it too much
for granted. It shall be the task here to seek to make the events of the
year 1776 live again within the pages of a book as the Exposition
sought to make them live again in its patriotic observances, its archi¬
tectural design with the Forum of the Founders and the columns of
the signers, and its High Street of ’76.

One hundred and fifty years after the event, the Sesqui-Centennial
Exposition sought, as did the Centennial Exposition one hundred
years after it, to reconsecrate American patriotism by reminding the
nation of its beginnings. It invited the American people to assemble
at the most sacred spot on the American continent; upon the most
important date in the entire history of political liberty; and to com¬
memorate an event farther reaching in its effect than any which has
transpired since the beginning of the Christian era.

Consider these facts :

When the delegates from the United Colonies met in Pennsyl¬
vania’s Old State House and renounced allegiance to Great Britain,
they took their lives in their hands. They were actuated by the purest
sense of duty to their country.

For the first time in the history of the world, a great nation was
born in the faith : “that all men are created equal, that they are en¬
dowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among
these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness, that to secure
these rights governments are instituted among men, deriving their
just powers from the consent of the governed.’’

What the delegates did was nothing less than high treason. They
threw off allegiance to England and they levied war against her.
Renunciation of allegiance and levying war against the supreme

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

power of a state constituted the highest civil crime a citizen could
commit. Had the Revolutionary War failed, they could not have
escaped punishment. Proving that their motive was to secure the
repeal of a law which they believed infringed their liberties would
not have been a good defense. Lord Mansfield declared, in the trial
of Lord George Gordon, that it was the unanimous opinion of the
Court that an attempt by violence to enforce the repeal of a law was
levying war against the King and was high treason.

Many of the delegates were trained lawyers. They were all men of
intelligence. They knew the consequences of their act. They knew
that in 1719, during the reign of Queen Anne, Matthews, a printer,
was convicted of high treason and executed for publishing a pam¬
phlet entitled “Vox populi, vox Dei” — “The Voice of the People is
the Voice of God,” though the very words of the title and its doc¬
trine originated with the learned and saintly Alcuin of York as long
before as the Eighth Century. They knew that an offender convicted
of high treason was condemned to be drawn to the gallows, and not
to be carried or walk, that he was to be hanged by the neck and then
cut down alive, his head cut off and his body drawn and quartered,
his property confiscated and his very blood attainted, so that his own
sons and daughters could not inherit through his contaminated veins.
Hence the solemnity of this Declaration.

Every word in it was carefully weighed and considered. It is a
stately document. For literary taste, dignity of style, evidence of
historical learning, and well founded knowledge of human and divine
law it had never been equalled. Sound in legal form, sincere in state¬
ment, resolute and righteous in spirit, it is a masterpiece of eloquence.
Hence the significance of its closing words : “With a firm Reliance on
the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each
other our Lives, our Fortunes and our Sacred Honor.” Its language
calls to us from the past and we should not “draw nigh hither” unless
ready “to put off the shoes from off our feet, for the place whereon
we stand is holy ground.”

When the Declaration of Independence was adopted it was at once
printed in broadside form, by direction of Congress, for distribution
to the heads of the army and for public proclamation. These broad¬
sides were signed by John Hancock, President of Congress, and
attested by Charles Thomson as Secretary. It was from one of these
that the Declaration was first publicly proclaimed, July 8, 1776. It
was read by John Nixon in behalf of William Dewees, Sheriff of
Philadelphia. A procession assembled at the Hall of the American
Philosophical Society, which was then on Second Street, and marched
to the State House Yard, where they collected about a platform

INTRODUCTION

erected by the society to observe the transit of Venus in 1769. The
actual reading was at noon. The Sheriff was directed to have all his
officers and constables attend. The Committee of Safety was present.
A number of the Delegates to Congress filed out from the rear door
of the State House and the Declaration was read in a voice clear and
distinct enough to be heard on the opposite side of Fifth Street. A
printed copy of this broadside, presumably the original read by
Nixon, is in the possession of the American Philosophical Society,
which owns too the quaint old arm chair upon which Jefferson sat
in the house at Seventh and Market Streets while he drafted the
immortal document.

As soon as the Declaration was proclaimed, the royal insignia in
the Courts were taken down and burnt amid demonstrations of joy.
The old State House bell with its famous words : “Proclaim liberty
throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof” was rung,
and continued to be rung upon every anniversary of the Declaration
of Independence, until finally cracked in tolling July 8, 1835, for the
death of John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States.

The Fourth of July, 1776, is indeed the most important date in
all the history of political liberty, and without exception the most
critical. The men who adopted the Declaration of Independence were
lovers of the British Constitution. They had grown up under its
benign influence. Their rights as Englishmen formed their dearest
heritage. They were citizens of British colonies. Their mother coun¬
try was the most powerful nation in Europe. They were proud of
her accomplishment. She had frustrated the attempts of France to
connect by a chain of forts the French settlements in Canada with
those in Louisiana. Some of the delegates, like Washington in Brad-
dock’s Campaign, had fought for her. Canada had been conquered
and French authority north of the Colonies annihilated. Upon the
continent of Europe, English arms, with the sole alliance of Fred¬
erick the Great, King of Prussia, had successfully withstood all the
other powers combined. Hanover had been recovered from the
French. The Battle of Minden had been fought and won. Humiliat¬
ing treaties had been wrested from the French and Spanish. In India
Lord Clive had laid the foundations of the British Empire. Eng¬
land’s men of war had swept the ocean and made her mistress of
the seven seas, so that the ships of every nation dipped their colors
at the sight of her flag.

Few, if any, of the delegates desired independence. The Colonies
were well off in free institutions. Many of them had originated in a
desire for greater freedom than even the laws of England secured
her resident citizens. Many of their settlers had gone into the wilder-

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

ness to seek religious liberty. Feudalism as a system had never ex¬
isted among them, merely its forms as a theory of land tenure. Their
charters, or written constitutions, secured their people rights which
in some respects were superior to those of their relatives across the
water. Rhode Island’s Constitution provided that all power should
revert annually to the people and that the officers of the Crown should
be elected anew by popular vote. George III wondered why he was
sovereign of such a democracy. Connecticut had been given by the
Stuarts so liberal a charter that it was freely drawn upon in 1787 as
a basis for our own Federal Constitution. Pennsylvania’s charter
reflected the gratitude of Charles II for the services of Admiral Penn
and his friendship for the Admiral’s son, the great Founder of the
Commonwealth, and the “Frame of Government of the Province of
Pennsylvania agreed upon in England” was designedly made attrac¬
tive to those who loved liberty and order. As William Penn put it :
“Any government is free to the people under it (whatever be its
frame) where the laws rule and the people are a party to those laws.”

The Colonists in general had been loyal subjects of the British
Crown. They had consented to have their trade regulated to their
own detriment and the advantage of the English merchant. They
cherished the Magna Carta of 1215 with as much sincerity as their
fellow citizens living in England. To use the words of John Adams
in 1776, they knew that “the British Constitution had liberty as its
end and use, as much as grinding corn is the use of a mill.” They
knew that it was identified with the law of nature and regarded civil
law as written reason. When England needed men or money for
national defense they had willingly granted both, and they were slow
to believe that their King had bribed the peoples’ representatives with
the peoples’ own money in order to enforce his obstinate will. Their
attitude for years when they met in public or private was to secure
their liberty rather than their independence. The sentiments they
generally entertained were well expressed by John Jay in his address
to the people of Great Britain : “Permit us to be as free as yourselves,
and we shall ever esteem a union with you to be our greatest glory.”

The first Continental Congress, of 1774, took no action toward
declaring independence. Such a measure does not seem to have been
considered even a possibility. Upon the contrary, it avowed allegiance
to the King and assured him that the Colonists yielded to no other
British subjects in attachment to his person, his family, and his gov¬
ernment. Its members were entirely without power to act. They
were authorized to consult together and advise how best to obtain
redress of grievances and restoration of harmony. They sent peti¬
tions to the King and Parliament and published addresses to the peo¬
ple of England.

Queen Marie of Roumania, with Princess
Ilcana and the official party, in the specially-
constructed royal box in the Auditorium at
the entertainment arranged in her honor.

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INTROritrCTfON

In fact, prior to 1775, there was no question whatever of separa¬
tion, and during the Revolution itself John Adams declared that he
would have given anything to restore matters as before with security.
Even Jefferson and Madison admitted in the presence of the English
Minister that a few seats for the Colonists in both Houses of Parlia¬
ment would have set at rest the whole question.

The Second Continental Congress, of 1775, was invested with no
greater power than the First and it took no action upon the question
of separation. The spirit which pervaded that body is shown by the
fact that John Dickinson, who always retained a strong desire for
reconciliation, was permitted to draw a Second Petition to the King
according to his own ideas and the Congress passed it with scarcely
an amendment. The petition was so conciliatory that some members
could not refrain from expressing their dissatisfaction, but when it
was adopted Dickinson was delighted, thanked Congress and said:
“There is only one word, Mr. President, in the paper of which I
disapprove, and that is the word ‘Congress.’ ” Benjamin Harrison of
Virginia replied: “There is only one word in the paper, Mr. Presi¬
dent, of which I approve, and that is the word ‘Congress.’ ”

The declaration setting forth the causes of taking up arms ex¬
pressly assured their fellow subjects in every part of the Empire :
“That we mean not to dissolve that union which has so long and so

happily subsisted between us, and which we sincerely wish to see
restored.”

Washington in all his demands upon Congress never wasted his
powers urging that allegiance to England should be thrown off, and
even during the year of Paul Revere’s ride, Lexington, and Con¬
cord, when war was a reality, a majority of the people of the Col¬
onies seemed to have desired reconciliation. Those who favored
independence were comparatively few. Not until after the death of
Warren at Bunker Hill did independence become a possibility. That,
in Jefferson’s words, “cut off our last hope of reconciliation and a
frenzy of revenge seized all ranks of people.”

Great Britain declared her intention to force the colonies to sub¬
mit, and Congress, without any express power, proceeded to resist
the force. George III was obstinate, if nothing else. The delegates
“in the name of the good people of these Colonies,” — “appealing,” as
they say, “to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of
our intentions,” carried their cause from the law of England to the
law of nature, and from the King of England to the King of Kings,
and He broke “the staff of the wicked and the sceptre of the rulers.”

The contest was one of pure principle. The taxes to be raised
were too inconsiderable to interest the people of either country.
Whether the Colonists used stamped paper or not, or drank tea or

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SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

quit it, were matters of little consequence. As Daniel Webster puts
it, they went to war against a preamble, against the recital in an Act
of Parliament, of a right to legislate concerning them without con¬
sulting their wishes. Lord Chatham admitted in 1775 that the spirit
which pervaded America was the same which established British
liberties at a remote era and based them on the grand fundamental
maxim that no subject of England shall be taxed but by his own con¬
sent.

Again and again they had petitioned for a redress of their griev¬
ances. “In every stage of these oppressions,” as the Declaration
states, “we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms;
our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury.”
They urged that the conquest of Canada had been with their assis¬
tance, but Great Britain lost all bounds to her ambition. Her Govern¬
ment looked upon the Colonies as sources of revenue, and claimed
the right to tax them without limitation and bind them by statutes,
in all cases whatsoever. This was slavery undisguised. Failure to
declare independence was surrendering the contest.

The initial action in Congress towards independence was upon
June 7, 1776, when Charles Thomson, its Secretary, records in its
Secret Journal that “certain resolutions” were moved and seconded.

The first of these was that the Colonies “are and of right ought
to be free and independent States.” It was offered by Richard Henry
Lee of Virginia and seconded by John Adams of Massachusetts. It
was debated in Committee of the Whole. Some of the delegates felt
that they were without power to act. The people of the Middle Col¬
onies : Pennsylvania, Delaware, the Jerseys, and New York, were not
yet ready to bid adieu to the British Constitution.

The consideration of the resolution was postponed from June 7
to June 10. Upon June 11 Congress resolved to appoint a committee
of five members to prepare an appropriate Declaration, should inde¬
pendence be approved. Jefferson was the first named. He had been
a member of Congress for about a year, had attended but a small
part of his time, and had never spoken in public. Action by Congress
was again postponed until July 1 in order that the assemblies of
the Middle Colonies might have an opportunity to take off the restric¬
tions upon their delegates and let them vote for the measure.

The committee to draw up the Declaration appointed Jefferson and
Adams as a sub-committee, whereupon Jefferson wanted Adams to
make it, but Adams declined because in his opinion it was preferable
to have a Southern man rather than one from Massachusetts and
because Adams “had a great opinion of the elegance of Jefferson’s
pen and none at all of his own.” An original draft of the Declaration

Looking across Broad Street, the main con¬
course of the Exposition, with the Palace of
Agriculture and Foreign Exhibits in the im¬
mediate background and the Palace of Liberal
Arts and Manufactures to its left.

INTRODUCTION

in the handwriting of Jefferson with the amendments adopted by
Congress was sent to Richard Henry Lee, who had been called home
by the illness of his wife. It was presented to the American Philo¬
sophical Society by Lee’s grandson in 1821, is now a treasured pos¬
session of that venerable institution, and is lodged in its old building
on Independence Square. Jefferson was President of that society
from 1797 to 1814.

Congress further debated the subject of independence on July 2.
The New York delegates declined to vote because they were without
definite instructions. South Carolina, three to one, voted “no” until
the majority of the delegates should decide “yes.” Pennsylvania
voted “no,” four to three. The delegates from Delaware were a tie,
with one member missing, but before the motion was put in regular
session of the delegates in general Congress assembled, Caesar Rod¬
ney of Delaware, apprised by special messenger, arose from a sick
bed and, protecting his diseased face with a veil, made his famous
eighty-mile ride and reached the State House door in boots and spurs,
just in time to reverse Delaware’s vote, so that when John Dickinson
and Robert Morris absented themselves Pennsylvania stood three to
two in favor of independence and South Carolina voted solidly “yes,”
twelve of the thirteen colonies thus declaring for independence. The
adoption of the form of Declaration alone remained. This was fi¬
nally approved on the evening of July 4 by the twelve colonies,
when the militia pulled down the leaden statue of George III and
melted it into bullets.

The Declaration of Independence was not engrossed on parchment
and finally signed until August 2, upon which date the Journal re¬
cords that the Declaration, having been engrossed and compared at
the table, was signed. It was then that Hancock declared : “We must
be unanimous; we must all hang together” and Franklin said: “Yes,
or we shall all hang separately.” Hancock was the first to sign his
name in a large strong hand and said: “There! John Bull can read
my name without spectacles and now double his reward of five hun¬
dred pounds for my head.”

The adoption of the Declaration was farther reaching in political
effect than any event since the beginning of our era. Its immediate
influence was tremendous. It created more astonishment in Europe
than in the United Colonies. It was heralded by the friends of lib¬
erty wherever it became known. It delighted the French, amazed the
Italians, and encouraged the Poles and Hungarians. Everywhere in
Europe men were astonished that a few scattered Colonies should
have the courage to withstand the greatest power on earth. Revolu¬
tion followed. Dynasties toppled and overturned. Kings became re-

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

pentant and whatever remnant of belief in their divinity existed, ex¬
ploded.

This was the act and these the principles commemorated by the
holding of the Sesqui-Centennial International Exposition. If it had
done nothing else but serve to recall them vividly to the minds and
hearts of the heritors of the courageous and far-sighted men of 1776,
it would amply have served its purpose.

The circular court of the Illinois Building con¬
tained a replica of the Lincoln Statue by St
Loudens.

CHAPTER I

THE EXPOSITION IN PERSPECTIVE

EPHEMERAL CHARACTER OF EXPOSITIONS — PERMANENT INFLUENCE — HIGH STREET —
“FREEDOM” — AMERICAN YOUTH AND TEACHER AWARDS — EDUCATIONAL, FINE ARTS
AND MUSIC IMPORT — HIGHLIGHTS — NEGATIVE SIDE — CRITICISMS — SOURCE OF AN¬
TAGONISM — HANDICAPS — FUNDAMENTAL ERROR — POSTPONEMENT PLANS — DECI¬
SION MADE — PHILADELPHIA PROGRESS COMMITTEE.

Three years ago a city was reared as if by the wave of a magic
wand and all the world was invited to come and view its wonders.
Treasures of many lands were assembled there. The streets of the
city were traversed by millions of people, including royalty and
rulers, statesmen and diplomats, leaders in every walk of life. The
facades and towers and domes and minarets of its many buildings
formed a skyline of rare beauty. It was the daily scene of color¬
ful events, pageantry, spectacles and festivals. Because of its many-
hued structures it was called “The Rainbow City.”

At the end of six months the gates of the city were closed. Its
streets no longer echoed to the sounds of festivity. Its treasures
were packed up and taken away. Its buildings were deserted. The
reason for its existence had ended. Soon the skyline vanished and
only a few buildings remained as memorials of what had been. The
magic city had faded as the rainbow fades.

Such was the history of the Sesqui-Centennial International Ex¬
position in its material form. It is the history of all great exposi¬
tions. There is always something tragic in their impermanence.

Looking back upon the Exposition from the vantage point that
time gives the historian, it will be seen that impermanence applied
only to its material form and that there was a permanent character
not only in the underlying ideals that brought it into being but
also in the influence it has had on contemporary life.

Whatever else may be said of the Exposition there can be no
doubt regarding its ideality of purpose. It wTas undertaken as a
patriotic duty. As to money-making, that was out of the question.
In fact, in planning it the people of Philadelphia knew they were as¬
suming heavy financial responsibilities. Leading citizens who were
convinced the city would derive burdens instead of benefits from it
enthusiastically put their shoulders to the wheel to make it a reality.
It is hardly conceivable they would have done so except through
highly idealistic motives. At a time when it was the fashion to
criticize the nation as inordinately materialistic the Exposition was
proof to the contrary.

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

The offering of such proof at such a time was a distinct influence
on contemporary life. It attested that America still responded to
an appeal based on other than commercial motives and was still
mindful of the principles on which it was founded. When the United
States had become the most powerful nation in the world, entering
upon a period of material well-being without parallel in all history,
it was significant that three among the outstanding achievements
of the Exposition stressed the importance of maintaining high
spiritual standards.

One of these achievements was the truly remarkable revi¬
talization of early American ideals, atmosphere and activities in
High Street, a faithful reproduction of the main street of Philadel¬
phia as it was in 1776 when the Declaration of Independence was
signed. High Street was a source of renewed confidence in the deep
foundations of American life, and as such it undoubtedly had a
lasting effect on the millions who visited it.

The pageant “Freedom” was another achievement of the Expo¬
sition that created a lasting impression of spiritual value on all who
witnessed it. Conceived on a colossal scale and produced many times
in the course of the Exposition period, it emphasized with all the
art of the stage and music and spectacle the great human struggle for
freedom through the ages, the heroism and sacrifices that made
possible the benefits enjoyed by the American people today.

Then there was the establishment of the American Youth Award
and the American Teacher Award. Recognizing the important part
the youth and teachers of America have played in the development
of the nation, the directors of the Exposition determined that recog¬
nition should be paid them on the very spot where the stirring events
of 1776 occurred. Each state and the District of Columbia accord¬
ingly selected a boy and a girl of high school age adjudged its best
representatives of American ideals in youth and a woman school
teacher who within its boundaries had accomplished the greatest good
for the children of her state. The youths and teachers were brought
to Philadelphia to spend a week in contact with the scenes of Amer¬
ica’s beginnings and to take part in notable events of the one hundred
and fiftieth anniversary of the birth of the nation. They were
received by President Coolidge in Washington and were awarded
medals. Throughout the nation there was notable interest in the
selection of the boys and girls and teachers, with the result that
truly fine representatives were chosen who were not only inspired
to greater accomplishments by the honors accorded them but were
inspiring examples to others. So successful was this undertaking
in attracting public attention to the nobler side of American life in

Governor Ritchie with members of the Mary¬
land patriotic societies in the Forum of the
Founders on Maryland Day.

THE EXPOSITION IN PERSPECTIVE

contrast with the other phases that often receive unworthy glori¬
fication that steps have been taken since the Exposition by public-
spirited citizens to make the American Youth Award and the Ameri¬
can Teacher Award a permanent inspirational institution.

In many other respects the Exposition set in motion or gave
additional momentum to forces that remain as potent influences in
the life of the nation. In the field of education it presented an un¬
precedented opportunity for educators to compare modern methods
and their results. The increasing appreciation of the fine arts was
given added impetus by one of the most comprehensive collections
ever assembled. Music in all its forms was presented on a scale
so broad and with artistic standards on so high a plane that the
reputation of America as a musical nation was confirmed and ex¬
emplified as never before.

So much for the “intangibles” of the Exposition. In its material
aspects it was equally distinctive. There was no slavish following
of precedents, but a sincere effort to make it conform to its purpose.
And yet of “biggests” and “firsts” and such superlatives there were
many, both in its general features and in particular exhibits.

To start with, no other exposition on so large a scale was ever
built in so short a time. If it had not been for lessons in emergency
construction learned in the World War it would have taken years
to have accomplished what was done in months. As it happened,
few believed that such rapid construction as took place was possible
and this undoubtedly affected the attendance even after the Exposi¬
tion was completed.

In architectural features the Exposition represented a signifi¬
cant departure from the conventional. Recognizing that a distinc¬
tive American architecture had developed through the requirements
of modern conditions, an adaptation was made for the first time
at any exposition of one of its most characteristic features, the so-
called “setback” or pyramidal style, developed especially in the sky¬
scrapers of large cities.

Indirect colored illumination of buildings has become a beautiful
night effect that is now not uncommon, but it was at the Exposition
that this method of beautification was shown for the first time on
a large scale. Mechanical rotation and blending of colors in out¬
door lighting was also a novelty at the Exposition, demonstrated
with fascinating effects in a superb electrical fountain.

The huge illuminated Liberty Bell that was erected at a cost of
approximately $100,000 near the entrance to the Exposition was
the largest electrical structure every erected and presented a spec¬
tacle that will long be rememberd by every one who saw it.

The Pennsylvania Building and the Persian Building were archi-

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

tectural gems that represented new conceptions of beauty in expo¬
sition structures.

On any day at the Exposition the visitor could witness aerial
activities by Army, Navy and civilian fliers that were beyond the
dreams of the years when previous expositions had been held.

The exhibits of the United States Government were the most
comprehensive ever shown at any exposition. Among foreign ex¬
hibits those of Japan formed the largest and most complete display
of the arts and products of that nation ever made.

The Diesel engine, one of the significant contemporary advances
in power plant construction, was represented by the greatest as¬
semblage of its types ever displayed.

Paintings and sculptures valued at nearly $8,000,000 in the
Palace of Fine Arts, including the oldest piece of tapestry in the
world and the finest collection of Rodin outside of Paris; diamonds,
sapphires, rubies and emeralds valued at $10,000,000 in the British
exhibits; tapestries from the Royal Household of Spain valued at
$15,000,000 — these surely were worthy of superlatives.

One of the greatest organs ever constructed was installed in the
Auditorium of the Exposition where it was played by the leading
organists of the country.

Among the notable precedents established in connection with the
Exposition was the appearance for the first and only time of the
likeness of a living President upon any legal coinage of the United
States. Coins struck in commemoration of the event were a silver
half-dollar and a $2.50 gold piece. The former bore on the obverse
side the profile of George Washington superimposed on that of
President Coolidge.

It was the first exposition at which a field mass was celebrated and
at this religious ceremony in the Stadium on the Exposition grounds
all records were broken for attendance at an event of this nature.

A sports program that made athletic history was climaxed by
the first world’s heavyweight boxing championship contest ever held
at an exposition. At this contest the title passed from Jack Dempsey
to Gene Tunney.

The greatest live stock show the East has ever seen and the first
dog show sponsored by the American Kennel Club were held in
connection with the Exposition.

It was in keeping with the general recognition of the broadening
scope of woman’s sphere in modern life that women were called
upon to take a greater part in planning and administering the Ex¬
position than had been the case in connection with any previous in¬
ternational exposition. High Street was their outstanding contri¬
bution.

Gloria Swanson, film star, firing can¬
non to signalize opening of National
Air Races.

Suzanne Lenglen, of France, shaking
hands with Mary Brownie, of Amer¬
ica, at conclusion of tennis match in
Auditorium.

Gertrude Ederle, first woman
to swim English Channel, in
rolling chair at Exposition .
zvith two noted airmen.

THE EXPOSITION IN PERSPECTIVE

As typical of the cultural influence of the Exposition in many
unanticipated channels it may be recorded that the reproduction of
High Street led to renewed interest in many fine old Colonial man¬
sions that stand in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, and set in mo¬
tion plans for their restoration and preservation. The Junior
League of Philadelphia has been active in this work.

In wealth and variety of exhibits the Exposition was truly repre¬
sentative of the progress in the liberal and mechanical arts that
had been achieved in the fifty years since the Centennial Exposi¬
tion. In many cases this progress was shown by direct contrast of
the products or methods of 1876 with those of 1926.

Modern wonders of applied science, such as the radio, electri¬
cal refrigeration, “talking'’ motion pictures, multiple message teleg¬
raphy, labor-saving devices for the home and for business, picture
transmission via wire and air, had their first comprehensive show¬
ing at the Sesqui-Centennial Exposition and there, too, for the first
time was to be observed in varied lines the contemporary trend in
the application of principles of artistic beauty to even the most
utilitarian of products.

Installations of such modern devices as sound-amplifying sys¬
tems, through which it is possible now for outdoor speeches and
announcements to be carried to the remotest ear of vast human
assemblages, and the Auditorium Orthophonic Victrola for repro¬
ducing music on a similar scale, came within the experience of mil¬
lions for the first time at the Exposition. So successful was the
installation of the latter in the Palace of United States Govern¬
ment, Machinery and Transportation that the Government asked
the Victor Company to make a similar installation in the United
States Building at the Ibero-American Exposition, which opened in
Seville, Spain, recently.

The Virgin Islands, latest addition to the family of the United
States, exhibited at the Sesqui-Centennial for the first time at any
exposition.

Historical exhibits of extraordinary interest were to be found
in all the main palaces as well as in foreign and state buildings.
They ranged from the anchor of the Santa Maria, flagship of Co¬
lumbus, and a chalice from which he drank to the loud speaker of
the ill-fated dirigible Shenandoah; from the original charter of
Charles II granted to William Penn to the original apparatus used
by Marconi in signaling across the Atlantic Ocean ; from the first
telegraphic instrument and the first telephone instrument to the latest
modern miracle of transmitting pictures by wire; from the old frigate
“Constellation’’ and the flagship of Dewey at Manila to the NC4,
the first seaplane to cross the ocean from America; from a page of

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

the Gutenberg Bible to the first X-ray tubes used in America ; from
the gig in which Jefferson rode from Monticello, Virginia, to Phil¬
adelphia to the airplane in which Commander Byrd flew to the
North Pole and back; from a fragment of a tree under which
Cortes slept during his conquest of Mexico to apparatus used by
Franklin in his conquest of lightning.

Patent Office models of inventions by Edison, Eads, Ericson and
Gatling were to be seen as well as the largest electric locomotive in
the world. A collection of amber articles valued at $1,000,000 vied
in interest with a pearl pagoda from Japan, made of 50,000 genuine
pearls also worth $1,000,000.

A unique exhibit at the Exposition was that showing the progress
of the Negro race in industry, art and science. It was comprehen¬
sive in scope and offered a striking revelation of the remarkable
advances that had been made by the race in cultural advancement.

Building after building, from the five great palaces built for gen¬
eral exhibition purposes to structures designed for special displays,
from the foreign and state buildings to the individual houses of
High Street, showed exhibits that were fairly bewildering in their
variety. The things of interest in one comparatively small build¬
ing alone — the Government model post office — were worthy of a
day’s study, and it was estimated that more than a cursory view of
the entire exhibits would require two weeks of time.

Some reader of a generation now unborn coming upon these
writings in the future years may be moved to inquire why, if such
a story of positive achievement may be credited to the Sesqui-Cen-
tennial International Exposition, certain criticisms associated with
it still survive. This record would not be complete unless cognizance
were taken of this aspect of the situation. Moreover, both Chicago
and New York are considering the holding of international exposi¬
tions and in both these places the criticisms levelled at the Sesqui-
Centennial Exposition have been instanced as proving that “the day
of the international exposition is over.” A constructive purpose will
be accomplished, therefore, if some attention is given to the negative
side of the Exposition in order that others may understand and
profit.

We may start with the assertion that if the Exposition had
opened on or about July 15, 1926, when it was completed, and if
its history previous to that time had been a blank page, it would
have been an unqualified success and that if its opening had been
postponed until 1927 it would have been a triumphant success. It
is the things which happened prior to July 15, 1926, which laid
the foundations for the criticisms.

THE EXPOSITION IN PERSPECTIVE

Even so, the Exposition has never had complete justice done it.
Looking back at the Exposition as it was constituted after July 15
one notes with surprise that there are those unwilling to allow its
manifest excellences to overweigh the things that have been said in
dispraise. It is still as true as it was during the course of the event
that there are those who magnify its defects and accord scant cour¬
tesy to its merits.

One significant point is to be made in that connection at the
outset. It is that most of the surviving criticism of the Exposition
comes from Philadelphia and most of the praise comes from out¬
side.

Therein is reflected a curious but characteristic phase of the civic
consciousness of Philadelphia. A certain portion of the population
of the city which William Penn founded — how large the per¬
centage one would give a good deal to know — is firmly addicted to
the habit of destructive criticism.

As a result of the perennial activities of this portion of the city’s
population, Philadelphia has not always been able to give a good
account of herself before the rest of the country. False charges
which have been trumped up by one branch or another of this ele¬
ment purely for home consumption have been echoed outside the
city and taken for the truth, to the detriment of the city’s reputa¬
tion. The effect of this state of affairs as a whole has been that, of
all the great cities of the country, Philadelphia has told the outside
world the least about her successes and the most about her failures.
For it is characteristic of this element in the population that the last
instinct it would allow validity is the instinct to subordinate per¬
sonal preferences to the good of the city as a whole.

It may well be imagined that a project as vast as the Sesqui-Cen-
tennial Exposition offered golden opportunities to the negative-
minded. They were seized upon with avidity and made the most
of. It can be stated without danger of contradiction from any fair-
minded person that the things which did the most to harm the Ex¬
position and supply the criticisms which in some cases survive to
this day originated in Philadelphia.

The net result was to give the impression to the country that
Philadelphia was incapable of properly conducting an Exposition.
That feeling undoubtedly caused many persons to stay away dur¬
ing the Exposition season. However, it is to be observed that the
rest of the country showed more willingness after the Exposition
was well started to admit it was wrong than did Philadelphia.
Those Philadelphians who were originally opposed to the Exposi¬
tion continued in their opposition, entirely lacking the feeling that
since the city had inescapably committed itself to the Exposition,

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

it was the duty of all good citizens to drop their personal inclina¬
tions and pull together for the city’s greater glory.

As this book is about to go to press a movement has been started
under the auspices of the Philadelphia Progress Committee which
takes cognizance of exactly the conditions that have been alluded to
and has as one of the primary items in its program of constructive
effort for the city, the elimination of the negative or derogatory
attitude. This is a laudable purpose and one which the authors of
this book would aid by every means in their power. It is our feeling
that the work of the Philadelphia Progress Committee will be aided
if it can be pointed out in a specific manner how the attitude which
they hope to eradicate has worked harm on one of the largest under¬
takings the city has had in hand for years.

It is unfortunate that the Exposition had these heavy handi¬
caps to contend with, because to overcome them required an amount
of effort which could ill be spared from the project itself. The task
which the executive staff had to meet would have been impossible
even had everything been favorable, for no set of favorable circum¬
stances could have overcome the lack of time available. It is clear in
the light of perspective that postponement of the opening was the
logical requirement but postponement, although proposed, was de¬
cided against. Herein lay the fundamental error of the Exposition.

It would have been wiser, as events have proved, if the example
of other international expositions held in the United States had
been followed, for postponement of original opening dates may be
said almost to have been the rule rather than the exception. But in
this case the original date was adhered to. The opening saw the
project not completed but feature after feature was added and by
the middle of July there was an exposition which was complete
and which, as those responsible for the direction know, elicited ad¬
miration from many who had attended most of the international ex¬
positions of recent years.

Thus in dignity of conception, magnitude of scale and diversity
of interest the Sesqui-Centennial International Exposition fulfilled
the patriotic purpose for which it came into being, the appropriate
and adequate celebration of 150 years of American independence.
An event of such deep import and far-reaching influence, with a total
attendance of 6,408,289, is worthy not only of a historical record
such as this but also of an honorable page in the history of the
nation.

Section of mammoth parade of American Lc-
(jion in national convention as it flowed into
Exposition grounds to be reviewed by Vice-
President Dawes and General Pershing.

CHAPTER II

EARLY HISTORY OF THE PROJECT

JOHN WANAMAKER’S PROPOSAL IN 1916 — WORLD WAR INTERVENES — PROJECT REVIVED
IN 1920 — MAYOR J. HAMPTON MOORE REQUESTS INITIAL APPROPRIATION FROM
PHILADELPHIA CITY COUNCIL — COMMITTEE OF 100 FORMED — SESQUI-CENTENNIAL
EXHIBITION ASSOCIATION CHARTERED — PENNSYLVANIA LEGISLATURE TAKES FIRST
ACTION IN 1921 — SITES DISCUSSED — SECRETARY HOOVER’S INTEREST — CITY COUN¬
CIL’S PLEDGE IN 1922 — DELEGATION CALLS ON PRESIDENT HARDING — PRESIDENT
HARDING SENDS MESSAGE TO CONGRESS — MASS MEETING IN ACADEMY OF MUSIC —
CRITICAL PERIOD — W. FREELAND KENDRICK ELECTED MAYOR — PRESIDENT COOLIDGE
FAVORS EXPOSITION.

The first definite suggestion that Philadephia’s celebration of the
150th anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration of Indepen¬
dence should take the form of an internationtl exposition was made
ten years in advance of the sesquicentennial year, although even
prior to that suggestion there had been tentative discussion of the
subject. October 16, 1916, may be set as the date on which public
attention was first focussed on the project in a concrete way. On
this date there occurred a meeting of prominent business and pro¬
fessional men of the city. Its object was to formulate plans for ad¬
vertising Philadelphia. John Wanamaker addressed the meeting and
proposed that an international exposition be held in Philadelphia in
1926.

Mr. Wanamaker, who had been a member of the finance commit¬
tee of the Centennial Exposition in 1876, argued that an interna¬
tional exposition would not only commemorate fitly the patriotic
anniversary but would demonstrate to the nation and to the world
the city’s remarkable progress and achievements in the fifty years
following the Centennial Exposition.

Thus was born the idea out of which developed the Sesqui-Cen-
tennial International Exposition and upon Mr. Wanamaker there¬
after was bestowed the title of “Father of the Sesqui-Centennial.,,

At that particular time, however, the World War was on. Euro¬
pean and Asiatic nations were embroiled in the greatest conflict of
history. Armed forces of our own government were stationed on
the border line of our sister republic, Mexico, ready to repel in¬
vasion by an insurgent leader of that country.

The President and Congress of the United States had adopted a
policy of neutrality with respect to the war being waged with an in¬
creasing intensity in Europe and were endeavoring to preserve a feel¬
ing of amity toward the countries involved. The time was hardly
propitious for the launching of a movement dependent upon peace¬
able relationship of the combatants.

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Protagonists of the Exposition felt, however, that with the cessa¬
tion of hostilities the swords of war would be beaten into plowshares
and that following the mobilization of industry for destruction
would ensue a period of international progress in which industry
would perfect its efficiency to an unprecedented degree. Their con¬
ception was that the constructive genius of man, given impetus b>
wartime necessity, would have created inventions of a mechanical na¬
ture far eclipsing anything previously known and that an exhibition
of these alone would create tremendous interest.

The prolongation of the war for a period of two years, the en¬
trance of the United States into the turmoil and the unsettled finan¬
cial conditions of nations caused the idea to lie dormant until the lat¬
ter part of 1920, when J. Hampton Moore, Mayor of Philadelphia,
called a meeting of men prominent in civic affairs to revive it. At
this meeting preliminary steps were taken toward forming an organi¬
zation which would provide a nucleus of representative men and
women to further the project. A resolution was passed empowering
the Mayor to name a committee of one hundred citizens to work out
a plan.

On April 19, 1921, at the request of Mayor Moore, City Council
appropriated $50,000 for the furtherance of the project. This was
the first financial move in connection with the Exposition.

Meanwhile, in February, the committee of 100, of which John
Wanamaker was honorary chairman, had decided to obtain a State
charter for an association to be known as “The Sesqui-Centennial
Exposition Association,” a name subsequently changed to “The
Sesqui-Centennial Exhibition Association.”

On April 8, 1921, Mayor Moore, Alba B. Johnson, then president
of the Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce, and John Frederick
Lewis, president of the Academy of Fine Arts, appeared before Re¬
corder of Deeds James M. Hazlett with a petition to the Governor of
Pennsylvania for a charter. Other subscribers to the papers of in¬
corporation were Mrs. Lucretia L. Blankenburg, widow of the for¬
mer Mayor, and Mrs. Caroline Tyler Lea.

Twenty directors in addition to the five named above were listed
as follows: John Hampton Barnes; Judge Eugene C. Bonniwell;
Edward W. Bok; Colonel J. Howell Cummings; Agnew T. Dice,
president of the Reading Railway; Colonel James Elverson, Jr., Ellis
A. Gimbel, Colonel John Gribbel; John S. W. Holton; Mrs. J.
Willis Martin; John H. Mason; George W. Norris, governor of the
Philadelphia Federal Reserve Bank District; William Potter, former
Minister to Italy; Samuel Rea, president of the Pennsylvania
Railroad; the then Governor William C. Sproul; Andrew F.

Presentation of portrait of John Wanamaker,
“ Father of the Sesqui-Centennial ” to Exposi¬
tion. At left of portrait , E. N. Brewer, who
made the presentation. At right, Ernest T.
Trigg and Colonel Collier. Exposition officials.

EARLY HISTORY OF THE PROJECT

Stevens, Edward T. Stotesbury; former Governor Edwin S. Stuart;
John Wanamaker and E. A. Van Valkenburg.

All members of this group had evidenced upon many occasions
during the period in which the United States was engaged in war
their willingness to make any personal sacrifice in the interest of any
movement to serve their country. Their executive ability was un¬
questioned. Each was a leader in an important field. What was true
of the directorate also was typical of the personnel of the other
members of the committee.

The Pennsylvania State Legislature first aided the Sesqui-Cen-
tennial plans when on April 28, 1921, it adopted a resolution
declaring “the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania should prepare for
and participate in” the celebration, and requesting that the Federal
Government “approve the holding of the Sesqui-Centennial Ex¬
position in Philadelphia in 1926, and appropriate steps be taken to
invite the participation and cooperation of the nations of the world.”

Another important work of the Legislature was to amend Acts of
1887 and 1917, relating to incorporation of non-profit making com¬
panies for encouragement of arts, sciences, agriculture and horti¬
culture, in such a way as to give the Sesqui-Centennial Association
the right of eminent domain and thus make it possible to take over
private property for its purposes, and to permit the Association to
obtain loans through the issuance of bonds. The State Legislature
also passed a bill authorizing the appointment of a State Commission
of three members of the State Senate, three from the State House
of Representatives and twenty-five citizens to cooperate with the
Exhibition Association in its plans.

The charter and by laws of the Association were approved and
adopted June 3, 1921, and Mayor J. Hampton Moore became its
first president.

Philadelphia was by this time fully conscious of the obligation it
had assumed in arranging for a fitting and proper observance of the
anniversary of the event that established the United States as a
nation, an observance that would be worthy of the honor and dig¬
nity of the city as well as the country, and the governing body of
the municipality was in thorough accord with the spirit of responsi¬
bility felt by the citizens.

Ernest T. Trigg was elected chairman of the executive committee
of the Association. The board of directors was augmented, head¬
quarters were opened, weekly meetings of the executive committee
were held, and the Association as a whole met monthly.

Mrs. Barclay H. Warburton, daughter of Mr. Wanamaker, had
urged the appointment of a women’s committee and in order to

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

stimulate widespread interest in the coming celebration suggested
that offices in several of the leading cities be established. This
women’s committee was formed later.

One of the first things considered was the location of a site upon
which the Exposition would be held. Within the environs of the city
fourteen locations were available, each of which would provide the
space deemed necessary. The Centennial Exposition in 1876 had
been held in Fairmount Park, the largest municipally owned park
in the country, and this site was among the others considered. The
region of the Parkway, a boulevard leading to the entrance of the
park from the center of the city, was another site studied, as was
also territory adjacent to League Island Navy Yard.

While the matter of location was being discussed, United States
Senator Boies Penrose of Pennsylvania, a native of Philadelphia,
was requested to enlist the government’s permission to utilize land
within the confines of the Navy Yard.

Mr. Wanamaker visited President Harding in the interest of the
Exposition following the introduction of a bill in Congress by Repre¬
sentative George P. Darrow of Philadelphia providing for the full
cooperation of the Federal Government with the Exposition authori¬
ties and directing the President and Secretary of State to invite
foreign nations to participate.

The Exposition project received added impetus from a speech
delivered by Herbert Hoover, then Secretary of Commerce of the
United States, at a dinner given by Mr. Wanamaker in Philadelphia
on December 16, 1921. The dinner was attended by the Governor
of Pennsylvania, Mayor of Philadelphia and civic and industrial
leaders.

Secretary Hoover urged subordinating the commercial or trade
aspect of the proposed exposition and emphasizing its idealistic
phases, demonstrating the progress made by our nation in the arts,
sciences, education and other fields of human endeavor. Mr. Hoov¬
er’s words carried special weight because of his personal observation
of the attitude of European governments when he was abroad in
1914 in the interest of the World War.

Following Secretary Hoover’s inspirational message, Solicitor
General James M. Beck, a native Philadelphian, who never relin¬
quished his interest in the Exposition until it closed five years later,
appeared before City Council and in a stirring speech emphasized
the necessity of provision by the city of a substantial fund to be
used in connection with the Exposition in order to give assurance
to the Federal authorities that the city was vitally interested in the
celebration.

Interior view of the Argentine Building on
Edgewater Lake, where many notable recep-
tions zee re held.

EARLY HISTORY OF THE PROJECT

At the same time Mayor Moore and the executive committee of
the Association asked City Council for support. On January 19,
1922, Council pledged future support to the extent of $5,000,000
and “as much more as may be required” for the Exposition and
officially endorsed the aims of the Association.

This manifestation of the support of the city government of
Philadelphia for the project had an immediate stimulating effect.
Mayor Moore asked the State Legislature to appropriate $2,500,000
at a special session being held, and Joseph McLaughlin, another
Philadelphia member of Congress, who was on the Industrial Arts
and Expositions Committee of that body, stated that the govern¬
ment should allot $20,000,000 to the Exposition.

Mayor Moore and a delegation of Philadelphians called upon
President Harding and the interest in the Exposition increased.
A site that would embrace the Parkway and part of Fairmount
Park was approved. General John J. Pershing was suggested as
Director-in-Chief. Former President William Howard Taft praised
the undertaking. State leaders favored it and Federal sanction was
forecast in Washington.

On March 24,1922, President Harding in a special message to
Congress urged endorsement of the Exposition, referring to its
national and international significance. The text of President Hard¬
ing’s message follows :

“To the Senate and House of Representatives:

“It seems appropriate to call the attention of the Congress to the
fact that the fourth day of July, 1926, will mark the 150th anniver¬
sary of the Declaration of Independence, and the beginning of our
separate national existence. I am sure the Congress will agree that
such an epochal event, which has meant so much to our own Re¬
public, and has proved such a stimulating example to liberty-loving
peoples throughout the world, should have fitting commemoration.

“The Declaration of Independence was written and signed in
Philadelphia. In that city also the Constitution of the United States
was framed. So that fine and characteristically American city may
claim honors as the birthplace of the nation and also of its perma¬
nent governmental institutions.

“Because of these things the centennial anniversary of the Declar¬
ation of Independence was signalized by a world exposition in Phila¬
delphia in 1876. Mindful of the success of that enterprise, and of
its helpful influences, a movement was recently initiated by the
Mayor of that city which is already cordially supported by an organ¬
ization of its representative citizenship, to celebrate the Sesqui-
Centennial anniversary by holding ‘an exhibition of the progress of

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

the United States, in art, science and industry, in trade and com¬
merce, and in the development of the products of the air, the soil,
the mine, the forest and the seas; to which exhibition the people of
all other nations will be invited to contribute evidences of their own
progress, to the end that better international understanding and
more intimate commercial relationships may hasten the coming of
universal peace.’

“I am advised that it is proposed to hold this exhibition on a scale
of impressive grandeur commensurate with the occasion to be cele¬
brated, and the position of eminence in world progress which our
Nation has come to occupy. The City of Philadelphia has pledged
an appropriation of $5,000,000, and the State of Pennsylvania has
taken suitable action to provide for the generous participation of the
Commonwealth, and the request now comes to the Federal Govern¬
ment to signify its approval so that the participation and coopera¬
tion of the nations properly may be invited.

“There is every assurance that necessary additional funds for the
general expenses of construction and operation will be assured by
the public-spirited citizens of Philadelphia through the Sesqui-Cen-
tennial Exhibition Association, which is now organized and heartily
committed to the task of making the occasion in every way worthy
of the great event it will celebrate.

“I believe the proposed celebration worthy of the indorsement of
the Congress, and I recommend, therefore, the enactment of a suit¬
able measure fixing the year 1926 as the time for commemorating
the Sesqui-Centennial of the Declaration of Independence, and
designating the City of Philadelphia as the place for the official
ceremony, and for holding an international exposition in which all
the nations may be asked to participate.

“Such a sanction will not only challenge the attention of our own
people to the patriotic and ennobling deeds of the American founders
and lead us to survey anew the basic landmarks of our history, but
it will contribute materially to the growing spirit of amity among
the peoples of the earth and to the fuller realization that the progress
of mankind is shared by all nations. It will emphasize the advan¬
tages of peaceful and friendly intercourse and remind all mankind
that its greater achievements are along the ways of peace. Finally,
and this I would especially emphasize, it will fittingly signalize a new
era in which men are putting aside the competitive instruments of
destruction and replacing them with the agencies of constructive
peace.

“All races and nations have contributed generously to bring civili¬
zation thus far on the way to realization of the human common-

Towers, facades and landscaping of one of the
main exhibit palaces illuminated at night by
colored flood lights.

“Rockets’ red glare, bombs bursting in air,” at
the re-enactment of the bombardment of Fort
McHenry, a feature of Baltimore Day.

EARLY HISTORY OF THE PROJECT

wealth. Each has contributed of its especial genius to the common
progress; each owes to every other a debt which cannot too often be
acknowledged. This is the one debt which men may go on forever
increasing with assurance that it will impose no burdens, but only
add to their prosperity and good fortune.

“We cannot doubt that the great international expositions here¬
tofore held have done much to bring to all mankind a feeling of
unity in aspiration and of community in effort. Nor can we ques¬
tion, I think, that in this era of larger cooperation and unprecedented
eagerness for helpful understandings, there is peculiar reason for
emphasizing the thought of mutual support in all the enterprises
which promise further advance toward the goal of universal good.

“So it seems wholly fitting that this occasion should receive suit¬
able sanction by the Congress, that the lessons of American develop¬
ment and progress may be emphasized at home, and a new spirit of
American sympathy and cooperation signalized to all the nations.

“In inviting display of evidence of the progress and achieve¬
ments of other peoples, we will further inspire our own endeavors,
and prove our interest in the accomplishments of all who contribute
to human advancement, wherever they may be.

“In connection herewith I am inclosing copies of a chronology of
the Sesqui-Centennial project, together with a copy of the resolution
passed by the City Council and approved by the Mayor of Phila¬
delphia on the first day of February, 1922.

WARREN G. HARDING”

“The White House.

“March 24, 1922.”

On April 18, the Board of Directors resolved to have the Expo¬
sition formally dedicated on July 4, 1926, the President of the
United States to be invited.

Mayor Moore resigned as president of the Association at the an¬
nual meeting held May 9, 1922 and John Frederick Lewis was
chosen as his successor. Mr. Lewis stipulated he would serve only
until a permanent president was elected. He resigned June 26, 1922
and was succeeded on August 2 by Colonel Franklin D’Olier, for¬
mer President of the American Legion, who continued in office until
October 12 of the following year.

An administrative personnel under the direction of Colonel John
Price Jackson as executive director was engaged to formulate and
carry out plans for the financing of the project. Yearly subscrip¬
tions were solicited and a sale of participating bonds was started and

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

later abandoned. A mass meeting to stimulate interest in the Sesqui-
Centennial was held in the Academy of Music on October . 25, 1922.

During the period from June, 1922, until late in the following
year, the affairs of the Exposition passed through many crises. An¬
tagonism to the project had developed in various quarters. Plans
relative to the scope of the Exposition had been prepared by Victor
Rosewater, former Chairman of the Republican National Commit¬
tee, who had been engaged as assistant to the president of the As¬
sociation, and later as secretary, having succeeded Edward Robins.
These plans had been subjected to constantly recurring changes and
were then abandoned. Colonel D’Olier labored indefatigably to
bring order out of chaos, but it seemed inevitable that the Exposi¬
tion would be considerably curtailed. Colonel Jackson resigned on
December 6, 1923. Mr. Moore was to be succeeded as Mayor by
W. Freeland Kendrick, who had been elected in November and who
became honorary president of the Exposition on November 28,
1923.

On November 9 Secretary Hoover had paid a second visit to
Philadelphia and in the course of his speech announced the fact
that President Coolidge, who had succeeded to the Presidency after
the death of President Harding, was in favor of the Exposition.

CHAPTER III

PERIOD OF PREPARATION

MAYOR KENDRICK PRESIDENT OF EXHIBITION ASSOCIATION — OPENING DATE SET FOR
JUNE 1, 1926 — DELEGATION VISITS PRESIDENT COOLIDGE — PRESIDENT TRANSMITS
RECOMMENDATIONS TO CONGRESS — ENABLING LEGISLATION PASSES — NATIONAL
SESQUI-CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION COMMISSION CREATED — PRESIDENT NAMES MEM¬
BERS OF NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMISSION — PRESIDENT ISSUES PROCLAMATION TO
NATIONS OF WORLD — PLANS APPROACH DEFINITE FORM — STATE AND CIVIC PARTICI¬
PATION INVITED — WOMEN’S COMMITTEE FORMED — EXECUTIVE STAFF ORGANIZED —
PARTICIPATION CERTIFICATE CAMPAIGN RAISES $3,000,000 — BUILDING PROGRAM
CHANGED — MEETING OF NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMISSION IN INDEPENDENCE HALL
— OPENING DATE SET AS MAY 31, 1926 — RAPID CONSTRUCTION — EXPOSITION OPENED
ON DATE SET.

A new Board of Directors was elected when W. Freeland Ken¬
drick assumed the presidency of the Sesqui-Centennial Exhibition
Association in January, 1924, shortly after his induction as Mayor.
In July following G. W. B. Hicks was appointed Executive Secre¬
tary and was in charge of the preparatory work until February,
1925, when Colonel David C. Collier was appointed Director-Gen¬
eral. Colonel Collier, a native of San Diego, California, had been
associated in an executive capacity with the Panama-Calif ornia Ex¬
position in San Diego and was Commissioner-General of the United
States’ participation in an exposition held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Mayor Kendrick in collaboration with Director-General Collier
and Ernest T. Trigg, chairman of the executive committee, began
active preparations for holding the Exposition with the opening
date set as June 1, 1926.

President Harding and Congress previously had sanctioned the
holding of the Exposition, but on a site embracing the Parkway
and part of Fairmount Park. The final selection of League Island
Park and adjacent territory in South Philadelphia as the Exposi¬
tion site was followed by a decision to obtain Presidential and Con¬
gressional sanction of the change.

A delegation of directors and officers of the Association, headed by
Mayor Kendrick, went to Washington, February 14, 1925, to enlist
the support of the members of the Library Committee of the Senate
and the Industrial Arts and Expositions Committee of the House of
Representatives, the Pennsylvania delegation in each branch of Con¬
gress, and the approval of President Coolidge.

Secretary of Commerce Hoover arranged an audience with the
President, who gave the delegation his assurance that he would

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

recommend to Congress that all necessary Federal sanction for the
Exposition be given. Accordingly he sent the following message to
Congress under date of February 14, 1925 :

“Herewith I transmit to Congress copy of a communication this
day received from the Mayor of Philadelphia relative to a celebra¬
tion for which that city has made an appropriation of $5,000,000 to
commemorate the signing of the Declaration of Independence. I
recommend that favorable consideration be given to the various sug¬
gestions made in the communication.”

The letter from Mayor Kendrick to President Coolidge referred
in the President’s message read :

“As mayor of the city of Philadelphia and as President of the
Sesqui-Centennial Exhibition Association, I have the honor to
request you to take the following action :

“1. To issue under the authority conferred by the resolution here¬
tofore adopted by Congress, and through diplomatic channels, an
invitation to the nations of the world to participate in the sesqui-
centennial of American Independence to be held in the city of Phila¬
delphia from the 14th day of June, 1926, to a date in the fall of that
year.

“2. To include in these invitations, if you think proper, a request
for the presence of naval vessels of the foreign governments in the
Delaware River on the opening day to remain, if possible, until the
termination of the exhibition. I suggest that such action on the part
of various nations will not only emphasize the friendliness of their
attitude, but will also contribute greatly to the success of the exhibi¬
tion.

“3. To send to the Congress a message favoring the passage of a
resolution at this time to include the following provisions :

“First : Authorizing the appointment by the President of a na¬
tional Commission to consist of the Secretary of State and the
Secretary of Commerce, this commission to represent the Govern¬
ment of the United States in connection with the exhibition.

“Second : Authorizing the President to appoint an advisory com¬
mission of 108 members — to be composed of two citizens from each
of the states of the Union and also from Alaska, the Philippines,
Porto Rico, Hawaii, the Canal Zone and the Virgin Islands, such
appointments to be made by the President on the nomination of the
governors of the states and territories.

“Third : Authorizing the minting at the Philadelphia Mint, and
the subsequent issuance to the authorities of the Sesqui-Centennial
exhibition, of not more than 1,000,000 silver coins of 50 cents de¬
nomination, to be paid for at par by the Sesqui-Centennial Exhi¬
bition Association : and

MEMBERS OE THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Left . to right, first row,' E. Puscy Passmore, Joseph P. Gaffney, George F. Sfroulc, Ellis A. Gimhel,
Dr. Josiah H. Penniman; second row, Ralph T. S enter, W. Freeland Kendrick, president. E. J. Laf-
ferty, vice-president, George Wharton Pepper; third row, William C. Sprout, Charles H. Grakelow.
Jules E. Mastbaum, Samuel S. Fleisher, Robert Glcndinning ; fourth roie, Augustus F. Daix, Jr..
Charles B. Hall, Dr. Wilmer Kr jisen. Isaac D. Hctzcll, John Frederick Lewis; fifth row, Samuel M.
Vauclain, Mrs. Blanche A. Beliak, Martha P. Quinn, Simon Walter, Henry F. Fillers.

BOARD OF DIRECTORS ( continued )

Left to right, first row, Vincent A. Carroll, E. T. Stotcsbury, Thomas E. Mitten, J. S. IV. Holton,
Agnew T. Dice; second row, George H. Biles, Philip IT. Gadsden, Mrs. Arthur H. Lea, Mrs. J.
Willis Martin; W . W. Alatos; third rozv, Joseph Bernhard, Furey Ellis, David G. Frank en field, Edwin
R. Cox, Albert M. Greenfield; fourth row, Dr. Herbert J. Tily, Rowe Stewart, Francis Shrink Brown,
Janies M. Bennett, L. H. Kinnard; fifth row, George W. Elliott, S. M. Swaab, Charles H. Kendrick,
Mrs. Barclay IT. Warburton, Edwin M. Abbott; sixth rozv, Charles J. Webb, Dr. John P. Turner,
Eli Kirk Price.

PERIOD OF PREPARATION

“Fourth: Authorizing the issuance of a $1 bill illustrating the
signing of the Declaration of Independence, such issuance to be in
form and quantity as shall be determined by the Secretary of the
Treasury.”

Enabling legislation was passed by both Houses of Congress and
a National Sesqui-Centennial Exhibition Commission was created.
This consisted of Frank B. Kellogg, Secretary of State, and Herbert
Hoover, Secretary of Commerce, with George Akerson as Secretary.

President Coolidge appointed a National Advisory Commission
with Honorable James M. Beck, former Solicitor-General of the
United States as Chairman, and the following members :

Alabama — Dr. George H. Denny, President, University of Ala¬
bama, Tuscaloosa; Judge James J. Mayfield, Montgomery.

Arkansas — Miss Annie Griffey, Little Rock; Ray Wood, Fayette¬
ville.

Arizona — Honorable John Elwood White, Mayor of Tucson;
Miss Sharlot M. Hall, Prescott.

California — Honorable Herbert Fleishhacker, San Francisco;
Mrs. J. B. Lorbeer, Santa Monica.

Canal Zone — Richard G. Taylor, Colon; Gerald B. Bliss, Colon.

Colorado — Honorable Sterling D. Lacey, Lieutenant-Governor of
Colorado; Clayton C. Dorsey, Denver.

Connecticut — Honorable Frank B. Weeks, Middletown; Miss
Katherine Byrne, Putnam.

Delaware — Joseph Bancroft, Esq., Wilmington; Willard Speak-
man, Esq., Wilmington.

Florida — Honorable W. J. Wicker, Coleman; Honorable A. W.
Corbett, Miami.

Georgia — Colonel Charles T. Nunally, Atlanta; Commander Mal¬
colm McKinnon, Naval Aide, Brunswick.

Hawaii — Honorable Harry S. Dennison, Honolulu; Honorable
James S. McCandless, Honolulu.

Idaho — Stanley Easton, Wallace; Oliver O. Haga, Boise.

Illinois — James E. MacMurray, Chicago; B. H. Heide, Union
Stock Yards, Chicago.

Indiana — Stanley J. Straus, Chicago; Honorable Clyde A. Walb,
LaGrange.

Iowa — Honorable W. C. Haskell, Cedar Rapids ; Honorable Earl
C. Mills, Des Moines.

Kansas — A. C. Jobes, Kansas City; Ewing Herbert, Hiawatha.

Kentucky — Honorable James W. Turner, Paintersville ; Colonel
P. H. Callahan, Louisville.

Louisiana — Honorable W. O. Hart, New Orleans ; Honorable
James A. Smitherman, Shreveport.

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Maine — Honorable Guy P. Gannett, Augusta; Honorable James
C. Hamlen, Portland.

Maryland — Waldo Newcomer, Baltimore; A. S. Goldsborough,
Baltimore.

Massachusetts — Colonel Wellington Wells, President of Massa¬
chusetts Senate, Boston; Colonel Frank L. Nagle, Boston.

Michigan — Justus S. Stearns, Ludington.

Minnesota — Honorable Francis A. Gross, Minneapolis; Honor¬
able Charles R. Adams, Duluth.

Mississippi — Mrs. H. M. Pratt, Columbus; Mrs. J. T. Randle,
Hattiesburg.

Missouri — Dr. E. B. Clements, Macon ; A. J. Davis, St. Louis.
Montana — Honorable C. B. Power, Helena; Honorable W. W.
McDowell, Butte.

Nebraska — Mrs. C. H. Dietrich, Hastings; William J. Coad,
Omaha.

Nevada — Honorable George Wingfield, Reno ; Honorable Samuel
M. Pickett, Reno.

New Hampshire — Benjamin H. Worcester, Manchester; Walter
M. Parker, Manchester.

New Jersey — Honorable George S. Silzer, Metuchen ; Honorable
Bloomfield H. Minch, Bridgeton.

New Mexico — Honorable A. A. Jones, U. S. Senate, Washing¬
ton, D. C. ; Honorable S. B. Davis, Jr., Department of Commerce,
Washington, D. C.

New York— Honorable Sol Bloom, New York City; Miss Alice
Hill Chittenden, New York City.

North Carolina — Honorable A. L. Brooks, Greensboro; Mrs. W.
M. Reynolds, Winston-Salem.

North Dakota — Captain I. P. Baker, Bismarck; Samuel F.
Crabbe, Fargo.

Ohio — Honorable C. L. Knight, Akron; E. E. Cook, Cleveland.
Oklahoma — Mrs. T. B. Ferguson, Watonga; Sam Morley, Me-
Alester.

Oregon — Dr. William Kuydendall, Eugene; Whitney L. Boise,
Portland.

Pennsylvania — Honorable James M. Beck, Washington, D. C.
A. L. Humphreys, Pittsburgh.

Rhode Island — Honorable George C. Clark, Providence; Mrs.
Richard Jackson Barker, Riverton.

South Carolina — Honorable Christie Benet, Columbia; Mrs. Le¬
roy Springs, Lancaster.

South Dakota — Judge James McNenny, Deadwood; Dr. G. W.
Nash, President, Yankton College, Yankton.

PERIOD OF PREPARATION

Tennessee — Honorable Edward Hull Crump, Memphis; Horace
VanDeventer, Knoxville.

Texas — John T. Dickinson, New York City, W. E. Muse, Glen-
rose.

Utah — James H. Moyle, Salt Lake City; Ernest Bamberger, Salt
Lake City.

Vermont — Honorable Fred A. Howland, Montpelier; Honorable
Guy W. Bailey, Burlington.

Virginia — Colonel Garrett Buckner Wall, Richmond; S. N. Huff-
ard, Bluefield.

Washington — W. J. Milroy, Olympia ; David J. Whitcomb,
Seattle.

West Virginia — Honorable Wells Goodykoontz, Williamson; W.
E. Stone, Wheeling.

Wyoming — Honorable Bryant J. Brooks, Casper; Honorable
Patrick J. Quealy, Kemmerer.

Wisconsin — Fred H. Dormer, Milwaukee; Julius P. Heil, Mil¬
waukee.

On March 19, 1925, President Coolidge in a proclamation invited
the nations of the world to participate in the Sesqui-Centennial
International Exposition “for the purpose of exhibiting the progress
of the United States and other nations in art, science and industry,
trade and commerce and the developments of the products of the air,
the soil, the mine, the forest and the seas,” and requested that they
co-operate with the Exposition “by appointing representatives and
sending thereto such exhibits as will most fitly and fully illustrate
their resources, their industries, and their progress in civilization.”

Realizing that Federal participation and that of foreign countries
now were assured, Mayor Kendrick and the Exposition management
determined that the scope of the celebration should be on an elabo¬
rate scale.

The honor and good faith of the city, so rich in historical tra¬
dition, were pledged to the effective and impressive realization of the
Exposition project. The city and the nation had given to the world
their pledges that the anniversary of the action of the United States
of America in asserting the right to be numbered among the sover¬
eign nations would be as fittingly celebrated in 1926 as it had been
in 1876 with the Centennial Exposition.

With the site definitely determined and the guaranty of adequate
financial support from the City Council, together with the expecta¬
tion of additional funds from other sources of revenue, no serious
obstacles remained in the way of consummation of the project. The
realization that only a few months more than a year remained in
which to plan and build an Exposition city which should compel the

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

admiration of the world served as an incentive to those under whose
direction the mighty task had been placed, impelling them to put
forth every effort to acquit themselves worthily.

A plan embracing the physical construction of the Exposition and
outlining its possible sources of revenue was prepared. It was de¬
cided to sell space in the main exhibits buildings at $5 per square
foot. Men with previous experience in the management of ex¬
positions of an international character were added to the adminis¬
trative personnel, among them being Captain Asher C. Baker, who
was selected for the post of Director of Exhibits and Foreign Partic¬
ipation. In June, 1925, E. L. Austin accepted the post of Comp¬
troller.

Headquarters which had been established in one of the Indepen¬
dence Hall group of buildings were moved to a location opposite at
523 Chestnut Street. Ground was broken for the Administration
Building at Broad Street and Oregon Avenue and construction
started, and work was begun on the first of the main exhibits build¬
ings.

While the visualization of the spiritual, scientific, economic, artis¬
tic and industrial progress that had been made in America and the
world during the fifty years which had elapsed since 1876 was the
primary object of the projected Exposition, plans also were made to
tell the story of American freedom and American progress by a
series of pageants and parades which would surpass anything of the
kind theretofore seen. A concrete municipal stadium with seats for
80,000, and a potential seating capacity of more than 100,000, then
in course of construction, would provide the physical requirements
for such a carnival of pageantry.

In the general plan for the Sesqui-Centennial celebration, Inde¬
pendence Hall, shrine of American liberty where the Declaration was
signed, and Independence Square, naturally were given a promi¬
nent part. Many notable gatherings and impressive exercises, with
men prominent in the nation participating, were to take place where
Washington, Jefferson and Franklin walked and talked and plan¬
ned the founding of the nation. Multitudes of visitors were to see,
under momentous circumstances, the old buildings, practically as
they were in the eventful days of 1776, where the decisions leading
to American Independence were reached. Distinguished visitors
from countries which, following the example of the United States,
adopted a republican form of government, and from others indebted
to that example for broadened human rights, were to lay their hands
upon the Liberty Bell and comment on its message to the world in

PERIOD OF PREPARATION

1776 and what it had meant in the century and a half which had
elapsed.

To be truly representative of the occasion, it was agreed, the Ex¬
position should be international in scope, belonging as much to the
world at large as did the message of human freedom to be celebrated
again upon its 150th anniversary. In securing its independence, the
United States not only worked out its own salvation, but dem¬
onstrated to all peoples of the earth that a republican form of gov¬
ernment could be established, survive and prosper. Extraordinary
efforts, therefore, were to be made to insure the greatest possible
degree of participation by the governments and peoples of foreign
countries.

In order to present an opportunity to the states of the Union to
join in the celebration, particularly those which like Pennsylvania
were the scene of stirring events in Revolutionary times, an invita¬
tion was extended to the commonwealths to take an active part. The
fact that many of the states had concluded their biennial legislative
sessions presented serious difficulties, but in many cases appropri¬
ations for state buildings and arrangements for active participation
were made. In states whose legislatures had adjourned, opportunity
for civic participation was extended to the most important munici¬
palities. The invitation to cities to erect buildings and provide ex¬
hibits was extended not only to the mayors and councils, but also to
chambers of commerce, boards of trade and other associations.

In order to assure the most effective nation-wide representation,
a personnel of men and women familiar with the divergent phases of
exposition management was assembled from all sections of the
country. From a staff of employes numbering a mere handful, the
list was expanded more and more as the Exposition grew. Members
of the Board of Directors and of the committees of the Exhibition
Association, serving without pay, devoted much of their time to the
administration of departments of the work in which they were vi¬
tally interested. This was particularly true of the members of the
Women’s Committee, who chose as their part a reproduction of
Philadelphia’s original High Street, later Market Street, as it ap¬
peared in Colonial times. The result was one of the outstanding
achievements of the Exposition, and one which enjoyed a degree of
popularity never surpassed at any exposition. The story of High
Street is one of trials and triumphs, as is briefly and impressively re¬
vealed in this tribute paid by Miss Sarah L. Lowrie, member of the
Women’s Committee to Mrs. J. Willis Martin, chairman, following
the Exposition :

“No leader can tell a complete story because she cannot talk about

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

herself. Yet the whole story if it is read between the lines is eloquent
of the leadership and enthusiasm of one woman who took up a for¬
lorn hope and gave it the impetus of her personality and reputation
for success and for patriotism, kindling thereby a fire of enthusiasm
which burnt clear and at white heat in hundreds of minds for over
a year of hard work and much serving. Apart from the work done,
there was the fellowship of work which brought together such varied
groups and gave them not only a common purpose but a very real
relationship of friendship and of co-operation.

“It was a year of accruing spiritual values and warm apprecia¬
tions for the co-workers, and a testing time for higher standards of
citizenship for thousands of Americans who were brought into per¬
sonal contact with the Committee and its indomitable leader.

“We ended our eighteen months of labor with much that made us
richer for the experience. Not the least was our trust of the woman
who administered the great trust of leadership and our knowledge of
her goodness and integrity. In the end her chief asset was for her
fellow women, for she helped us to know one another better and
arrive at a more secure sense of fellowship which promises much for
future understanding and co-operation.”

Patrons of art and music offered the benefit of their knowledge
and experience, with the result that in these important fields the Ex¬
position achieved a high degree of merit and distinction.

In order to insure participation by states whose legislatures were
still in session, representatives were sent to address these bodies and
interview the governors. Publicity matter was sent to newspapers
and periodicals throughout the country, and speakers addressed civic
organizations everywhere and gave radio talks.

A speaker’s bureau was formed with John M. Patterson, prom¬
inent Philadelphia lawyer and former Judge of the Common Pleas
Court of Philadelphia as chairman. During the preliminary stages
of the Exposition Mr. Patterson died. Among the most prominent
of the members of the bureau who devoted much time to this feature
was City Treasurer Harry A. Mackey, later Mayor of Philadelphia.

Mr. Mackey probably delivered more speeches in the interest of
the Exposition than other man connected with the bureau. Upon
the occasion of a transcontinental trip, Mr. Mackey spoke in many
sections of the country. In addition, he addressed radio audiences
every week during the broadcast of what was known as “Sesqui”
hour in a Philadelphia station.

The co-operation of the broadcasting stations in Philadelphia also
added to the value of this form of transmitting information to the
public.

PERIOD OF PREPARATION

The acquisition of Captain Asher C. Baker as Director of Ex¬
hibits provided an opportunity of sending abroad a man thoroughly
familiar with the most effective methods of interesting potential ex¬
hibitors in foreign countries, as he had made similar pilgrimages
in the interest of the Panama- Pacific Exposition in 1915. Captain
Baker sailed for Europe in the Summer of 1925, visiting virtually
all the principal countries in Europe. Where the time was too short
to arrange for government exhibits by any of these countries, Cap¬
tain Baker urged commercial groups and individual merchants to
take space and make displays of merchandise and other articles pe¬
culiar to the country of their origin.

Early in 1925 Colonel Collier had prepared an elaborate plan em¬
bracing a building program which in the opinion of construction
experts could not be accomplished in the intervening eighteen months
before the opening date, finally set as May 31, 1926. Incorporated
in the list of proposed buildings were two large exhibits palaces pro¬
viding for more than seventeen acres of floor space. It was deemed
imperative that these buildings should be erected, even if the build¬
ing program were to be changed in other respects. Consequently,
bids were advertised and the contract awarded for the first of the
two structures on September 15 at an original figure of $850,000
and work was started immediately.

In the latter part of April, 1925, Governor Pinchot of Pennsyl¬
vania had signed a bill previously passed by the State Legislature
appropriating $750,000 as the state’s share in the Exposition. This
was to provide for the erection of a state building and a display of
Pennsylvania’s manufacturing, mining, agricultural and other re¬
sources.

Several foreign governments had indicated their intention of ac¬
cepting the invitation of President Coolidge to participate in the
Exposition, and plans for foreign buildings and exhibits were under
consideration.

A number of states had appointed commissions to arrange for
participation. Among the first of these was New Jersey. Members
of the New Jersey Commission visited Philadelphia and selected a
location on which to erect the state building. This was to be a per¬
manent building, a contribution to Philadelphia’s League Island Park
at the conclusion of the Exposition. It was a replica of the old
stone barracks built by the English for the Hessian Troops in Tren¬
ton, and later used by the Revolutionary forces after the victories
following Washington’s crossing of the Delaware. Ground was
broken for this building November 25, 1925.

With a dual purpose of increasing interest in the Exposition and

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

providing additional revenue, a drive for members had been started
by the Exhibition Association in July, 1921. The dues were set at
$10 a year, and a number of subscriptions were received. A cam¬
paign to sell participating bonds was abandoned as has been men¬
tioned. However, in October, 1925, a campaign was launched for
the sale of participating certificates under the supervision of Albert
M. Greenfield, Chairman of the Finance Committee, with the grati¬
fying result that the issue of $3,000,000 was oversubscribed within
ten days after the first offering was made.

At the time the participation campaign was proposed it was almost
the universal opinion that the results would be disappointing. Mr.
Greenfield devoted his full energy to the task, spending hours at the
telephone himself calling upon those from whom he sought aid, and
due to his organizing ability and the indefatigable efforts he put
forth, the fears of failure proved groundless and the success of the
campaign was complete. It is not too much to say that, coming at
the precise time it did, this successful effort of Mr. Greenfield and
his associates marked a turning-point in the Exposition’s affairs.
For his leadership in this campaign Mr. Greenfield was awarded the
Gold Medal of the Exposition “for conspicuous services as chairman
of the Finance Committee.”

There now existed an effective working organization of many
and various parts, prepared to proceed with all possible speed with
the building and assembling of the Exposition. The one really for¬
midable problem remaining was that of time, and to meet this a
radical change in the number, size and character of projected build¬
ings was made in order to have the Exposition ready for opening
on May 31, 1926. Colonel Collier, whose ambitious building pro¬
gram had to be in part abandoned, resigned October 29, leaving
Mayor Kendrick in direct charge. Captain Baker, on his return from
Europe, was named Director-in-Chief, which position he filled until
his death after the Exposition opened.

The executive staff of the Exposition as constituted when the final
plans were being worked out comprised, in addition to Mayor Ken¬
drick as President, E. J. Lafferty, member of the Mayor’s cabinet
and an outstanding business official, Vice-president; Captain Asher
C. Baker, a native of New Jersey, who had been prominently identi¬
fied with a number of international expositions, Director-in-Chief ;
E. L. Austin of Philadelphia, an executive who had been identified
with leading utility interests, as Comptroller (later Director-in-
Chief), G. W. B. Hicks of Philadelphia, previously identified with
municipal celebrations and civic organizations, as Executive Secre¬
tary (Mr. Hicks later resigned and was succeeded by S. van T. Jester

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF

Left to right, first row, Alexander Bower, Director of Fine Arts; IV. E. Cash, Director of Concessions :
S. van T. Jester, Executive Secretary ; S. H. Knight, Supervising Engineer; second row, William S.
Crosier, Special Commissioner; E. L. Austin, Director-in-Chief; Captain A. C. Baker (deceased ).
Director-in-Chief ; R. H. Burnside, Director of Pageantry ; third row, R. J. Pcarse, Director of Works;
Odell Hauser, Director of Publicity ; A. L. Sutton, Director of Domestic Participation and Special
Events; J. R. Wilson, Director of Education, Social Economy and Foreign Participation: C. A.
Bonyun, Chief Accountant ; G. J. Siedler, Assistant to Director-in-Chief ; C. E. Tefft, Chief of Sculp¬
ture Division; F. A. Robinson, Landscape Architect.

PERIOD OF PREPARATION

of Philadelphia) ; A. L. Sutton of San Francisco, who had been con¬
nected with several expositions, as Director of Domestic Participa¬
tion and Special Events; Odell Hauser as Director of Publicity; Jo¬
seph R. Wilson of Philadelphia, attorney and author, as Director of
Education, Social Economy and Foreign Participation; R. J. Pearse,
of Iowa, builder and designer of fairs and expositions, as Director of
Works; W. E. Cash of New York, with experience in connection
with other expositions, as Director of Concessions; John E. D.
Trask of Philadelphia, art critic, connected with other expositions, as
Director of Fine Arts (upon Mr. Trask’s death he was succeeded
by Alexander Bower of Maine, who also had been connected with
the fine arts departments of other expositions) : G. R. Lewis, affili¬
ated with state fairs management, as Director of Installation of Ex¬
hibits; Mrs. J. Willis Martin of Philadelphia, prominent among
women’s civic organizations, as Chairman of the Women’s Board;
George F. Zimmer of New York, as Director of Aviation (Mr.
Zimmer later resigned and was succeeded by Major Howard F.
Wehrle of Kansas City, manager of the National Air Races) ; Wil¬
liam W. Matos, Chairman of the Division of Pageantry; R. H.
Burnside of New York, former director of the New York Hippo¬
drome, as Director of Pageantry, and Murdoch Kendrick of Phila¬
delphia, as General Counsel. (Upon Mr. Kendrick’s death he was
succeeded by Edwin M. Abbott).

Fears that the designated opening date would find the Exposition
far from complete resulted in a movement for postponement of the
celebration until 1927, and this caused a temporary cessation of
building activity until January 20, 1926, when the National Ad¬
visory Commission met in Independence Hall. At the conclusion of
an all-day session, in the course of which eloquent speeches for and
against postponement were made, the decision to adhere to May 31,
1926, as the opening date was reached.

The finally definite date of opening now was but a little more than
four months away, and the Exposition builders were confronted
with the task of accomplishing in scarcely more than a third of a
year the greater part of the work requiring two or more years at
other expositions. The members of the Exhibition Association and
other bodies upon whom the burden of extraordinary achievement
rested were unappalled. Determination to succeed was the prevailing
spirit, and “full speed ahead!” was the order of the day. From that
time forward the Exposition grounds by day and through many
nights were the scene of tremendous activity; with all possible effort
and energy expended it seemed that the race with time could not be
won completely, yet day by day it became more clearly apparent that

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

the approach to completeness would be much closer than many of
the advocates of postponement had believed to be physically or
humanly possible.

The same necessity for rapidity in the physical construction of the
Exposition buildings demanded a similar maximum of effort ex¬
pended in the detailed preparation for installation of exhibits and the
conduct of the Exposition. With the exception of the Stadium and
the two exhibits buildings, the Exposition still was in an embryonic
state. The other buildings were yet to be planned and constructed,
and the filling in and treatment of grounds, and the allocation of
sites and areas for special purposes, still were to be accomplished.
The exercise of original judgment with hardly any precedent to fol¬
low was necessary with almost instant decisions to be made.

The results of Captain Baker’s first trip abroad did not come up
to expectations, and it appeared that the number of foreign govern¬
ments accepting President Coolidge’s invitation to participate in
the Exposition might be smaller than had been hoped for. Con¬
sequently, Captain Baker made a second trip to Europe for the pur¬
pose of insuring government action wherever possible, and where
this could not be obtained, to induce industrial and commercial
groups or individuals, representative of their countries, to exhibit.
In this he was successful to a notable degree, but at serious cost to
himself. Stricken with illness under the strain of his strenuous
efforts, he returned to Philadelphia and shortly afterward died in
his home at Princeton, N. J., a martyr to his efforts for the Ex¬
position.

One plan that previously had been determined upon was the sell¬
ing of exhibit space. For this purpose salemen were employed to
visit the leading industrial and commercial establishments through¬
out the country. In this field of activity difficulties were encountered,
many possible exhibitors being inclined to hold off until they could
receive definite assurance of the possibility of completion of the
Exposition.

In order to hasten the preparation of the Exposition grounds as
a whole and sites for the various structures, the aid of the Depart¬
ment of Public Works was sought, and George H. Biles, Director,
was placed in charge, operating in conjunction with the Exposition’s
own Department of Public Works. The transformation effected in
the grounds during weeks preceding the opening was the cause of
wonder to those who visited them daily, and even more to those who
did so at intervals of a week or more. Meanwhile, the Palace of
Agriculture and Foreign Exhibits and the Palace of Liberal Arts
and Manufactures had reached completion and exhibits were being

PERIOD OF PREPARATION

installed, and the work was being rushed on the Palace of United
States Government, Machinery and Transportation, the Palace of
Fine Arts and various state buildings, High Street, and the struc¬
tures on many concessions. At the entrances ticket booths and gates
were nearing completion, and outside the main gates two huge pylons
were rising to serve as towering pedestals for colossal twin statues,
“Heralds of the New Dawn.”

On the appointed day, May 31, 1926, the Sesqui-Centennial Ex¬
position, incomplete in some respects but withal impressive, was
formally opened. Secretaries Hoover and Kellogg were present as
representing the Government and there was a brilliant array of for¬
eign notables. The exercises are described in detail in another
chapter as are those of July 5 when President Coolidge came to the
Exposition.

CHAPTER IV

OPENING DAY TO CLOSING DAY

INCOMPLETE AT START — PUBLIC REACTION — CAUSES OF ATTITUDE — COMPLETION AN¬
NOUNCED TO COUNTRY BY SECRETARIES HOOVER AND KELLOGG — ATTENDANCE STA¬
TISTICS — SUNDAY OPENING - WORK OF THE INTERNATIONAL JURY OF AWARDS —

CLOSING OF GROUNDS — PAYMENT OF OBLIGATIONS — COOPERATION OF CITY COUNCIL.

The fact that the Exposition was incomplete on the opening date,
May 31, and for a considerable period thereafter was not in itself
any justification for foreboding. Other international expositions
had opened incomplete and overcome the handicap. In fact it might
be said to have become generally recognized that expositions on a
large scale are never ready on the date set. Nevertheless in the case
of the Sesqui-Centennial, though even from the very beginning there
were many and varied attractions well worth a visit, the impression
spread throughout the country that it was not yet worth coming to
see. There was a tendency to make no allowances for the traditional
unavoidable delays but rather to magnify the difficulties that stood
in the way of final accomplishment.

Three main causes may be advanced for this attitude on the part
of the public. In the first place, the people of Philadelphia, familiar
with the site and in the habit of regarding it as unattractive waste
land on the whole, not to be compared with the many beauty spots
of the city, were at no time confident of the ability of engineers and
builders to transform it into a desirable background for the Expos¬
ition display. The majority were skeptical, many were openly or
secretly antagonistic. Strangers in the city quickly sensed this feel¬
ing on the part of the residents and reflected it in their own attitude.

Second, to all who were not closely familiar with the marvelous
speed of modern construction, one of the lasting by-products of war¬
time emergency work, it was virtually impossible to visualize in ad¬
vance all that could be done almost overnight. They read or heard
of what remained to be done to carry out the plans and, not believing
in miracles, they shrugged their shoulders, decided it was impossible
and that ended it. The Exposition would be ready for the following
year. They would wait until then. Meanwhile they committed them¬
selves to other plans for their vacations.

The third cause was the disappointment felt by 250,000 members
of a great fraternal order who came to Philadelphia to hold their an¬
nual convention during the first week of the Exposition. Arriving
from every section of the whole country, each of this vast host was
a potential advertiser for the Exposition. They had acquired the

The Persian Bail ding by night with its grace¬
ful dome and minarets reflected in the still
waters of Edgewater Lake.

OPENING DAY TO CLOSING DAY

conception that the Exposition would be to all intents and purposes
complete by the time of the convention. When they saw how much
was yet to be done, their disappointment is conceivable. On the Ex¬
position grounds swarms of workmen were busy and the sounds of
hammering and riveting were everywhere. Roads were being made
or repaved. Exhibits were awaiting installation. All seemed con¬
fusion. It was too much to expect they could realize the ordered
plans back of that apparent chaos or estimate the possible speed of
accomplishment accurately. They went back to their home towns
and word spread the exposition could not be ready for many months.
More vacation plans were altered.

And yet a little more than two months after Opening Day, Secre¬
tary of Commerce Hoover found ample justification for making the
following statement for the information of the people of the United
States :

“The Sesqui-Centennial International Exposition now being held
in Philadelphia is a complete, excellent and noble exhibition. The
American people ought to take cognizance of it and visit it. The
exhibits are very instructive and those of this Government are the
finest ever placed in any exposition in the history of this country. It
merits larger attendance than it has had.

“The Sesqui-Centennial Exposition had fallen into evil ways be¬
cause of lack of completion on the opening date and the public is not
yet satisfied that it is complete. The answer is that it represents an
expenditure of $18,000,000 to $23,000,000. The people of Phila¬
delphia deserve nation-wide support for the endeavor properly to
commemorate the anniversary of Independence.”

Secretary of State Kellogg at the same time issued the following
statement :

“As a member of the National Sesqui-Centennial International
Exposition Commission, I am glad to add my word of praise for the
accomplishment of the people of Philadelphia.

“An exposition worthy of the proper celebration of the 150th an¬
niversary of Independence is now virtually complete. Serious ob¬
stacles have been overcome. The Exposition deserves the support of
the people of this great Nation.

“As has been stated before, the Government exhibit is the most
complete which has ever been shown in an exposition. It shows the
remarkable progress which this country has made since the original
Centennial Exposition was held.

“The Government has co-operated with Philadelphia to the fullest
extent possible. We believe that Philadelphia now is entitled to rec¬
ognition from the rest of the country for what it has done.

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

“It is hoped that the people of this country, in increasing numbers,
will take the opportunity to see this great Exposition.”

Although exhibits for sixty-five per cent of the exhibit space
sold in the main exposition palaces were ready by Opening Day,
comparatively few were installed and the huge buildings presented a
somewhat empty appearance to the casual observer until late in June.
By July 5, virtually ninety-five per cent of the exhibits were in¬
stalled.

Prior to Opening Day pedestrians were permitted to enter the
grounds without charge, to watch the work in progress. No record
was kept of the number availing themselves of this privilege, but it
is known that it increased by many thousands each day during this
period of construction, as the public became aware of the extraordi¬
nary character of the emergency building, grading and planting
schedule that was being carried on.

In order to prevent interference with the work which might result
from many automobiles entering the grounds, a charge of fifty
cents for each car was made in the period from May 17 to May 26,
after which the Exposition was closed to all but official cars until
August, when admission at $1.00 each, in addition to the admission
for each person, was approved.

The price of admission was established at fifty cents for adults
and twenty-five cents for children in a general order issued May
26. The original plan was to have all admissions, except on passes,
through coin-operated turnstiles, but later it was found advisable
to issue tickets for sale to associations, clubs, merchandising con¬
cerns, and other organizations, which distributed them to members
and employees.

On Opening Day, May 31, 1926, there were 55,509 paid turnstile
admissions and 26,975 free admissions. A large proportion of the
latter was of employes engaged in the construction of unfinished
buildings, installation of exhibits and other Exposition work.

Agitation in favor of opening the Exposition to the public on
Sunday began soon after Opening Day, and met with determined
opposition and threats of invoking the so-called Blue Laws of 1794
in the event of a Sunday opening decision with paid admissions. The
first practical test of the public’s attitude toward Sunday opening
was made on the evening of June 27, when the Philadelphia Music
League gave a special performance of the musical pageant,
“America,” in the Stadium for the benefit of those who had been
deterred by rainy weather from witnessing the regular performance.
The gates were thrown open at 6 P. M., admission free. No at¬
tempt was made to count the crowds entering the grounds. Multi-

OPENING DAY TO CLOSING DAY

tudes poured into the Stadium until all the seats were taken and
thousands of persons occupied the upper portion of the aisles, above
the entrances. The gates to the Stadium then were closed.

The following Sunday, July 4, the Exposition was opened to visi¬
tors with the regular admission prices charged. The order of the
Board of Directors providing for Sunday opening included restric¬
tions against solicitation or “barking” on Sunday, and confining
sales to food, beverages and official souvenirs. Court action was
begun by the proponents of Sunday closing, and an injunction ob¬
tained. This was suspended so far as Sunday openings with paid
admissions was concerned when the legal department of the Exposi¬
tion took an appeal, and Sunday opening continued until November
28, the last operating Sunday.

The Sunday admissions were from two to four times those on
other days of the same week except holidays.

Admissions to the grounds totaled 451,193 in June, increasing
steadily each month until the high mark was reached in September,
with 1,502,011; dropping to 1,292,681 in October, and falling to
849,193 in November, the final month of operation. The total ad¬
missions in the Exposition period were 6,408,289. The highest
number of paid turnstile admissions was 107,937 on Sunday, Oc¬
tober 3. The lowest was 2,687 on June 7, a rainy Monday. From
August 16, when the order to permit automobiles to enter the
grounds went into effect, to the close of the Exposition, 213,745 cars,
carrying 814,418 passengers, passed through the gates.

Although attendance gained rapidly through the latter part of
August, throughout September and in early October, in spite of
generally adverse weather conditions, the chill rains and raw days
thereafter checked the rush of multitudes which had reached its
height too late in the year to insure a total attendance commensurate
with the high merits of the completed Exposition.

The unprecedented inclement weather of the spring and summer
had an appreciable effect upon the attendance. According to the
United States Weather Bureau data, out of 184 days the Exposition
was open only fifty were listed as clear days. Rain was recorded on
107 days, the remainder being listed as cloudy or partly cloudy,
almost as bad for Exposition purposes.

Continued public interest in the Exposition still was manifest as
the closing day, November 30, drew near. This and the fact that
some of the concessionaires made a plea for further opportunity to
dispose of their remaining stocks induced the Board of Directors to
issue an order that after the official closing the grounds be kept open
to pedestrians and motorists at the same admission fees as before,

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

for an additional month. The weather for the most part continued
damp and chill, yet the Exposition grounds were by no means de¬
serted even on the most inclement days. Some of the admission gates
were closed at once, and others from time to time as it was seen they
were not required, the main gate closing and the public finally being
excluded with the close of the day, December 31. In this post-Expo-
sition period from December 1 to 31, inclusive, 31,152 persons were
admitted to the grounds, with 12,248 paid admissions. Admission
was paid for 1882 automobiles.

While the building and operation of the Exposition, presenting
an almost continuous series of emergencies, offered many serious
problems, not the least of them was the selection of the International
Jury of Awards. The importance of care in this regard may be
seen from the fact that an imperfectly functioning jury system at
one American exposition cost several hundred thousand dollars as a
result of law suits and involved the employment of a staff of six
clerks for two years for the correction of records.

The work of the International Jury of Awards at the Sesqui-
Centennial Exposition was accomplished at a cost of $5639.45 up to
October 1, and approximately $6500 after that, the only added ex¬
pense being the pay of two clerks for less than one year. This re¬
markable record was due in great measure to the skill and ability of
the two men constituting the executive jury, Alvin E. Pope, presi¬
dent, and S. C. Simmons, vice-president and secretary. The former
was connected with the jury at the St. Louis and San Francisco
expositions, and the latter at Chicago and St. Louis. Their com¬
bined knowledge and experience proved invaluable. Awards to the
number of 3230 were granted as follows : grand prizes, 925 ; medals
of honor, 430; gold medals, 1000; silver medals, 500 ; bronze medals,
225 ; honorable mention, 150.

With the closing of the grounds, the Exposition remained a lively
topic of conversation in Philadelphia. Speculation over the supposed
deficit was rife, and extravagant guesses were made regarding what
the amount would be. On December 17 City Council approved an
ordinance appropriating $5,000,000 for the payment of outstanding
bills, but rumors persisted that this would fall short of the amount
required.

The close cooperation of the City Council of Philadelphia with
the Mayor and the Exhibition Association was such that virtually
any demand made upon them for contingent funds had been met
with an immediate response. Seven appropriations aggregating
$9,060,000 had been made by the city. In addition to these appropri¬
ations, the city extended aid to the Exposition in various ways, the

View of the main esplanade from the south¬
east, showing a tower of the Palace of Agricul¬
ture and Foreign Exhibits in the right fore¬
ground.

One of the vaulted
corridors of the Pal¬
ace of Agriculture
and Foreign Exhibits.

OPENING DAY TO CLOSING DAY

value of the services being estimated at nearly $5,000,000. The aid
given by the Department of Public Works in preparing the site dur¬
ing the latter part of May made possible the opening of the Exposi¬
tion on the scheduled date. Important services were rendered also
by the city architect, city solicitor, Department of Public Safety and
other departments and bureaus.

In justification of the city’s expenditures it was pointed out that
it had been benefited greatly in many ways, including the grading,
paving and opening up of an extensive residential territory which
would return large sums to the city in the form of taxes. Public as
well as official Philadelphia was practically unanimous in the view
that all obligations incurred in the celebration of the Sesqui-Cen-
tennial must be paid.

The report of the receivers of the Exposition, E. L. Austin and
Francis Shunk Brown, presented June 19, 1927, showed only $206,-
987.17 as expenses in excess of its income. The joint receivers had
been appointed by the United States District Court on April 27,
1927, after the Exhibition Association had joined in a petition for
an equity receivership as the best means of protecting the assets of
the Exposition.

Opposition to appropriation of city funds to meet the deficit was
negligible, but other circumstances caused delays in acting on the
matter. The chapter on the financing of the Exposition will show
how its affairs were finally closed in 1929.

CHAPTER V

THE FINANCIAL PHASES
By Albert M. Greenfield
Chairman of the Finance Committee

EARLY APPROPRIATIONS BY CITY COUNCIL — PARTICIPATION CERTIFICATE CAMPAIGN —
COMPARISON WITH OTHER EXPOSITIONS— FEDERAL GOVERNMENT GRANT — COSTS IN¬
CREASED BY RAPID CONSTRUCTION — EQUITY RECEIVERSHIP — PAYMENT OF CREDITORS
AND CLOSING OF AFFAIRS — STATEMENT OF INCOME AND EXPENSES.

The history of American expositions has uniformly been one of
serious financial difficulties encountered despite every effort in ad¬
vance to avoid them. The Sesqui-Centennial Exposition was no ex¬
ception. We often hear it referred to as a “failure on the financial
side” but those who make that statement are apparently under the
erroneous impression that other expositions have been able to meet
both capital and operating expense out of their profits of operation.
Nothing could be further from the truth. No exposition has ever
been able to do it. There have always been large public grants and
private subscriptions, only a comparatively small proportion of which
were ever paid back. I shall show later that the Sesqui-Centennial
Exposition compared favorably with other American expositions in
this regard.

Viewed from another angle, the Sesqui-Centennial Exposition was
a great success. It provided the impetus for the development of the
extreme southern end of the city that is bound to be reflected in
increased financial return to the city treasury for all time. The
money the City of Philadelphia put into the Sesqui-Centennial will
be returned many times over and at the same time, the health and en¬
vironment of the many thousands who make their home in South
Philadelphia were immeasurably improved. If the Exposition had
failed to accomplish another single thing, this great development
alone would have more than justified its existence.

Before summarizing results in dollars and cents it will probably
be best to give a brief outline of the financing process extending over
a number of years by which the opening of the Exposition was event¬
ually made possible.

The first money obtained for expenditure in connection with the
Exposition was $50,000 appropriated by City Council on April 19,
1921, at the request of Mayor Moore, who was then in charge of
Sesqui-Centennial destinies. This was used in connection with head¬
quarters and promotional work following the organization of the

THE FINANCIAL PHASES

Sesqui-Centennial Exhibition Association, which had applied for a
charter on April 8, 1921.

Early in 1923, during the presidency of Mayor Moore, a campaign
was undertaken to raise a fund of $50,000 for further promotion
work and a participation fund of $5,000,000 was also projected.
Something over $100,000 was raised in subscriptions to these two
projects but it was evident in connection with them, as with the gen¬
eral affairs of the Exposition, that the public as a whole had not
received the impression that affairs were definitely set and the project
destined to become a reality.

After the induction of Mayor Kendrick into office and his election
to the presidency of the Sesqui-Centennial Exhibition Association a
more vigorous state of affairs prevailed. Toward the end of 1924,
Mayor Kendrick procured an appropriation of $500,000 from the
City Council, which in October of the same year had granted
$10,000 as a stop-gap. The $500,000 appropriation was thus the
third the City Council had made.

In the latter part of 1925 it was decided to seek funds from the
public, the project at this time being in a definite state of develop¬
ment. A Participation Certificate campaign was conducted with the
writer in charge as chairman of the Finance Committee. It was
agreed that all previous unpaid subscriptions should be cancelled and
matters started with a clean slate. This campaign resulted in secur¬
ing the most considerable sum of ready money the Exposition had
yet received. Subscriptions totalling $2,891,869.55 were secured
and the solid basis on which the work was done by my associates is
evidenced by the fact that the audit of the Exposition’s finances
shows that $2,727,726.21 was actually paid in. At about this time,
December 12, 1925, to be exact, City Council made its fourth appro¬
priation, again of $500,000.

Further appropriations by City Council were made early in the
Exposition year, 1926, of $1,000,000; on June 28, of $2,000,000;
and on December 17, 1926, after the close of the Exposition, of
$5,000,000.

As this book goes to press the City Council has arranged to make
a final appropriation that will clean up the last indebtedness incurred
in connection with the Exposition. The sum of $607,896.83 was
found to be the amount necessary to pay all indebtedness.

So far we have dealt with funds coming to the Exposition from
the city government and the public, two out of the four sources from
which expositions usually secure the needed financing. The two that
remain are the state and national governments. The Sesqui-Centen¬
nial Exposition received no appropriation from the Commonwealth

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

of Pennsylvania, the amount the state government spent having been
confined entirely to constructing its own building and installing its
exhibits in that building.

As far as the national government is concerned, the Exposition in
Philadelphia did not fare as well as its predecessors, as will be seen
by reference to figures that follow embodying a summary of receipts,
expenditures and repayments of the San Francisco, the St. Louis
and the Chicago expositions as compared with the Sesqui-Centennial.

Donations, Sesqui- Louisiana

Appropriations, Centennial Panama-Pacific Purchase Columbian

Subscriptions Philadelphia San Francisco St. Louis Chicago

and Loans 1926 1915 1904 1893

Federal Government

Grant . . . $1,000,000.00 $5,000,000.00 $2,500,000.00

State Appropriation . . $4,941,556.26

City Appropriation . . . 9,667,896.83 5,000,000.00 5,000,000.00 5,000,000.00

Public Subscriptions

and Donations . 2,951,897.39 5,716,320.00 4,924,313.11 5,617,154.33

Government Loan .... 4,600,000.00

Total . $13,619,794.22 $15,657,876.26 $19,524,313.11 $13,117,154.33

Refunds

To Federal Gov’t . . $4,600,000.00

To State . $558,003.39

To City . $500,000.00

To Subscribers .... 442,803.52 548,985.00

Total . $1,000,806.91 $4,600,000.00 $1,048,958.00

Balance, representing
Donations, Appropri¬
ations, and Subscrip¬
tions not repaid ....$13,011,897.39 $14,657,069.35 $14,924,313.11 $12,068,169.33

It will be noted that Congress made grants of $2,500,000 and
$5,000,000 respectively to the Chicago and the St. Louis Exposi¬
tions, besides lending $4,600,000 to the St. Louis Exposition. But
to the 150th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence it saw
fit to grant the sum of only $1,000,000, the purchasing power of
which was far less than the same amount would have represented at
the time of the other expositions.

The appropriation of $9,667,896.83 by the city of Philadelphia to
the Sesqui-Centennial Exposition shows a favorable comparison
with the donations of other cities to their expositions. In the case of
the Sesqui-Centennial Exposition the amount of public subscription
was somewhat lower than in the case of the other expositions.

The Sesqui-Centennial Exposition therefore had less money for
its construction and maintenance than any of the other expositions,
and it had to meet very greatly increased costs of material, supplies,
labor, etc. It also had less time. When other expositions were con-

THE FINANCIAL PHASES

fronted with the difficulty of getting ready on time, they postponed
their opening. Our Exposition adhered to its original schedule
although the task required almost superhuman effort. In spite of all
these handicaps, there was finally produced an exposition of sur¬
passing attractiveness, of great educational value, and of wonderful
interest in many branches of human endeavor, the memory of which
will linger long with those who profited by the opportunity to visit
it and to become acquainted with its many beauties.

With the past experience of expositions in mind, the Sesqui-Cen-
tennial Exhibition Association determined so to order its affairs as
to keep within the limits of its financial resources.

In accordance with this purpose, E. L. Austin as Director-in-Chief
inaugurated a system of budgetary control over all appropriations
and expenditures, including the requirement that all appropriations
and expenditures be approved by the executive committee of the
board of directors and by the board itself. The nationally known
firm of Lybrand, Ross Bros, and Montgomery was retained as out¬
side independent auditors by agreement between the Director-in-
Chief and Drexel & Co., the Treasurer of the Association.

Rapid progress was made in the early months of 1926 in the prep¬
aration of the Exposition grounds and the erection of the main
buildings. At this time expenditures could be and were kept within
the limits of the finances of the Association. It became apparent
early in April, however, that much greater progress would have to
be made if the Exposition were to be ready on the opening date,
May 31. Accordingly orders were issued to push the work with all
possible speed and the number of workers engaged in the various
construction activities was greatly augmented.

The result was that while the completion of the Exposition was
materially expedited, the costs were likewise very much increased,
exceeding all previous estimates. By the end of May the Associa¬
tion found itself in urgent need of additional funds to meet its bills
for construction and development work and to pay its current operat¬
ing expenses. After the opening of the Exposition the City of Phila¬
delphia made an appropriation of $2,000,000 by ordinance approved
June 28, 1926, in addition to what had already been appropriated.
The money was not made available until some time later, however,
payments to creditors of the Association being in the meantime de¬
ferred. Although the executives of the Association used every means
to curtail expenses and to avoid the incurring of obligations beyond
such as were absolutely required, the financial condition grew worse
through the remainder of the Exposition period.

After much study as to the best means of meeting this situation

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

and paying the creditors, an additional appropriation of $5,000,000
was made by the city of Philadelphia by ordinance approved Decem¬
ber 17, 1926. Question as to the authority of the city to pay out¬
standing obligations from this appropriation resulted in the passing
of an enabling act by the General Assembly of Pennsylvania spe¬
cifically granting such authority.

Before there was an opportunity to pay the creditors under the
foregoing authority, a taxpayer’s suit was brought to prevent the
use of the city’s funds for such a purpose. Shortly afterward, due
to the fact that a number of creditors had brought suit, an equity
receivership was applied for and granted by the United States Dis¬
trict Court under date of April 27, 1927. Francis Shunk Brown,
Esq., and E. L. Austin, Director-in-Chief of the Exposition, were
appointed joint receivers, the result being that all creditors were paid
in full, the assets of the Exposition salvaged, and its affairs closed
the early part of the year 1929, as shown by the statement of income
and expenses following herewith — which statement includes the net
result of the equity receivership.

Sesqui-Centennial Exhibition Association
Statement of Income and Expenses

Income

Donations :

City of Philadelphia . $9,667,896.83

Federal Government . 1,000,000.00

Public . 14,212.84

Subscriptions and Dues . 2,786,234.06

Sale of Exhibit Space . 1,396,049.14

Admissions to Grounds . 2,405,991.85

Concessions . 696,212 .36

Special Events and Operation . • . 288,652.66

Premium on Sale of Coins . 112,419.00

Miscellaneous . 4,537.69

Expense Abatement . 199,695.23

Salvage Sales . 266,538.09

$18,838,439.75

Expenses

Construction and Development . $8,901,801.76

Land Improvement . 1,656,162.98

General Equipment . 405,399.72

Departmental . 5,366,289.23

Other Expenses . 379,758.78

Special Events . 1,815,926.37

Associated Amusements and Enterprises . 6,010.89

Uncollectible Accounts Written Off . 133,028.71

Interest on Loans . 6,725.58

Allowance to Concessionaires . 383.95

Salvage Expense . . 166,951.78

$18,838,439.75

CHAPTER VI

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES

COLONIAL STYLE CONSIDERED — CONTEMPORARY “SETBACK.” STYLE ADAPTED — JOHN
MOLITOR’S CONCEPTION — GENERAL PLAN — AZTEC AND MAYAN INFLUENCES — IN¬
HERENT PROBLEMS — TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION — DETAILS OF MAIN STRUCTURES —
LIGHTING — NEW DEPARTURES — UNUSUAL EFFECTS.

Determination of the architectural scheme of the buildings of the
Exposition was a subject of lengthy discussion all through the period
previous to the start of actual planning and layout. Due to the fact
that the Exposition would commemorate many events that were laid
in Colonial settings and in order to have the buildings harmonize
with many structures in the city of Philadelphia where the prece¬
dents of what is known as the Colonial style abound, it was thought
that this style would be selected.

When, however, the scale of the buildings that were to accommo¬
date the tremendous demands for exhibition space began to be real¬
ized, this thought was abandoned. This was due to the apparent fact
that any style depending upon delicate proportions in its windows
and doors and upon great refinement in detail would be inadequate.
A number of buildings intended to be reproductions of Colonial
mansions — notably in High Street — were to be found in the Expo¬
sition grounds, not interfering with the general scheme, each in itself
commemorating most appropriately some special aspect of the
struggle for Independence.

The style eventually adopted, after a thorough study of what had
been done in previous expositions, was based upon a free use of the
contrast between great wall spaces and the “spots” of design and
color afforded by pavilions, towers and entrance openings. This
manner of treatment was selected upon the recommendation of John
Molitor, City Architect of Philadelphia, who had been appointed
supervising architect of the Exposition. Mr. Molitor’s judgment in
his design of the buildings was such that his work as exemplified in
the finished structures was considered, in the opinion of experts, as
being incomparable in the light of other expositions.

His concept was that the evanescent structures with which he
dealt should express strictly contemporary trends in design. He
therefore took as an influence the very latest individual development
in architectural style, that of “set-back” buildings, now fairly familiar
in present-day office buildings in large cities where zoning laws are
in force. He used some of its prevailing elements in formulating the

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

style which was to be the dominant motif in the design. This task
was not an easy one, since exposition buildings are comparatively
low, and it is in the upper heights of modern skyscraper buildings
that there are embodied the most characteristic features of the style.

Another matter that had to be considered by Mr. Molitor and his
office force in preparing sketches of buildings that would be possible
to erect within the time limit was the element of cost, inasmuch as
these buildings were to be temporary in character. Notwithstanding
this, when the structures were finally reared several presented such
admirable facilities for utilization for other purposes that the ques¬
tion of preserving them was considered at great length. This was
particularly true of the Palace of United States Government, Ma¬
chinery and Transportation.

Following the appointment of Mr. Molitor by the Mayor, which
action was approved by the executive committee of the Exposition,
the personnel of his office was increased and then began the study of
the layout, the relation of one building to another, and the effective¬
ness of the various possible locations on the site to secure a maximum
advantage of vistas. Because of the shortness of time it was neces¬
sary to determine at once the size and function of every building and
to prepare detail drawings and specifications, bearing in mind rapid¬
ity of erection as well as economy in cost.

The site was divided north and south by Broad Street, and cen¬
trally, east and west, by Pattison Avenue. North of Pattison Avenue
on both sides of Broad Street the initial group of main buildings was
placed. To the west of them was laid out the Gladway, and facing
south on Pattison Avenue, the Education Building. South of Pat¬
tison Avenue to the east of Broad Street was the Stadium, and on
the west a series of lagoons and shrubbery groups among which were
placed the various buildings deserving settings of their own. Here
it was decided to situate most of the state buildings and those of
foreign governments.

In the course of development of the plot plan, consultations were
held with representatives of the governments of Spain, Argentina,
Cuba and Persia as to the most effective setting for their respective
buildings. At the extreme west of this section the Fine Arts Building
was situated, and another portion was allotted to High Street. Out¬
side the Exposition area proper, at Broad Street and Oregon Avenue,
the Administration Building was located.

In the first group of main buildings, at the northern end of the
Exposition area, two large buildings for general exhibitors were
placed on the east side of Broad Street, and on the west side to
balance the extreme northern and southern facades of the group,

Front facade of the Palace of Liberal Arts and
Manufactures.

&»' K hi

(At left) — One of the entrances to the
Palace of Agriculture and Foreign Ex¬
hibits. (Below) — Tower entrance to the
Palace of Tinted States Government,
Machinery and Transportation.

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES

two smaller buildings, the Auditorium at the northern end and the
Pennsylvania State Building at the southern.

In the center of these four buildings a court was laid out, to be
called the “Forum of the Founders.” The main axis of this court
was Broad Street itself. The minor axis terminated on the east of
the Tower of Light, just off Broad Street, but extended westerly
through a colonnade to the Gladway. On the west of the main axis,
north and south of the colonnade, were ranged the thirteen pylons
representing the Thirteen Original States. In the very center of the
court, at the intersection of the axis, there was set up a large sculp¬
tural group representing the “Spirit of Progressive Philadelphia.”

In a central location near the intersection of Broad Street and
Pattison Avenue, the Emergency Hospital was placed. It was thus
near the police station and not far from the Gladway and the main
exhibition buildings. An old building near this point was turned over
to the Police and Fire Departments to make it feasible to respond
promptly to an alarm from any quarter. The space just behind the
Tower of Light and between the two main exhibition buildings was
thought a suitable location for the United States Model Post Office,
and on one of the lagoons in League Island Park it was decided to
situate the United States Coast Guard Station.

Because of the tremendous scale of the Exposition the most im¬
portant consideration was the mass. It was desired to preserve a
broad simplicity and to emphasize the large outlines with well chosen
embellishments of brightly colored detail. The mass effectiveness of
the broad surfaces, it was believed, could be further increased by a
bold use of color and surface texture. Accordingly the stucco was
roughened by an apparently careless stroking of the trowel and was
tinted with variegated hues of pink, yellow and salmon. Forms
which could identify style were a minor consideration. No one style,
indeed, was adequate for all needs. The greatest effectiveness and
the greatest economy together demanded drawing freely from many
styles and treating them according to practical, not historical, con¬
siderations. If a symbolical justification should be required, it might
be said that many traditions were merged and lost in a new form,
just as many social and political traditions have merged and melted
into modern democracy. The only historical styles which were imi¬
tated even in part were styles of ornament used by the Aztecs and
the Mayas of Mexico. These represent the aboriginal culture of
America and the desire for independence from things European.

Three considerations were important in determining the size and
the design of the main exhibition buildings located within the main
area, Buildings No. 1 and No. 2. It was necessary to provide a vast

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

extent of exhibition space for general exhibitors; it was necessary to
screen from the view of visitors entering the grounds the marshes
and dumping grounds to the east ; and it was necessary to achieve at
the main entrance a splendor and dignity befitting the celebration.
The northern facade, indeed, included not only the great masses of
Building No. 1 on the left and the Auditorium on the right, but be¬
tween them a great gateway with the ticket booths, two great pylons
about forty feet high, mounted with winged “Spirits of the New
Dawn,” and in the center, but in the background, the central statue
in the “Forum of the Founders.”

The Auditorium, designed to seat ten thousand, presented of
course the special problem of acoustics. This building was placed at
the main entrance for the convenient accommodation of visitors. A
small lecture hall and a chapel were placed in the Education Building.
These were located in the wings to the right and the left of the main
entrance.

Because of the railway lines already in existence at the southern
end of the site, it was decided to place there the Palace of United
States Government, Machinery and Transportation. This building
also had to be of an immense size to accommodate the style and
kind of exhibits and its peculiar shape resulted from the closeness
of the railway tracks to the Navy Yard. Several entrances for rail¬
way trains and for motor trucks were provided at the extreme
western end. The building was designed in the same style as the
other main buildings, and since it was remote from them it was
made prominent by a great tower at its northeast corner on Broad
Street. Three entrances were provided, one at the center of the
Broad Street front, one on the southern flank, and a chief entrance
through the tower. These entrances were embellished by pylons and
wall decorations somewhat in the manner of the Maya architecture.
This building was the highest of the general exhibition buildings,
built thus to accommodate exhibits of vast size and to achieve a due
magnitude of effect.

A number of special problems were encountered in designing the
Palace of Fine Arts. Its shape was determined by the demand for
a maximum of wall surface and for an easy circulation of visitors
from room to room. The exterior was left very plain, except for
the entrance, for two reasons: to distinguish the building from all
others by its simplicity, and to concentrate upon interior decoration.
The entrance was embellished with statuary and a fountain in the
foreground and with open grillwork and a large panel of carvings
in bas-relief above the door. This last, in the Greek manner, repre¬
sented the development of the fine arts. The interior walls were
designed carefully in various textures and tones of gray to produce

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES

the properly subdued effect for a background for pictures and tapes¬
tries. In the center a cheerful patio with a fountain surrounded by
ancient and modern statuary, shrubbery and flowers, permitted
visitors to rest from sightseeing.

Important also were the problems of lighting and ventilating. The
Palace of Fine Arts was lighted wholly by skylights but all glare
was prevented by filtering the light through muslin screens strung
on wires in the manner of false ceilings. Electric lights were placed
between these screens and the skylights in order to supplement the
natural light when necessary.

The other exhibition buildings were illuminated by “Monitor”
type skylights. These buildings, except the Palace of Agriculture
and Foreign Exhibits, were ventilated wholly through the pivoted
steel sash in the sides of the “Monitor” skylights. Since the ceilings
of these buildings stood from 25 to 60 feet above the floor, the
great air space made the problem of ventilating easy. In the Palace
of Agriculture and the Palace of Fine Arts, however, huge rotary
ventilators were placed in the roof. These were turned by the wind
so that the maximum of fresh air would be blown into the building.
In both buildings, but more notably in the Palace of Fine Arts,
where the ceiling average was only twenty feet above the floor, these
ventilators were very satisfactory.

The methods of the structural design to be adopted received con¬
siderable study. The final decision was given to a type of construc¬
tion employing roof trusses supported on columns with the necessary
bracing, all of steel, together with wood studs supported by a rein¬
forced concrete grade beam. The studs were covered on the exterior
with wire lath to which a stucco surface was applied, and on the
inside the studs were lined with wall board. The color effects were
achieved by coloring the stucco where it was applied to large surfaces
and by painting where brilliant contrasts were desired.

In the actual work of erection it was first necessary to determine
the final level. Convenience made a level of about one foot above
that of Broad Street most desirable. Because of the recency of the
filling it was necessary to support all buildings on piles. Yellow pine
was used chiefly, because of its strength. The piles, 30 to 40 feet
long, and tapering from 14 inches diameter at butt to 7 inches at
the point, were driven in through the mud and down into hardpan.
Six pile-drivers at a time were kept busy. The number of piles driven
ran into the thousands. They were grouped under the columns
according to the load on the column and where the soil was softer
than usual, as indicated by the resistance of the last blow of the
hammer, additional piles were driven in until calculations showed
a sufficient margin of safety.

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

These piles were covered with concrete pile caps two and a half
feet thick, one foot overlapping the piles and one and a half feet
above them. Upon these pile caps rested the grade beams of rein¬
forced concrete, extending around the base of the walls and across
the width of the buildings where ties were needed. When the filling
was very soft, steel cables were used also to tie one side of the build¬
ing to the other. Upon the foundation so laid, walls of steel columns
and wood studs were erected. The roof construction consisted of
two inch planks of yellow pine laid across the steel cross beams and
covered with roofing felt and pitch. The roof of the Auditorium,
however, was covered with asbestos.

The architectural ornaments had to be modeled in clay as soon
as drawn and then cast rapidly in plaster. Careful inspection of the
work was necessary every day and sometimes twice a day. A tem¬
porary studio for sculptors and modelers was erected on the grounds
in the latter part of January, 1926. Not only here but in all the
work of both design and construction, the difficulty was to rush the
work without sacrificing a high standard of quality. The actual work
of construction was supervised by a corps of inspectors, always
busy. Some of these were employed for over a year but a number
of additional men were employed during May and June. The great
rush of the work made careful checking of all drawings and frequent
inspection of all construction especially important.

The architectural force was frequently consulted with regard to
the construction of the Municipal Stadium, designed by Simon &
Simon, architects. This structure, an immense letter “U,” 710 feet
across and 1020 feet in length overall, is of reinforced concrete, stone
and brick. Construction was begun on March 30, 1925, and com¬
pleted April 15, 1926.

Of the buildings built especially for the Exposition, the Adminis¬
tration Building was the first to be completed. It was begun early
and its construction was rushed so that it could accommodate the
various administrative officials and their technical and clerical forces
at the earliest moment. The overall dimensions were 200 feet by 40
feet and the floor area, 17,600 square feet. Construction was begun
August 7, 1925, and completed October 6, 1925.

Following are details of other Exposition structures which may
be said to have formed the basis of the general architectural scheme :

The Palace of Liberal Arts and Manufactures — Building No. 1 —
housed many of the principal industrial exhibits from many locali¬
ties in the United States. The overall dimensions were 970 feet by
392 feet and the floor area 338,000 square feet. Work started Oc¬
tober 7, 1925, and was completed April 2, 1926.

* 44HC

$ 4,

MV %

Immense throng in the Stadium at the celebra¬
tion of a Field Mass by D. Cardinal Dougherty,
Archbishop of Philadelphia.

A section of the Stadium at a performance
of the festival pageant “America,” under the
auspices of the Philadelphia Music League.

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES

The Palace of Agriculture and Foreign Exhibits — Building No. 2
— the overall dimensions of which were 970 feet by 460 feet, and
the floor area, 367,500 square feet. Work was started September
15, 1925, and completed March 6, 1926.

The Auditorium — Building No. 3 — was designed to seat over
10,000 people. The overall dimensions were 274 feet by 450 feet,
and the floor area 113,300 square feet. Work was started November
27, 1925, and completed June 1, 1926.

The Palace of United States Government , Machinery, and Trans¬
portation — Building No. 5 — housed valuable exhibits of the United
States Government as well as exhibits of various industries and
transportation systems. The overall dimensions were 400 feet by 880
feet, and the floor area, 321,800 square feet. Work was started
April 15, 1926, and completed July 20, 1926.

The Palace of Education and Social Economy — Building No.
8 — housed many valuable exhibits from universities, colleges, high
schools and other educational institutions. The overall dimensions
were 526 feet by 210 feet, and the floor area, 101,684 square feet.
Construction was started April 9, 1926, and completed July 15, 1926.

The Palace of Fine Arts — Building No. 9 — housed valuable paint¬
ings and sculpture from various countries, including originals of
great masters. The overall dimensions were 256 feet by 280 feet.
There were two wings, each 120 feet by 68 feet, and the floor area
was 68,000 square feet. Work was started March 25, 1926, and
completed June 25, 1926.

These main structures by no means represented all the work of
the supervising architect. He was also called upon to design others
described below.

The United States Model Post Office Building housed a model
post office, illustrating all of the details of the Government’s handling
of mail. The overall dimensions were 112 feet by 160 feet and the
floor area, 17,920 square feet. Work was started April 10, 1926,
and completed May 15, 1926.

The Emergency Hospital was placed in a central location for first
aid treatment. The overall dimensions were 40 feet by 69 feet, and
the floor area, 1,722 square feet. Work started April 12, 1926, and
was completed June 20, 1926.

The Fire Station, located on the Gladway convenient to all por¬
tions of the Exposition grounds, housed a complete fire company.
The overall dimensions were 40 feet by 80 feet, and the floor area,
3,200 square feet. Work was started on June 1, 1926, and com¬
pleted July 7, 1926.

The thirteen pylons on which were placed the bronze tablets con-

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

taining the names of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence,
were located on the west side of Broad Street from the Pittsburgh
Building to the Pennsylvania Building, on either side of the “Forum
of the Founders.” The height of the columns was 39 feet. Work
was started on May 6, 1926, and completed June 10, 1926.

The Colonnade was in the center of the “Forum of the Founders.”
The overall dimensions were 155 feet deep, the height 42 feet, and
the floor area, 7,000 square feet. Work was started May 26, 1926,
and completed July 3, 1926.

The Band Pavilion was located on the secondary axis leading
toward the Gladway. The overall dimensions — octagon — were 32
feet in diameter, 32 feet high; and the floor area, 853 square feet.
Work was started May 22, 1926, and completed June 15, 1926.

The Tower of Light, designed to occupy a central point in the
main composition of the Exposition, formed the apex at the easterly
end of the secondary axis. Decision of the Exposition officials
stopped the construction when half completed. But the steel work
had been finished and on the top platform was installed a large
searchlight, one of the largest in the country. The overall dimen¬
sions were 254 feet by 110 feet, height 150 feet, and the floor area,
12,383 square feet. Work was started June 6, 1926, and stopped
on July 8, 1926.

The United States Coast Guard Building housed a special Coast
Guard service squad. The overall dimensions were 53 feet by 95
feet, and the floor area, 4,880 square feet. Work was started May
3, 1926, and completed June 3, 1926.

The Entrances were designed to give a holiday character to ap¬
proaches of the Exposition. Work was started April 27, 1926, and
completed May 31, 1926.

The main pylons on which were placed winged “Heralds of the
New Dawn” were at the main entrance to the Exposition from
Broad Street. These pylons were 25 feet in height. Work was
started May 13, 1926, and completed May 31, 1926.

While the architectural work was being done for the various
buildings, the fact should not be overlooked that many drawings
were made for bridges, pedestals and columns, and for many minor
details in connection with the main structures which had not been
thought of in the beginning by the exhibitors, but which were re¬
quired by them to complete the accommodations that they desired.

Realizing that the beauty, splendor and gorgeousness of the
Exposition could best be enhanced by adequate lighting, it was de¬
cided to invite suggestions from illuminating engineers whose prac¬
tical knowledge and experience would supplement the contemplated
plans of the electrical department of the Exposition.

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES

Consequently the Westinghouse Lamp Company was commis¬
sioned to act in collaboration with the Exposition and municipal
forces and Samuel G. Hibben of the Westinghouse Company was
designated to act in a directing capacity, and plans were prepared by
its commercial engineering department which were largely followed
in the Exposition’s lighting arrangement. Solomon M. Swaab, con¬
sulting engineer of the city, Frank E. Maize, chief of the electrical
bureau, of the Department of Public Safety, R. J. Pearse, S. M.
Knight, and L. T. Darrin of the Exposition forces aided in working
out of the plans that were conceived for the lighting of the Exposi¬
tion. A Hopkin, Jr., Co., of Philadelphia, also was instrumental in
achieving the color lighting effects.

The outstanding lighting effect of the Exposition was the tre¬
mendous illuminated Liberty Bell, suspended over the plaza on South
Broad Street, north of the main entrance to the grounds. Tower¬
ing eighty feet above the sidewalk, it was lighted by approximately
26,000 fifteen- watt lamps. The structure contained eighty tons of
steel and rested on a foundation thirty feet deep built of wooden
piling and concrete capping.

The gigantic lighted bell was suspended from a framework replica
of the actual support of the Liberty Bell in Independence Hall and
this framework in turn surmounted beautiful and massive columns
representing American industry and progress. These were made of
plaster and painted a bronze metallic color with ornamentation in
gold.

An arch of steel ran through the columns. The bell itself was
a framework of steel covered by sheet metal studded with sockets
on six-inch centers. When lighted the Luminous Liberty Bell was
visible the entire length of Broad Street south of the City Hall and
from every vantage point in Philadelphia. The predominating color
was amber with ivory lamps serving as high lights. At each side a
shadow effect was obtained with lamps of old rose. As a result it
appeared at night to be a huge glowing mass of metal which had
been heated to incandescence.

Eight 200-watt projectors in the clapper illuminated the blue,
star-studded dome ceiling under the bell. Inside the base of each
column were the necessary transformers and control apparatus. For
maintenance, cleaning and making lamp renewals, a ladder closely
fitting the contour of the bell was provided. This rested on wheels
running on tracks, one on top of the bell and another concealed just
above the circular bands near the bottom rim.

The cost of building this mammoth replica was approximately
$100,000. A most unusual feat was performed by the constructors,
Frank C. English and Sons, who in forty-seven days from the

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

contract date completed the work sufficiently so that the bell was
lighted on the evening preceding the formal opening of the Exposi¬
tion.

Since the Chicago World’s Fair lighting had been a most im¬
portant factor in the success of expositions. The artistic and elab¬
orate setting of colorful buildings, beautiful landscape gardening
enhanced by waterways and lagoons, presented an unusual oppor¬
tunity for the illuminating engineer at the Sesqui-Centennial. In
particular the Palace of Liberal Arts and Manufactures and the
Palace of Agriculture and Foreign Participation presented ideal sur¬
faces for lighting. The elaborate ornamentation and decorated
towers gave the buildings a colorful daytime appearance. At night
still further colors were added by floodlighting. This method was
decided upon after considerable experimentation with various colors,
intensities, colored outlining and combinations of outlining and
floodlighting.

Heavy foliage and shrubbery permitted considerable latitude in
the placing of the necessary floodlight equipment. The general
scheme was a deep, rich color in the entrances, with a rather dim
cool illumination on the exteriors. The corner towers were brighter
and more colorful, each terminating in a brilliant beacon lantern at
the top.

Few who saw it will forget the night view in the court of the
Pennsylvania Building. The walls were flooded with clear light
from reflectors along the bases. These were protected by glass plates
and concealed by artistically arranged shrubbery. A red light radi¬
ated through the grillwork over the main entrance. In the arcades,
a pale moonlight glow was obtained from pendant lanterns which
were equipped with light blue glass panels. The tower was brightly
illuminated by intense clear light. It was visible over the entire Ex¬
position area and stood out predominantly in contrast to the colorful
exhibition buildings.

The Forum of the Founders, in the center of which stood the
statue typifying the progress of the city of Philadelphia, was flood¬
lighted from four points by banks of three 500-watt floodlights with
amber color caps. The colonnades were indirectly illuminated by
amber light and silhouetted by a moonlight effect in the court be¬
hind.

Another outstanding lighting display of the Exposition was the
aurora of fourteen 36-inch Sperry high-intensity searchlights, fur¬
nished by the United States Army as part of its participation. Each
of these searchlights had a beam of 450,000,000 candlepower, mak¬
ing the combined total for the aurora 6,300,000,000 candlepower, the
maximum intensity ever concentrated in one place.

Gladioli in infinite variety as they bloomed in
the terraced Gladway gardens west of the
Colonnade.

♦

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES

The inter-connected waterways flowing from the lakes in League
Island Park and terminating in the Gladway lagoons gave oppor¬
tunity for many striking lighting effects. Around the edge of the
lagoons was a balustrade where Venetian lanterns were mounted.

The great concrete Stadium where formal ceremonies, spectacular
pageants and various athletic events were staged was illuminated
without glare to an intensity which turned night into day, permitting
the night playing of football, baseball and similar games.

CHAPTER VII

CONSTRUCTION ACHIEVEMENTS

PROBLEMS PRESENTED BY SITE SELECTED — DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS OF PHILADEL¬
PHIA CALLED UPON FOR AID — DIRECTOR GEORGE H. BILES IN CHARGE — ACTIVITIES OF
VARIOUS CITY BUREAUS — BUILDING PLAN PROJECTED IN 1925 — CONDITION OF
GROUNDS IN JULY, 1925 — FIRST EXHIBITION PALACE STARTED — CHANGES IN BUILD¬
ING PLANS — PROGRESS IN WINTER OF 1925~26 — SCULPTURAL AND COLOR DIVISIONS
— LANDSCAPE DIVISION — DIVERSITY OF CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS — AMAZING
SPEED — COOPERATION OF PUBLIC UTILITIES — COST OF CONSTRUCTION — SUMMARY OF
UNDERTAKINGS OF EXPOSITION DEPARTMENT OF WORKS.

As the physical scope of the Exposition was largely dependent
upon the selection of a definite site, no comprehensive plan was
adopted until early in 1925, when the site was finally chosen.

On March 3, 1925, City Council of Philadelphia had authorized,
through an ordinance, the building of a municipal stadium on city-
owned property located between Broad Street, Eleventh Street, Pat-
tison Avenue and Terminal Avenue in the southeastern section of
the city. This action by the City Council was a determining factor in
locating the Exposition in an area contiguous to this stadium, to¬
gether with the fact that there was available much adjacent territory
under the control of the city.

The Exposition site chosen included the area from Eleventh Street
on the east to Twentieth Street on the west and from Government
Avenue, immediately outside of the League Island Navy Yard, on
the south to Packer Avenue on the north. This ground together with
the Navy Yard afforded approximately 1000 acres for the develop¬
ment of the Exposition.

The determination of the site offered a major problem to the
Exposition officials because of. the character of the terrain. The terri¬
tory on the east side of Broad Street, dividing the Exposition site
throughout its entire length north and south, was for a distance of
approximately three city blocks of the same swampy nature as the
site chosen for the stadium, and this ground would have to be filled
in for a depth at many places of as much as twenty feet. In the
opinion of competent engineers the task presented was almost her¬
culean, as it was the plan to rear in this section huge exhibits palaces
that would cover an area of more than 800,000 square feet.

The Exposition management was virtually without funds to cover
the initiatory cost of the filling material necessary for such an under¬
taking, much less in a position to pay for the labor required. Fortu¬
nately, at the time, excavations for the North Broad Street subway

were in process and the earth removed from Broad Street was di-

CONSTRUCTION ACHIEVEMENTS

verted to this section. The aid of the Department of Public Works
of Philadelphia was solicited through City Council, with the result
that the forces attached to the bureaus of the department were
assigned to the task and all through the spring and summer of 1925
a veritable army of workmen was engaged in the preliminary work
of rendering the site available for construction purposes.

Authorization for this work came through an enabling ordinance
by City Council providing sufficient funds for the purpose, and
George H. Biles, Director of the Department of Public Works, was
placed in charge of all operations. Mr. Biles personally supervised all
of the work and was aided in this connection by the following bureau
chiefs: John H. Neeson, highways; John A. Vogelson, engineering;
J. Harvey Gillingham, surveys, Alexander Murdoch, water; Frank
E. Maize, electrical ; Morris Brooks, building inspection ; Archer M.
Soby, street cleaning; John Molitor, city architect, and S. M. Swaab,
consulting engineer to the Mayor.

The facilities of the bureaus were utilized in the preparatory work
of engineering and survey, drainage, filling in of land, sewers, water
supply, electrical feed lines, building of new streets and re-surfacing
of those already existing. Immediately upon the approval of the
ordinance, surveys were begun and topographic plans prepared for
the use of architects. A field survey corps from the bureaus of engi¬
neering and surveys began work of bringing to grade streets neces¬
sary for transportation to the Exposition grounds — Packer, Pattison
and Terminal Avenues, for east and west traffic; Seventh, Tenth,
Eleventh and Twentieth Streets for north and south traffic — to
widths varying from 108 to 148 feet, and a total length of 20,576
feet.

Grading alone required the placing of 1,662,269 cubic yards of fill
material at a cost of $1,700,611.14. The ground upon which this
material was deposited was virgin soil that had been in the condition
in which it was found for nearly two hundred and fifty years. It
was marshland covered with bullrushes and vegetation peculiar to
this type of soil and it was cut up and interlaced with canals and trib¬
utary ditches, a relic of the days when all this territory was im¬
pounded by the first Dutch settlers in 1682 and thereafter.

Because of the shortness of the time before the contemplated
opening of the Exposition on June 1, 1926, the preparation of the
site presented engineering problems that called for emergency solu¬
tions. In the construction of sewers it was necessary to use what is
known as a floating section of concrete to withstand the settlement
due to consolidation and earth pressure.

So rapidly were the operations completed that frequently within

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

a hundred yards behind the sewer contractor the placing of founda¬
tion for the surface paving was going on. This latter work was fur¬
ther complicated by the fact that on some of the streets were the main
trunk lines for trolley traffic. Special preparation of sub-base for the
tracks was provided and more than 190,000 square yards of paving
was laid at a cost of $676,506.31. These major highway operations
were virtually finished in nine months and by force of circumstances
rather than choice seemed to have disregarded the theory of good
practice that would require work of this kind to extend over a period
of at least two years. Subsequent development, however, revealed
the fact that the work was satisfactory.

Employees of the Highway Bureau reconstructed and resurfaced
all main drives and driveways within the Exposition area, including
those of League Island Park, located on the west side of Broad
Street, between Pattison and Government avenues. These operations
involved the elimination of trolley tracks on both sides of Broad
Street and resurfacing it to the extent of 41,634 square yards at a
cost of $42,384.76.

The bureau forces attached to the meadowbanks and entomology
divisions also undertook the work of mosquito elimination during
the period of the Exposition. Owing to the fact that the construc¬
tion of new streets had completely eliminated a number of drainage
ditches and interfered with the flow of others, drainage courses had
to be rerouted, pools and lagoons treated with oil and other preven¬
tive methods introduced.

The Electrical Bureau in conjunction with the Exposition pro¬
vided extensive facilities for the installation of high tension service
feeder connections between the electric sub-station at Oregon Ave¬
nue, near the entrance to the Exposition grounds, and the various
transformer banks for lighting and power. Illumination of the City
Hall and the Independence Square buildings on special occasions was
also arranged by this bureau. Among its other activities was the
installation of the necessary equipment in police boxes, and service
for alarms in the fire stations.

The Water Bureau laid mains consisting of 16,720 feet of 12-inch
pipe, 900 feet of 8-inch pipe, 10,000 feet of 6-inch pipe and 2800
feet of 4-inch pipe for low presure service and a total of 19,387 feet
of pipe of the same respective sizes in the high pressure service was
laid under direction of the Exposition’s Department of Works. The
Street Cleaning Bureau employed a force of men commensurate with
5507 man-days and the Bureau of Building Inspection issued per¬
mits to the value of $8,031,455 during the period from immediately
preceding the Exposition until its closing.

CONSTRUCTION ACHIEVEMENTS

As the historical buildings of Independence Square constituted an
integral part of the Exposition from the standpoint of interest to
the visitor, although removed from the confines of the Exposition
area, the Bureau of City Property, under whose jurisdiction these
buildings are, rendered considerable service in connection with them.
Independence Hall, in which the Liberty Bell is enshrined, was the
scene of a number of episodes in connection with the Exposition.
Among the more prominent features were the opening of the Sesqui-
Centennial year on New Year’s Eve, 1925 — when Mrs. W. Freeland
Kendrick, wife of the Mayor of Philadelphia and the President of
the Exposition, tapped on the bell the numbers 1-9-2-6, the sound
being broadcast by radio throughout the United States — the re¬
ception to the President of the United States, Calvin Coolidge,
and the assembling on December 3, 1926, of the neighboring town
liberty bells to honor the original Liberty Bell. Members of the
bureau forces were instrumental in arranging the decorative features
of these and other events which were accompanied by the presenta¬
tion of costumed tableaux when participants were garbed in the
dress of Colonial and Revolutionary periods. In preparation for the
construction work at the Exposition grounds, the bureau rendered
aid in the clearance of the ground and during the landscaping opera¬
tions placed at the disposition of Exposition officials men trained in
gardening work.

The City Solicitor’s office, under the direction of City Solicitor
Joseph P. Gaffney, rendered considerable service to the Department
of Works of the Exposition in condemnation of land within the
Exposition area. Two assistant city solicitors, Glenn C. Meade and
A. E. Gratz, were engaged in this work.

The problem of designing the Exposition was solved by the desig¬
nation of City Architect John Molitor to this duty. All the detail
plans were made by Mr. Molitor and a corps of assistants from his
office who established headquarters in the Administration Building
after it was completed toward the end of 1925.

In the spring of 1925 Colonel Collier, then Director General, pre¬
sented to the officials of the Exposition a projected outline of the
building program as follows :

Building No. 1, Palace of Liberal Arts
Building No. 2, Palace of Agriculture and Food Products
Building No. 3, Palace of Manufactures and Allied Industries
Building No. 4, Palace of Machinery, Engineering, Mines and

Metallurgy

Building No. 5, Palace of Transportation
Building No. 6, Live Stock Group

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Building No. 7, Automobiles and Convention Hall Building

Building No. 8, Municipal Stadium

These buildings were to cover an area of approximately sixty acres
without considering the area of the Live Stock Group or the Munici¬
pal Stadium. League Island Park was to be used for the location of
state and foreign buildings and smaller Exposition units.

The intended site of the Gladway, or amusement section, was to be
all the territory between Packer and Pattison Avenues and between
Broad and Twentieth Streets, with the exception of the space occu¬
pied by the two large exhibit buildings, Number 3 and Number 4.

The location of the League Island Navy Yard at the southern
termination of Broad Street and in proximity to the Exposition was
expected to draw a considerable number of visitors to inspect this
branch of the Navy Department. In this connection arose the prob¬
lem of relocating the existing bus and trolley service on Broad Street
within the Exposition area for Navy Yard traffic. The requirement
as set forth by Rear-Admiral A. H. Scales, Commandant of the
Navy Yard, before he would agree to the closing of Broad Street,
was that a hard-surfaced road must be finished between the Navy
Yard gate and Oregon Avenue, which would take care of automobile
and trolley transportation. It was late in the winter of 1925—26 be¬
fore it was definitely decided that it was possible to provide before
June 1 the necessary facilities required by Admiral Scales.

The grounds of the Exposition on July 1, 1925, were in the fol¬
lowing condition: The area west of Broad Street, which was later
occupied by the Gladway, and the area east of Broad Street, south of
Packer Avenue, later occupied by two main exhibition palaces, had
not been touched. League Island Park was in the form of an existing
park, as it had been for several years. Foundations were being laid
for the new municipal stadium and the filling for the several new
streets was proceeding. Plans had been drawn for the construction
of the Administration Building at the corner of Broad Street and
Oregon Avenue and a contract for the construction of this building
was let on August 7, 1925, to David Lutz and Company. Work was
started immediately and it was completed on October 6, 1925.

The contract for Building No. 2, the first of the large exhibition
palaces, had been let to the Austin Company on September 15. Work
was started at once on this building and it was completed on March
6, 1926. On October 7, 1925, the erection of Building Number 1
was begun by Michael Melody and Sons, Inc. These buildings were
virtually the same in size and were of standard steel construction but
slightly different in design. Building Number 1 was completed April
2, 1926.

CONSTRUCTION ACHIEVEMENTS

In November, 1925, there was a change in the personnel of the
administrative staff of the Exposition, Colonel Collier having re¬
signed as Director General on October 28. New plans were suggested
for the scope and program of the Exposition. No new building
projects were undertaken until these new plans were definitely formu¬
lated. The general building plans as conceived by Colonel Collier
were changed in order that only that should be attempted which
might be completed by June 1, 1926. A modified scheme was formed
and later placed in operation. A contract was let for the erection of
the New Jersey State Building on November 25, 1925, by the New
Jersey State Commission. A few days later work was started on
the Auditorium, the contract having been let to the Turner Construc¬
tion Company.

The preparatory work which was done by the municipal bureaus
of the City of Philadelphia under Director Biles, the departmental
and bureau chiefs during the year 1925, together with the start of
the construction work of the tw^o main exhibit buildings and the
Auditorium comprise, outside of the Stadium, the progress made up
to the beginning of the year 1926. From then on revised general
plans for the grounds and buildings called for more but smaller
buildings. The location of the buildings to be erected was planned
under the direction of the Director of Works of the Exposition,
R. J. Pearse, working in conjunction with Director Biles. The gen¬
eral scheme was as follows :

Building Number 1 was to be known as the Palace of Liberal Arts
and Manufactures. Building Number 2 was to be called the Palace
of Agriculture and Food Products, with areas to be used for foreign
government and state participation wdiere there were no state or
foreign separate buildings. The Auditorium was located at the cor¬
ner of Broad Street and Packer Avenue. The Palace of Education
and Social Economy was projected in League Island Park, where a
structure known as the India Building finally stood. The Palace of
Education and Social Economy was later reared on Pattison Avenue
near Broad Street. Owing to the fact that the Palace of Fine Arts
required a large level area it was located in a section of League Island
Park that had originally been reserved for the reproduction of King
Solomon’s Temple, a concession project which was later abandoned.

Due to varying conditions and the necessity for rapidity in con¬
struction no definite location for buildings could be given until their
erection was about to begin. New buildings, foreign, state and com¬
mercial, were projected almost daily, with the general scheme being
carried out of placing the state buildings in the southeast corner of
League Island Park near Broad Street and grouping the foreign

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

buildings around Edgewater Lake. Numerous small buildings, as
restaurants, a bank, the Welfare Building, a broadcasting station,
the Aerocrete Building, Girl Scouts’ Building, John Morton Me¬
morial Building, Sulgrave Manor, Photography Building and the
Home Electric were located one at a time as their sites were chosen.

A working staff to have supervision over the different units of the
Exposition construction was assembled. The various divisions or¬
ganized were : electrical, drafting and designing, sanitary, sculptural,
color, landscape, labor, supervisory and construction. W. P. Wetzel
was appointed assistant to Director Pearse and later became As¬
sistant Director of Works.

The activity on the part of the Exposition forces was paralleled by
that of other interests employed by private contractors constructing
exhibit displays and the incidental detail necessary in connection with
participation by exhibitors, with the result that each succeeding day
showed the accomplishment of a vast amount of operations in the
building of the Exposition.

Early in the formative period of the Exposition the decision was
reached to name the amusement section the Gladway. The Exposi¬
tion officials had determined to permit none other than the higher
types of entertaining features in this section. Waterways were a
necessary part of the area, which called for the construction of canals
and lagoons. Water from Edgewater and Centennial lakes in League
Island Park was to be diverted to these courses.

Excavations for these canals and lagoons were made, after which
they were bulkheaded, the lakes dredged to permit the operation of
gondolas and electrical launches, bridges were constructed and emer¬
gency pumping units were installed.

The volume of work incidental to the electrical installation and
equipment of the Exposition made it imperative that a competent
electrical engineer be placed in charge and L. T. Darrin was selected
to act in this capacity.

In the initial stages Mr. Darrin was in consultation with engineers
of the municipal Electrical Bureau and the Philadelphia Electric
Company regarding the layout for the installation of transformers,
cables and lighting equipment for the Exposition. Again, the element
of insufficient time for the preparatory work necessitated the greatest
rapidity in order that the necessary current facilities be provided.

The necessity of the establishment of a separate division to work
out plans for the plumbing, water, gas and sanitary sewers immedi¬
ately connected with the projected and actual buildings was recog¬
nized when the construction of Buildings Numbers 1 and 2 had
progressed to a point where these facilities were needed. W. J. Sut-

Edgewater Lake near the Japanese Pa¬
vilion with the Stadium in the distance.

Treasure Island, a fairyland amusement
center for children.

The bathing beach in the League Island
Park section.

CONSTRUCTION ACHIEVEMENTS

phen, who had been working in the office of the City Architect, was
appointed as head of the division and organized a corps of assistants
to aid in the work.

The winter of 1925-1926 was mild to a degree, making it possible
to carry on work in the open and this fact permitted the early con¬
struction operations to proceed to a point where early in the spring
the buildings of the Exposition were rising with great rapidity. In
order to expedite the work a standard type of construction was
adopted, namely the use of standard structural steel erected on con¬
crete foundations with the walls of a stucco plaster laid on metal
lathing.

Assuming definite form was a colonnade consisting of thirteen
pylons flanking the west side of Broad Street and upon each of
which was placed a bronze tablet containing the names of the Sign¬
ers of the Declaration of Independence from each of the Thirteen
Original States in whose honor the column was dedicated.

Late in 1925 C. E. Tefft was appointed chief of the sculptural
division and began with a corps of artists to model the statuary
groups and sculptural details which later ornamented the Exposition.
The three main pieces, “Philadelphia Progressive, ” and the two fig¬
ures “Heralds of the New Dawn” outside the gates were made in
record time and placed before the Exposition opened.

As it was the intention of the Exposition authorities to introduce
a pleasing color scheme in the decorative effect rather than adhere to
the standardized colors of other Expositions, the services of William
de Leftwich Dodge were secured for this phase of the work.

The activities of the color division were one of the most interest¬
ing developments of the Works Department. Mr. Dodge, with his
assistant, Bartolomeo Bellissio, personally supervised the coloring on
all the Exposition buildings and features, including entrances, pylons,
colonnade, bandstand and concession buildings.

In working out the color scheme of the Exposition a variety of
hues were blended, being chosen to harmonize with the settings and
conditions, with the result that a “Rainbow City” effect was pro¬
duced.

During March the establishment of a landscape division was
effected, with F. A. Robinson as chief, and during the period of con¬
struction work in April and May he organized the landscape main¬
tenance work which continued during the period of the Exposition.

After the work of building the Exposition had passed from the
preparatory stage to an era of completion of most of the major
buildings, operations were of such a diversified nature that a condi¬
tion outwardly chaotic prevailed, with a small army of workmen

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

swarming over the premises. The simplicity of the design of the
structures that were intended to house exhibits was in direct contrast
in many instances to other buildings built in reproduction of houses
of historic import that existed during the Colonial and Revolutionary
period. Skilled workmen employing tools of the most modern equip¬
ment were engaged in building houses and structures of a type that
originally had been fashioned by the almost primitive implements
used in the early American days.

The basic systems of construction entailing slow, laborious effort
were relegated to the background and supplanted by every labor-
saving device that could be utilized to produce the ultimate in speedy
construction. It seemed at times as if some fabled genie with a me¬
chanical bent had overnight waved a magic wand and produced prac¬
tical buildings where only desolate marshland had existed before.

Director Biles and Director Pearse personally devoted their ener¬
gies to expediting the work in every conceivable manner, Clarence
E. Myers being Mr. Biles’ representative on the field during a large
portion of the work. On April 1, 1926, S. H. Knight was em¬
ployed by the Exposition to have charge of building inspectors and
inspection of engineering work. He was appointed supervising en¬
gineer of the Exposition May 15 and continued in that capacity for
the duration of the Exposition. Walter Steinbruch and David A..
Kline served as assistant supervising engineers.

As the Exposition grew apace demands were made upon the con¬
tractors to build structures of such a variety of designs as to tax the
limits of their ingenuity. , The firm which constructed the exhibits
palace known as Building Number 1 immediately upon its comple¬
tion was engaged in building the India Building along the lines of
the Taj Mahal, considered to be one of the most beautiful edifices in
the world. This latter building was equipped with minarets and of
a style of Asiatic construction that was in wide variance with the
design of other types of building. Notwithstanding this fact, the
building when erected was considered one of the noteworthy sights
of the Exposition.

Other demands made upon Exposition and city forces that entailed
diverse methods embraced the construction of lagoons and canals
similar to those of Venice, animal pits and cages to house the in¬
mates of a section of a zoological garden, theatres, wire barricades
encircling the area, laying out of athletic fields, dredging bathing
beaches and a host of other operations similarly divergent in char¬
acter.

All of this was accomplished in the shortest space of time that any
other venture of a similar nature ever consumed. With the pos-

CONSTRUCTION ACHIEVEMENTS

sible exception of the building of streets, sewers and the approaches
to the municipal stadium, none of the work completed by these agen¬
cies was accomplished with any idea of permanency, but rather it was
projected with the thought of having the Exposition ready for the
opening ceremonies.

One of the greatest factors that served to make the duties of the
Department of Works more arduous and tended to delay the work
of construction was the frequent changes in the locating of conces¬
sion booths in the Gladway area due to the contingencies that arose
during the progress of construction.

Splendid cooperation was received from the various public utili¬
ties of Philadelphia, including the Philadelphia Electric Company,
the United Gas Improvement Company, the Bell Telephone Com¬
pany of Pennsylvania, and the Keystone Telephone Company, all of
whom were called upon to meet frequent emergency demands involv¬
ing more than routine performance.

The cost of construction and development of projects under the
supervision of the Exposition Department of Works was nearly
$9,000,000. The following is a list of the undertakings :

Palace of Liberal Arts and Manufactures
Palace of Agriculture and Foreign Participation
Palace of United States Government, Machinery and Transporta¬
tion (also known as the Government Building)

Palace of Education and Social Economy

Palace of Fine Arts

Auditorium

Administration Building

Stadium, Completion of, including lighting, plumbing, grading
walks and drives

Electrical installation, primary and secondary, including substa¬
tions

Gladway development, including plumbing and water supply, light¬
ing, electrical equipment, etc.

High pressure pumping stations and system
Canals, lagoons and bridges

Entrance and change booths, turnstiles, fences and gates
Pylons and Gladway Colonnades, statuary of Court of Nations,
“Philadelphia Progressive” group, Tower of Light, and Grand
Court lighting

Stage and dressing rooms in Stadium
Luminous Liberty Bell
Comfort stations

City Hall lighting, and lighting at Independence Square

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Concession booths in Stadium and grounds
Extension of gas mains

Aviation Field grading, development and buildings

Post Office

Fire houses

Domestic water supply

Welfare Building

Electric Fountain

Ackley Maynes Rides

Coast Guard Building

Warehouse

Flood lighting of exhibition buildings
Admissions and Concessions Building

Police and firemen’s headquarters and improvements to old Span¬
ish Building (Police Barracks)

Band Stands

Military barracks and camp
Boat landings and booths on lagoons
Bath House, beach and pool
Emergency Hospital

Miscellaneous construction and development projects : Personnel
Building, Aerator (Edgewater Lake), Canoe House, Entrance
to Fireworks Spectacle, Footway over railroad, Garage and
Repair Shop, Indian Village, Outdoor Amusement Company’s
Building, Press Club, Stock Room and Tool Shed, Temporary
Stands and equipment in City Hall Court Yard, Pump House
Number 1, Pump House Number 2, Pump House Number 3,
Administration Building Storehouse and Forty-one small struc¬
tures.

The above list is exclusive of foreign, state and special buildings,
together with those of High Street, which are noted in other chap¬
ters. It represents only the work of the Exposition department in
charge of construction.

Daytime view of the mammoth illuminated
Liberty Bell, north of the Main Entrance,
which was eighty feet high, contained 26,000
electric lamps, and was visible for many miles
at night.

Night view of Sculp¬
tural Group repre¬
senting “ Philadelphia
Progressive,” wh i c h
occupied center of the
main plaza.

Crown Prince Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
and Princess Louise take part in the laying of
the cornerstone of the John Morton Memorial
Building, one of the earliest important cere¬
monies of the Exposition.

CHAPTER VIII

PARTICIPATION OF FOREIGN NATIONS

NATIONS OFFICIALLY REPRESENTED — COUNTRIES UNOFFICIALLY PARTICIPATING — LIST OF
COMMISSIONERS AND DELEGATES — ARGENTINE BUILDING — BELGIAN TAPESTRIES —
CHINA’S INDUSTRIAL AND EDUCATIONAL EXHIBITS — CUBAN PAVILION — CZECHO-
SLOVAC BUILDING — VISIT OF FRENCH GUNBOAT “VILLE d’ys” — BRITISH SECTION —
$10,000,000 IN JEWELS — TITANIA’S PALACE — VISIT OF BRITISH CRUISERS — INDIAN
building — Italy’s gift — japan’s notable part — Persian building — Spanish

BUILDING — VISIT OF CROWN PRINCE AND CROWN PRINCESS OF SWEDEN — TUNISIAN
PAVILION.

Forty-two nations participated in the official opening exercises of
the Exposition. Fourteen foreign countries officially appointed com¬
missions or delegates to the Exposition, seven erected government
pavilions and ten participated unofficially with exhibits. Those which
appointed commissions or delegations were Argentina, China, Cuba,
Czechoslovakia, Haiti, Italy, Japan, Persia, Roumania, Spain,
Sweden, Tunisia and Venezuela. Those which erected government
buildings in the grounds of the Exposition were Argentina, Cuba,
Czechoslovakia, Japan, Persia, Spain and Tunisia. Sweden was
represented by a Memorial House to John Morton, a signer of the
Declaration of Independence, through the Scandinavian societies in
the United States, and also by the Wicaco Block House, erected by
the Swedish Colonial Society. Both of these buildings were officially
dedicated by His Royal Highness, Gustaf Adolf, Crown Prince of
Sweden, and the Crown Princess.

Four of the countries which erected government pavilions also had
official exhibits in the Palace of Agriculture and Foreign Participa¬
tion: Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Japan and Spain.

Three of the countries officially represented at the Exposition
which did not erect government pavilions had official exhibits in the
main exhibits palaces : China, Haiti and Venezuela.

Italy and Peru, though both were officially represented at the Ex¬
position, had no exhibit. Notification came, however, through His
Excellency, the Italian Ambassador, that Italy’s contribution would
come later in the gift from Italy to Philadelphia of the “Fountain of
the Sea Horses,” which gift was subsequently made and is now one
of the adornments of Philadelphia’s beautiful Parkway.

Hungary was semi-officially represented through the government
Department of Commerce and had an exhibit in the Palace of Agri¬
culture and Foreign Participation.

The Roumanian government appropriated 20,000,000 lei for offi-

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

cial participation in the Exposition and appointed a commission.
The erection of a pavilion was commenced but later abandoned on
account of an unexpected depreciation in Roumanian currency.

Ten countries were unofficially represented by exhibits at the Ex¬
position, viz., Austria; Algeria; Denmark; Egypt; Germany; Great
Britain, including India, which erected a beautiful building re¬
sembling the Taj Mahal; France; Holland; Palestine, and Sweden,
so that the total number of foreign countries officially and unofficially
represented by commission, delegation or exhibits at the Exposition
was twenty- four.

Forty-three foreign nations officially participated in events of the
Exposition through their ambassadors, ministers and charges d’af¬
faires, viz., Argentina, Austria, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile,
China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Denmark,
Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Esthonia, Finland, Germany,
Great Britain, Greece, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Italy, Irish Free
State, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Persia,
Peru, Poland, Portugal, Roumania, Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats
and Slovenes, Salvador, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Uruguay and
Venezuela.

The Crown Prince and Princess of Sweden, the Queen of Rou¬
mania, the President of the Republic of Haiti and Prince Conti of
Italy, the latter two unofficially, were at the head of the list of dis¬
tinguished foreign visitors, which included many delegations from
foreign chambers of commerce, the Pan-American Newspapermen’s
Association and other organizations which will be specifically re¬
ferred to later.

Great Britain was officially represented by two cruisers, the “Cal¬
cutta” and the “Capetown,” under Vice-Admiral Sir Walter H.
Cowan, B.T., K.C.B., D.S.O., M.V.O., commander-in-chief of the
North American and West Indian Squadron. France was repre¬
sented by the gunboat “Ville d’Ys,” under the command of Captain
L. A. Perrier. Portugal sent the cruiser “Adamastor,” under Com¬
mander Jorge Parry Pereira. Brazil was represented by the cruiser
“Bahia,” under the command of Captain Dario Paes Leme de Gastro.
Peru was represented by the Peruvian submarine R-2, under Lieu¬
tenant Commander Jose R. Alzamora.

Thirty-two foreign nations participated in special days at the Ex¬
position dedicated to their respective countries, and twenty of the
nations of South America participated in the ceremonies at the Expo¬
sition on Pan-American Day.

The list of commissioners and delegates from the respective coun¬
tries follows in alphabetical order :

PARTICIPATION OF FOREIGN NATIONS

Argentina: Dr. Tristan Achaval Rodriguez, President of the
Argentine Delegation to the Sesqui-Centennial International Expo¬
sition; Dr. Carlos Acuna, General Secretary; Senor Don Ignacio
Unanue, Secretary; Senor Don Fernando Saguier, Mayor Official;
Senor Don Pascual Escennarro, General Commissar; Senor Don
Carlos Schlieper, First Official; Senor Don Carlos C. Reissig de
Albornoz, Attache; Senor Don Alfredo Mulcahy, Attache; Senor
Don Marcelo de Elia Bonnemaison, Attache; Senor Don Alejandro
Moreno Vivot, Argentine Engineer in charge of Building.

China: Honorable Ziang-ling Chang, Commissioner General of
China; Tinsin C. Chow, Gabriel Chen Yun, Chi Bao, Delegates on
the part of China.

Cuba : Senor Don Rafael Martinez Ybor, Commissioner General
of Cuba; Lieut. Ramon de Vails, Attache, Cuban Commission; J.
Narvaez, Engineer- Architect ; J. M. Castells, Cuban Section.

Czechoslovakia : Dr. Jaroslav Novak, President, Czechoslovak
Commission; Dr. Pavel Stransky, 1st Vice President; Dr. Jaroslav
Smetanka, 2nd Vice President; Dr. Karel Neubert, General Secre¬
tary; A. Broz, Director of Publicity; Oscar Moser, Director, Indus¬
trial Section; Ing. Stan. Spacek, Supervision of the erection of the
Czechoslovak pavilion.

Denmark: William Arup, Unofficial Representative of Denmark.

Great Britain: J. Vandersteen, Unofficial Representative of Great
Britain.

Haiti : Elmer O. Fippin, Commissioner of Haiti.

Hungary: Professor Edmund Farago, Unofficial Representative
of Hungary.

India : F. A. M. Vincent, Administrator, India Section.

Italy: Count Vittore Siciliani, President; Signor Romolo An-
gelone, Comdr. Marcel A. Viti, Royal Italian Commissioners.

Japan: Hon. Iwao Nishi, Commissioner General of Japan; Jiro
Hitomi, Secretary General of Japan; Nobusuke Kishi, Commissioner
for Japan.

Liberia : Ernest Lyons, Delegate for Liberia.

Panama: Senor Don Juan E. Chevalier, Delegate for Panama.

Persia : His Excellency S. H. Taqizadeh, Commissioner General
for Persia; Ali Akbar Kiachif, Honorary Commercial Attache;
Prof. Arthur Upham Pope, Special Commissioner; Sultan M.
Amerie, Secretary General.

Peru: Senor Don Manuel G. Fuentes, Delegate for Peru.

Roumania : Hon. Agripa Popescu, Commissioner General ; Hon.
Dimitri Dem. Dimancesco, Second Commissioner; Dr. D. Andro-
nescu, Commissioner.

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Spain: Senor Don Cesar de Madariaga, Commissioner of the
Spanish Delegation to the Sesqui-Centennial International Exposi¬
tion; Major Alfonso de Los Reyes, Vice Commissioner; Captain
Carlos Sartorius, Military Attache to the Spanish Commissioner;
Senor Don Cesar de la Torre de Trassierra, Spanish Architect;
Senor Don Gabino Stuyck, Curator Royal Tapestries.

Sweden: Dr. Amandus Johnson, Representative of Sweden.

Tunisia: Mohamed Djamal, Commissioner for Tunisia.

Venezuela: Dr. Francisco Gerardo Yanes, Dr. Ovidio Perez,
Senor Don Alirio Parra Marquez, Commissioners for Venezuela.

Mrs. J. Willis Martin, chairman of the Women’s Committee of
the Exposition, and Mrs. Stanley G. Flagg, Jr., acting chairman of
the Foreign Committee of the Women’s Committee, were instru¬
mental in arranging luncheons, dinners, receptions, opera parties,
teas and dances whenever occasion called for the entertainment of
distinguished representatives of foreign governments visiting the
Exposition. Private homes were thrown open and hospitality was
dispensed by the members of this committee, so that memories of
Philadelphia’s hospitality were undoubtedly carried away, not to be
forgotten.

Among the notable entertainments provided for the commissioners
representing the foreign governments at the Exposition were the
dinners given by Rear Admiral H. O. Stickney as Commissioner of
the U. S. Government to the Exposition, and the Hon. W. Freeland
Kendrick, Mayor of Philadelphia, as President of the Exposition.

Admiral Stickney’s dinner was given at the Bellevue-Stratford
Hotel on November 16, 1926, in honor of Hon. Tristan Achaval
Rodriguez of Argentina, Hon. Ziang-ling Chang of China, Hon.
Rafael Martinez Ybor of Cuba, Hon. Jaroslav Novak of Czecho¬
slovakia, Hon. Elmer O. Fippin of Haiti, Hon. Vittore Siciliani of
Italy, Hon. Iwao Nishi of Japan, Hon. Juan E. Chevalier of Pan¬
ama, Hon. S. H. Taqizadeh of Persia, Hon. Manuel Fuentes of
Peru, Hon. Cesar de Madariaga of Spain and Hon. Francisco Ger¬
ardo Yanes of Venezuela.

At the dinner given by Mayor Kendrick at the Benjamin Franklin
on November 24, 1926, to the foreign commissioners, there were
two hundred guests, including Hon. Jaroslav Novak, President of
the Czechoslovak Commission; Major Alfonso Reyes, Vice Com¬
missioner of Spain ; Hon. Rafael Martinez Ybor, Commissioner
General of Cuba; Hon. Iwao Nishi, Commissioner General of Japan ;
Hon. Tristan A. Rodriguez, Commissioner General of Argentina;
Count Vittore Siciliani, Royal Italian Commissioner; Honorable
Ziang-ling Chang, Commissioner General of China; Hon. Ali Akber

The tapestries of the Royal
House of Spain in the Spanish
Building.

The Persian Buildi)ig contained
rare and beautiful rugs, pot¬
tery and jewelry of the Orient.

(Below) — Part of the Cuban
exhibit.

Two women of India before a
))iarvelous ivory inlaid cabinet.

PARTICIPATION OF FOREIGN NATIONS

Kiachif, Acting Commissioner General of Persia; Mohamed Djamal,
Commissioner from Tunis; Chi Boa of the Chinese commission;
Dr. William Arup, unofficial representative of Denmark ; Hon.
Manuel G. Fuentes, Delegate from Peru; Professor Edmund Farago,
unofficial representative of Hungary; Senor Don Pascual Escen-
narro of the Argentine commission ; Senor Don Enrique de Luque,
consul of Spain; Gabriel Chen Yun of the Chinese commission; Miss
Ling-Fu Yang of China; Hon. Marcel A. Viti of the Italian com¬
mission; Senor Don Alejandro Moreno Vivot, architect of the
Argentine Building; Mile. Monif Sultanieh of Persia; Chevalier
Luigi Sillitti of Italy; Senor Don Carlos Schlieper of the Argentine
commission; Senor Don Fernando Saguier of the Argentine com¬
mission; Senor Don Jose Antino Ramos, Cuban consul; Haig
Herant Pakradooni, Persian consul; Dr. Charles Neubert of the
Czechoslovak commission; J. Narvaez of Cuba; and Oscar Moser
of the Czechoslovak commission.

The extent of foreign participation is indicated by the following
summaries :

Algeria

Exhibitors from Algiers occupied space in the Palace of Agricul¬
ture and Foreign Participation.

Argentina

_ _ *

The Republic of Argentina participated in the Exposition by ap¬
pointing an official commission and erecting a building known as the
Argentine Building. It was not until July 28, 1926, that the authori¬
ties received a request that the ground for the Argentine Pavilion be
staked off so that the erection of its building could be commenced.
This was immediately done, the location given being one of the most
beautiful in the Exposition on the south side of Edgewater Lake, on
which fronted the Spanish, Persian and Cuban pavilions. The Rus¬
sian restaurant also fronted on this lake. From that time on every
assistance was given to the representatives of Argentina to facilitate
the work of construction.

The Argentine Commission arrived in New York on the Steam¬
ship “Pan American’’ on September 28, 1926. The building was
dedicated with brilliant ceremonies on October 30, 1926.

The Argentine Pavilion was an imposing white structure with a
sweeping, stately approach from the United States Army Camp,
which immediately faced it. The building was 300 feet long and
120 feet deep with a spacious rotunda in the center surrounded by
overhanging balconies. In the center of the rotunda was a beautiful
statue, and immediately above it was a glass dome 40 feet in diameter

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

and 60 feet above the floor, which flooded the building with natural
light at all times. There was a wide double driveway up to the main
steps and although the pavilion was not characteristic of any particu¬
lar architecture, it had an expansive dignity about it which made it
one of the outstanding buildings at the Exposition. The architect
of the building was Senor Don Alejandro Moreno Vivot.

Many brilliant entertainments and receptions were given at the
Argentine Building by the President of the Argentine Delegation,
His Excellency Dr. Tristan Achaval Rodriguez, including a recep¬
tion in honor of the Philadelphia press. Dr. Rodriguez was assisted
in receiving by his wife, Senora Cecilia Ayerza Rodriguez.

Australia

Among the distinguished visitors to the Exposition from Australia
were the Hon. Claude Mackay, leading Australian publisher, and
Miss Beryl Mills, an undergraduate of Perth University, who was
selected as the most representative Australian young woman to make
a tour of the United States. On their arrival in Philadelphia they
were entertained at luncheon by Mr. and Mrs. Stanley G. Flagg, Jr.,
at “Glen Brook,” Bryn Mawr, and thence they proceeded to the Ex¬
position, where they were received by the Director of Foreign Par¬
ticipation and conducted over the grounds. In the party were Mrs.
W. Z. Mills, mother of Miss Beryl Mills, and Frank Packer, both of
Sydney, N. S. W.

Austria

The merchants of Austria sent representative exhibits which were
shown in the Foreign Participation building, occupying 6000 square
feet.

On June 22, 1926, a delegation of Austrian manufacturers and
business men arrived in Philadelphia to visit the Exposition, escorted
by Dr. Friedrich Fischerauer, Consul General of Austria in New
York. On their arrival they were received by Mayor Kendrick and
then proceeded to the Exposition. The delegation came here under
the auspices of the United States Department of Commerce, which
assigned a representative to accompany it.

Austrian Day at the Exposition was celebrated November 5. His
Excellency Edgar L. G. Prochnik, Austrian Minister to the United
States, and Madame Prochnik came to Philadelphia to take part.

Belgium

Belgium participated in the Exposition by sending over seven of
the most famous ancient and modern tapestries in Europe, which
were exhibited in the Palace of the Fine Arts. The offer of these

PARTICIPATION OF FOREIGN NATIONS

world renowned works of art to the Exposition came through Hon.
James M. Beck, Chairman of the National Advisory Commission.

Bolivia

Bolivia Day, August 6, 1926, was duly celebrated at the Exposi¬
tion with an official reception to His Excellency Ricardo Jaimes
Freyre, Minister of Bolivia.

Brazil

The Brazilian Congress ordered to Philadelphia the Brazilian
Cruiser “Bahia,” which left Rio de Janeiro on June 11 and arrived
under command of Captain Dario Paef Leme de Castro to take
part in the Fourth of July celebration. Brazilian Day at the Expo¬
sition, November 15, was marked by the presence of His Excellency
S. Gurgel do Amaral, Ambassador of Brazil, and a brilliant staff.

Canada

Canada had a notable exhibit of thirty paintings in the Palace of
the Fine Arts.

Chile

On June 25, 1926, His Excellency Dr. Miguel Cruchaga, the
Chilean Ambassador, and a distinguished party were unofficial visi¬
tors to the Exposition. In addition to His Excellency, there were in
his party His Excellency, Arturo Alessandri, Ex-President of Chile,
and Dr. Samuel Claro, Chilean Arbitrator in the Tacna-Arica Arbi¬
tration and Dr. Enrique Budos, second secretary of the embassy.
Chilean Day was celebrated September 18 and the Ambassador was
again the guest of the Exposition and delivered the oration.

China

China’s participation in the Exposition presented two distinct fea¬
tures, industry and education. The exhibit of the former was housed
in a most attractive booth in the Foreign Participation section of the
Palace of Agriculture and the latter in the Palace of Education and
Social Economy. Responsibility for the industrial exhibit is due to
the interest and activity of the Hon. Ziang-ling Chang, Consul Gen¬
eral in New York, who before the Exposition opened paid several
visits to Philadelphia to make arrangements for space.

At this time China was unofficially represented, but on July 13,
1926, the Exposition received notification from the Secretary of
State that Mr. Chang had been appointed by his government as Com¬
missioner General to the Exposition with Tinsin C. Chow as Direc¬
tor of Exhibits and Gabriel Chen Yun and Chi Bao as members of
the Commission. As a result of the work of this commission a very

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

fine exhibit was installed which attracted much attention. It included
a rich and beautiful display of Chinese ceramics, ancient and mod¬
ern; pottery and porcelain pieces typifying technical skill in different
clays, glazes and colors. There were treasures worthy of hours of
study, Chinese silks, lacquerwork, paintings, marvelously beautiful
screens, silk embroidery, ivories, and some rich carvings in jade.

The Educational exhibit in the Palace of Education and Social
Economy was assembled and installed by Dr. P. W. Kuo, Director
of the China Institute in America, New York.

The opening day of the Chinese Industrial Exhibit in the Palace
of Agriculture and Foreign Participation was on July 16, 1926, and
was characterized with appropriate ceremonies. Commissioner Gen¬
eral Chang took the opportunity to express his indebtedness to Gov¬
ernor General Sun Chuen-Fang for making China’s participation
possible. Officials of the Exposition also spoke. The presence of the
United States Marine Band added to the spirit of the occasion.

On August 3, 1926, the Chinese Commissioner General, Hon.
Ziang-ling Chang, gave a formal dinner at the Bellevue-Stratford
Hotel, at which His Excellency, Sao-Ke Alfred Sze, Chinese Min¬
ister to the United States, was the guest of honor. Among the
guests were officials of the Exposition and the foreign commis¬
sioners.

On September 6, 1926, His Excellency Chu Ying-Kwang, former
Governor of the Province of Shantung, visited the Exposition.

On September 11, 1926, the Chinese Students’ Alliance with some
300 members visited the Exposition and assembled at the Palace of
Education and Social Economy, after which they were conducted
over the Exposition and many points of interest brought to their
attention.

On October 11, 1926, the Hon. Ziang-ling Chang, Commissioner
General of China to the Exposition, and the members of the Com¬
mission gave a dinner to the officials of the Exposition at the Ritz-
Carlton Hotel, Philadelphia. October 11 commemorated the fif¬
teenth anniversary of the foundation of the Chinese Republic.

Colombia

Colombia Day was celebrated at the Exposition on July 20, 1926,
with His Excellency, Dr. Enrique Olaya, Colombian Minister to the
United States, as the guest of honor. He was accompanied by
Madame Olaya.

Cuba

Cuba officially participated in the Exposition with a beautiful
pavilion on Edge water Lake, a fine exhibit in the Foreign Participa-

PARTICIPATION OF FOREIGN NATIONS

tion section, and an educational exhibit. The Cuban pavilion was a
center of attraction and many delightful entertainments were given
in this building. Cuba’s educational exhibit was one of the outstand¬
ing foreign exhibits in the Palace of Education and Social Economy
and was awarded the Grand Prize. The official opening of the Cuban
Pavilion took place on September 10 and Cuban Day was celebrated
on October 9. The Honorable Raphael Martinez Ybor, Commis¬
sioner General to the Exposition, delivered the formal address.

Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovakia was one of the nations which erected a government
pavilion at the Exposition, in addition to which it had a representa¬
tive art and industrial exhibit in the Foreign Participation section of
the Palace of Agriculture. The rich display of Bohemian glassware
of world-wide fame attracted many thousands of visitors and buyers.
There was also a large display of pottery, porcelain, cut precious
stones, jewelry, laces, ribbons, metal and wood work, articles in sil¬
ver, Czechoslovakian costumes showing different weaves of cloth
and dress goods, and other industrial products.

The Czechoslovak Pavilion was officially opened on Monday, Sep¬
tember 24, 1926, by His Excellency Zdenek Fierlinger, Minister of
Czechoslovakia, who came from Washington to deliver the address
on the occasion. The scene was one of impressive beauty and inspira¬
tion, with women and girls in the native costumes of Czechoslovakia,
flags flying, bands playing and troops of the Army, Navy and Marine
Corps drawn up in front of the building. Czechoslovak Day was
officially celebrated on Novmber 6.

Denmark

Denmark was represented by an exhibit in the Foreign Participa¬
tion section of the Palace of Agriculture which consisted of a display
of Royal Copenhagen porcelain and pottery under the personal care
and supervision of Dr. William Arup. The exhibit was installed on
the main aisle of the building and attracted continuous attention from
the first day of the Exposition, being one of the first exhibits com¬
pleted for public view. The booth was artistic in design and color
and made a most harmonious setting for the exhibits, which repre¬
sented 200 years of experience in production in one of the most
artistic industries of Denmark. As an evidence of the appreciation
of this fine exhibit, the sales of Royal Danish Potteries were con¬
tinuous throughout the Exposition and reached large sums, opening
the way for significant trade developments between the United States
and Denmark.

Danish- American Day was celebrated on September 17, 1926,

SESQUX-CENTENNXAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

with a delightful program participated in by His Excellency Con¬
stantin Brun, Minister of Denmark to the United States.

Ecuador

Ecuador Day was celebrated on August 10, 1926. Owing to the
absence of the Minister of Ecuador and the illness of the Charge
d’Affaires, the exercises were necessarily curtailed. Ecuador was
represented by Senor Don Carlos Mantilla, Attache of the Legation
in Washington, and Luis Mata, Consul of Ecuador in Philadelphia.

Egypt

Merchants from Cairo had large and typical exhibits in the For¬
eign Participation section made up of oriental goods, such as em¬
broideries, brasswork, jewelry, Egyptian cigarettes, perfumes, rugs
and oriental wearing apparel, inlaid tables, boxes and other typical
exhibits from this country.

Egypt had intended to erect an official pavilion at the Exposition
and considerable correspondence passed on the subject with His
Excellency Mahmoud Sarny Pasha, the Egyptian Minister in Wash¬
ington. A fire destroyed a large number of the exhibits before
shipment and the project of erecting a pavilion was abandoned in
consequence thereof.

France

France sent the gunboat, “Ville d’Ys,” of the French navy, under
the command of Captain L. A. Perrier, with fifteen officers and one
hundred men and it was stationed at the Navy Yard for a brief
interval during the Exposition.

Among the principal French exhibitors at the Exposition was D.
Arditti of Paris, who presented the latest effects in French millinery,
in perfumes, toilet articles, beads, jewelry, scarfs, shawls, handbags,
etc. Mr. Arditti also erected the Cafe de la Paix on the main boule¬
vard of the Exposition which remained open until the Exposition
closed.

In addition to the commercial exhibits of France, there were
twenty-eight paintings by French artists and an exhibit of French
sculpture in the Palace of the Pine Arts.

A number of prominent Frenchmen visited the Exposition.
Among them was Mons. Jacques Worth of Paris, who was accom¬
panied by Madame Worth. They were received and entertained by
the Exposition management and a luncheon was given in their honor
at the Russian Pavilion.

Bastille Day, or the French Republic’s Fourth of July, was cele¬
brated at the Exposition on Wednesday, July 14, 1926, by the PTench

PARTICIPATION OF FOREIGN NATIONS

citizens of Philadelphia with impressive ceremonies at the Court of
Honor.

Germany

German exhibitors occupied a space of 1000 square feet in the
Foreign Participation section. There was also a German restaurant
on the Gladway which was known as the Restaurant Oberbayern
and later as the Alpine Haus.

In addition to the commercial exhibits of Germany, fifty-three
modern paintings by German artists were exhibited in the Palace of
the Fine Arts.

A group of German business men representing thirty-five German
department stores arrived in Philadelphia on April 21, 1926, prior
to the opening of the Exposition. They were received by the Honor¬
able W. Freeland Kendrick, Mayor of Philadelphia, at the City Hall
and then taken to the Exposition and escorted over the grounds and
through the buildings.

German Day at the Exposition was celebrated on August 28. In
the absence of Baron Ago Maltzan, the Ambassador of Germany,
who was abroad, Germany was represented by Dr. Hans Heinrich
Dieckhoff, Charge d’Affaires, and Dr. Edwart von Selzam, Secretary
of the Embassy.

Great Britain

Great Britain was unofficially represented with a number of excel¬
lent exhibits in what was known as the British Section of the Palace
of Agriculture. Prior to the opening of the Exposition, Sir Law¬
rence Weaver, K.B.E., who was Director of Exhibits at the Wembley
Exposition, came to the United States and arranged for 50,000
square feet of space to be reserved in the Foreign Participation sec¬
tion for British exhibitors. Every foot of this space was occupied
during the Exposition.

The British Section was located at the north end of the building,
opposite the Japanese Section and close to the exhibits of Denmark
and Czechoslovakia. It was surrounded with high walls with a great
archway entrance to the south. The walls were decorated with the
coat of arms and colors of Great Britain. An outstanding exhibit
was that of Abdul Cafoor, who brought to the Exposition a collec¬
tion of diamonds, rubies, emeralds, sapphires and pearls worth over
$10,000,000. A specially constructed burglar-proof and nitroglycer¬
ine-proof safe was installed to guard these treasures. He also ex¬
hibited priceless ivories and other specimens of the finest craftsman¬
ship of native work in gold and silver. Other exhibitors in the section
showed curiously carved and inlaid wooden stands, tables, chairs.
There was $1,000,000 worth of amber in another exhibit in neck-

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

laces, bracelets, beads and other objects. A fine display of Stafford¬
shire pottery, Royal Doulton “Rouge Flambe,” jewels of the potter’s
art, commanded much admiration and resulted in many sales. There
were Ruskin ware, Adams ware and beautiful specimens of china.
The Irish linens and fabric display showed the perfection of Belfast’s
famous mills. Laces, perfumes, candies, mother-of-pearl, scientific
instruments, printing methods, linoleums and hundreds of other ex¬
hibits made the British Section a particular place of interest to all
visitors.

In the same section was Titania’s Palace, the most dainty fairy
toy house in the world, exhibited by Sir Nevile Wilkinson, G.C.F.K.,
Ulster King of Arms. When Sir Nevile first exhibited the 7-by-9-
foot house in London five years before, Queen Mary unlocked the
miniature mahogany front door with a gold key which the Queen
now treasures as a souvenir of the occasion. A charge of admission
was made to this exhibit, the receipts being entirely for charity, one-
half going to the United States’ hospitals for crippled children and
the other half to the English Crippled Children’s Hospital. Lady
Beatrix Wilkinson and the Earl of Wicklow spent much time at the
exhibit during the period of the Exposition.

Two cruisers of the British North Atlantic Fleet, the “Calcutta,”
commanded by Captain A. B. Cunningham, and the “Capetown,”
under command of Captain O. H. Dawson, arrived at the Philadel¬
phia Navy Yard on Monday, October 11, to participate in the Expo¬
sition. Vice Admiral Sir Walter H. Cowan, Commandant of the
Squadron, was on board the “Calcutta.”

British Day was celebrated on Wednesday, October 13, 1926. His
Britannic Majesty’s Government was represented by H. G. Chilton,
C.M.G., E.E. and M.P., Vice Admiral Sir Walter H. Cowan, and
Consul General Frederick Watson.

Greece

Greece did not participate officially in the Exposition, nor did it
have any exhibit, but His Excellency, Charalambos Simopoulos, the
Minister of Greece, visited the Exposition on “Ahepa Fraternal
Day,” on September 2, 1926.

Haiti

The Republic of Haiti was officially represented at the Exposition
with an industrial exhibit in the Palace of Agriculture and an edu¬
cational exhibit in the Palace of Education. Both of these exhibits
were in charge of Elmer O. Fippin, the Commissioner of Haiti, who
took the greatest interest in seeing that the Island was properly repre¬
sented. The outstanding Haitian exhibit was the slender nine-foot

Commissioner Nishi and his staff break ground
for the Japanese Pavilion in the presence of
Director Wilson and other Exposition officials.

The Japanese Pavilion.

PARTICIPATION OF FOREIGN NATIONS

anchor of the Santa Maria, the flag ship of Columbus. The vessel
was believed to have been wrecked on the coast of Haiti, near Cape
Haitian.

The official opening of the Haitian exhibit took place on July 22
and was honored by the presence of His Excellency, Hannibal Price,
Minister of Haiti.

Earlier in the season, the Exposition had the honor of an unoffi¬
cial visit from His Excellency Louis Borno, President of the Re¬
public of Haiti, who was accompanied by Madame Borno.

Hungary

There was an Hungarian industrial art section in the Palace of
Agriculture and Foreign Participation which was assembled and
installed by Professor Edmund Farago, official representative of the
Hungarian Society for Applied Art. This exhibit, which occupied a
large space, was officially opened on July 26, the invitations thereto
being extended in the name of Dr. Charles Winter, Royal Consul
General of Hungary, and Professor Farago. The exhibit typified
the purest Hungarian industrial art and the display was one of the
finest in the Exposition. There were porcelains, fayence and reflect
metallique, the latter made of Lsoluay of Pecs; and seven genuine
Gobelin tapestries selected from the art galleries of Budapest. There
were examples of Magyar art in embroideries, native costumes of the
peasant class ; also fine leather specimens, silver and bronze work, all
hand beaten, and exquisite jewelry.

The Exposition authorities arranged to celebrate Hungarian Day
August 20, 1926, but Hungary being without a Minister in Wash¬
ington at that time and the Charge d’Affaires being absent, all exer¬
cises in connection with the celebration were abandoned. The flag of
Hungary, however, was hoisted on the official flag pole in the Court
of Honor of the Exposition as a tribute to Hungary and was flown
throughout the day.

On August 29, an historical and patriotic pageant was held in the
Stadium of the Exposition under the auspices of the United Hun¬
garian churches and societies for the benefit of an American Hun¬
garian hospital.

India

The British Government advised the Exposition under date of
October 30, 1925, that it regretted the government of India could
not see its way clear to participate in the Exposition. Following that
announcement, Captain Asher C. Baker, then Director-in-Chief of
the Exposition, entered into correspondence with Frank A. N. Vin¬
cent, C.I.E., C.B.E. and M.V.O., suggesting participation by Indian

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

merchants with the result that the Taj Mahal Trading Company was
organized with Louis Gorer and Joseph Sassoon, organizing direc¬
tors, and Mr. Vincent as administrator. A beautiful building was
thereafter erected on the grounds of the Exposition which was
known as the Taj Mahal, and although it was in no sense a replica
of this famous building it had the characteristics of Indian architec¬
ture notable in that famous structure.

Within the building many merchants of India installed booths and
exhibited rich displays of Indian productions, including cashmere
shawls, sandalwood boxes, inlaid woodwork, ornaments in brass and
copper. There were also a fine display of rugs and a jewelry exhibit
comparable with the Cafoor exhibit in the British Section. In this
Indian Building was a theatre where native artists performed and
nearby was an imitation of an Indian jungle. There was also a
characteristic restaurant and many other attractive features caused
the “Taj Mahal Building,” as many called it, to become one of the
objective points to the majority of those whose visited the Exposi¬
tion.

Italy

On October 14, 1926, His Excellency, Nobile Giacomo de Martino,
Italian ambassador to the United States, notified the State Depart¬
ment that the government of Italy was desirous of participating in
the Sesqui-Centennial International Exposition with an accredited
Italian commission, and that in accordance therewith he had ap¬
pointed Count Vittore Siciliani, Italian consul general at Philadel¬
phia, Signor Romolo Angelone, commercial attache to the Italian
embassy, and Marcel A. Viti, legal advisor to the Italian embassy.

Although this announcement came late, it was nevertheless appre¬
ciated as an expression of Italy’s good will and interest. There was
not sufficient time to erect an Italian pavilion nor was there any
Italian industrial section.

Italy gave notice, however, of her intention to make the gift of
the memorial fountain that is now on the Parkway of Philadelphia.

On Italian Day, October 12, His Excellency, the Ambassador,
visited the Exposition to take part in the special exercises.

On September 8, 1926, Prince Ginori Conti of Italy, a delegate to
the American Chemical Society and one of the outstanding figures in
the scientific world, was a visitor at the Exposition. 4

Japan

Japan participated in an extensive manner in the Exposition by
appointing an Imperial commission to the Exposition; by erecting
a Japanese Pavilion; by installing an industrial art and commercial

PARTICIPATION OF FOREIGN NATIONS

exhibit in the Palace of Agriculture and Foreign Participation ; an
exhibit of paintings, drawings, screens and tapestries in the Palace
of the Fine Arts; and an educational exhibit in the Palace of Educa¬
tion and Social Economy, the participation representing the outlay of
nearly $1,000,000.

The Japanese exhibit was the largest foreign exhibit at the Expo¬
sition and one of the first to be completely finished and opened to the
public. There were 4000 guilds and industrial associations repre¬
sented in the exhibit in which all the leading industries and crafts of
Japan were displayed.

It would be exceedingly difficult to describe the variety and beauty
of the Japanese exhibits. Among the outstanding ones were the
Pearl Pagoda, 3^ feet high, made of mother-of-pearl and decorated
with approximately 50,000 genuine pearls. This formed a part of
the Mikimoto exhibit of culture pearls produced within the living
oyster by K. Mikimoto’s method. Another exhibit was the cloisonne
of the Cloisonne Exhibitors’ Association, Tokyo. There were 500
selected pieces of exquisite cloisonne in this exhibit showing the more
advanced and modern products of this old art. Another beautiful
exhibit was that of ivory carving exhibited by the Tokyo Ivory
Object Dealers’ League. Some of the pieces on exhibit were price¬
less, typifying, as they did, the highest art applied to the most difficult
and intricate subjects.

Porcelain, one of the oldest industries of Japan, was represented
by some beautiful pieces sent over by the Japanese Ceramic Associa¬
tion. Lacquerware, an exclusive product of Japan, made from the
Japanese kinoki wood, or Japanese cedar, painted with special urushi
enamel, with designs worked out thereon with gold dust was promi¬
nently displayed. There were many beautiful examples of this art,
each piece having been carefully manufactured to withstand the
variation of temperature and humidity in the United States. Metal
work was represented by exhibits in silver, copper, iron and bronze,
which constituted a distinctive collection of metal art objects. There
was a fine display of silk fabric, silk being one of the most important
Japanese national products and exports. The United States is the
largest importer of Japanese silk. The finer qualities of silk goods
were displayed in this exhibit. There were exquisite embroideries,
laces and drawn work; also tortoise shell articles which gave the
visitor to this section a comprehensive idea of the ingenious works of
art produced by Japanese craftsmen.

The comprehensiveness of the showing was completed by other
exhibits, including the cultivation of the silkworm, and the reeling of
silk from the cocoon; scenes of a Japanese tea farm with life-sized

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

figures picking the tea leaves, extensive exhibits of toys, celluloid
articles, brushes, imitation pearls and beads, braids, crystal, musical
instruments, furniture, cotton fabrics, paper and paper products,
essential oils, menthol and camphor, sulphur, coal, copper and iron,
together with the exhibits of products from Formosa, Korea and
Manchuria.

In the Palace of Fine Arts the exhibit included many Japanese
pictures by representative artists of new and old schools; embroid¬
eries, Japanese silk gobran, lacquerware, cloisonne, porcelains,
tortoise shell and bamboo works. Among the exhibits were two
attractive picture screens and two statuettes specially loaned by the
Imperial Japanese Household.

The exhibit in the Palace of Education and Social Economy in¬
cluded pictures and statistical charts showing Japanese school life,
distribution of education, systems of primary and higher education
and the number of schools and students in Japan.

The official opening of the Japanese exhibit took place on June 26
and was honored by the presence of His Excellency Tsuneo Matsu-
daira, the Japanese Ambassador to the United States.

Japan Day at the Exposition was celebrated October 5, 1926, when
Philadelphia again enjoyed the honor of a visit by the Japanese
ambassador.

During the Exposition, there was a Japanese Tea Pavilion on
Edgewater Lake operated by K. E. Jingu. In front of the pavilion
was a flagpole from which the Japanese flag flew, marking its official
connection with the Japanese commission. In addition to this official
pavilion, there was another Japanese Tea House almost adjoining,
erected and operated by private Japanese interests. Another building,
also operated by private interests, was a Japanese Bazaar. All of
these buildings were grouped together by Edgewater Lake.

On July 25, 1926, a party of Japanese business men from the
Kyoto, Japan, Chamber of Commerce, visited the Exposition, where
a program was arranged in their honor.

Lithuania

Lithuanian Day was celebrated at the Exposition August 28, at
which time His Excellency Kazys Bizauskas, Minister of Lithuania,
was the guest of honor. The Lithuanian Day Committee of Phila¬
delphia organized a splendid parade with floats portraying ancient
Lithuania; the period of that country’s oppression; the nation’s re¬
birth; the ideals of Lithuania. This committee also arranged an
entertainment in the great Auditorium of the Exposition and was
the host of the minister at a luncheon at the Russian Pavilion, where

A part of the parade in honor of Lithuanian
Day as it inarched through the Exposition
grounds.

PARTICIPATION OF FOREIGN NATIONS

there were a number of distinguished guests, including the officials
of the Exposition.

Liberia

Liberia officially accepted the invitation to exhibit at the Exposi¬
tion and stated that the names of the Liberian Commissioners would
be sent at a later date. Early in April, 1926, however, Liberia decided
that it would not exhibit but appointed the consul general of Liberia
to the United States, Ernest Lyons, to represent the government at
the opening of the Exposition.

Norway

A striking exhibit from Norway was the Viking ship, “Leif Erik-
son,” 42 feet long, 12 feet 9 inch beam and drawing 4 feet of water,
which was navigated from Norway to the United States by Captain
Gerahard Folgero, the voyage of 6700 miles taking 100 days, during
which the same course navigated by Leif Erikson in 997 A.D.
was followed. The boat was moored to a wharf on Edgewater Lake
close to the Spanish Building during the period of the Exposition.

Norwegian Day at the Exposition on October 23 was made mem¬
orable not only by the presence of His Excellency, Helmer H. Bryn,
Minister of Norway to the United States, and Madame Bryn, but
by an elaborate program prepared by the Norwegian- American Com¬
mittee under the chairmanship of Matthias Moe, Norwegian vice-
consul at Philadelphia.

Palestine

Palestine had several exhibits in the Palace of Agriculture and
Foreign Participation, the principal one of which was that of the
Anglo-American Stores — Sinunu Brothers — of Jerusalem. There
were many beautiful objects exhibited, such as carvings, mother-of-
pearl rosaries, necklaces, crosses and big shells. There were also
some fine carvings in wood from the Mount of Olives. Dresses and
other garments showed the costumes of the Ploly Land. There were
many kinds of embroidery, rugs, inlaid tables and other articles of
sentimental interest on account of identification with the Holy Land.

Panama

Panama appointed as a commissioner to the Exposition Senor Don
Juan E. Chevalier, charge d’affaires ad interim of the Panama Lega¬
tion at Washington, D. C., who was a guest of the Exposition on
Pan-American Day, and participated in the ceremonies.

Pan-America

On Sunday, April 18, 1926, one hundred of the leading newspaper
publishers and editors of Latin America, delegates to the Pan-Amer-

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

ican Press Congress at Washington, came to Philadelphia and visited
the Exposition. Their visit was arranged by the Philadelphia Cham¬
ber of Commerce. A reception committee, composed of Philadel¬
phia’s foremost publishers and editors, entertained the Latin Amer¬
ican journalists.

Pan-American Day at the Exposition, October 22, 1926, which
was participated in by the ambassadors, ministers and charges d’af¬
faires of the twenty Latin American republics, was one of the crown¬
ing glories of the Exposition in historical significance, international
relations, sentiment of the human family and the pomp and circum¬
stance of the official ceremonies.

Persia

Persia’s participation in the Exposition contributed one of the
most beautiful and artistic buildings on the grounds, a reproduction
of an ancient mosque, with original doors centuries old. The build¬
ing, which faced on Edgewater Lake, made an exquisite study of
decoration in stucco, stamped and moulded in intricate surface pat¬
terns brilliantly colored, the decorative element harmonizing with the
structural. The dome and the main entrance were an imitation of
the famous mosaic faience, the most brilliant architectural ornament
ever known, of which only fragments have ever come out of Persia.
The doorways were decorated on a ground of brilliant turquoise,
with arabesques in black and gold and ivory. The main arched en¬
trance, which was approximately 45 feet high, was a mass of dazzling
brilliant ornamentation.

Within this building were rugs, tapestries, jewelry, pottery, ham¬
mered brass, ancient parchments, books and manuscripts, miniatures
and other products of Persia. There were the Ispahan rug — 300
years old — from the Palace of the Shahs; the choicest of small rugs
from Feraghan, Kerman, Chiroz and Khorassan, with their soft
blending colors. There were finely tempered weapons of steel and
artistic metal work; also threaded and inlaid work in floral designs
of rare beauty wrought in bullion and set in precious stones. Carved
and grilled work in sandal, teak, cedar and camphor wood was in
endless variety, and lastly the fine glazed pottery and chinaware.
Many of the most beautiful and costly exhibits in the Persian Pa¬
vilion belonged to A. A. Kiachif, honorary commercial attache to
the commissioner, officially appointed by the Persian Minister of
Commerce. Associated with Mr. Kiachif were H. Ghadini and Agha
Khan Ghaem Maghami. The secretary general of the commission
was Sultan M. Amerie, and the architect of the beautiful mosque,
Carl Zeigler.

PARTICIPATION OF FOREIGN NATIONS

Persia also erected near its main building a replica of one of the
Persepolis columns, still standing in Southern Persia among the
ruins of the palaces of the ancient kings, built about 521 B. C. The
column at the Exposition was a copy of one from the great Hall of
Xerxes, built about 480 B. C., which originally supported a great
roof made of cedar, ebony and ivory. Alexander the Great set fire
to these palaces and everything was consumed except these majestic
columns.

Persia had as its representative one of the most distinguished of
her citizens, His Excellency, Sayed Hassan Taqizadeh, Commis¬
sioner General to the Exposition.

The official opening of the Persian Pavilion took place on Wednes¬
day, October 6, 1926.

On Thursday, December 23, 1926, after the Exposition had closed
and Mr. Taqizadeh had returned home, the remaining members of
the Persian Commission gave a dinner at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel,
Philadelphia, to the new Minister of Persia to the ETnited States,
His Excellency Davoud Meftah. He was officially received by Mayor
Kendrick and later at the U. S. Navy Yard by Rear Admiral T. P.
Magruder, with a guard of honor, the Persian national anthem
played by the Navy Band, and a salute of fifteen guns. The visit of
the Persian Minister was the last official echo of foreign participa¬
tion in the Exposition.

Peru

Peru appointed Senor Don Manuel Fuentes, consul in Philadel¬
phia, as its delegate and he was present at the Exposition on many
occasions and at all official functions.

On August 16, 1926, the Peruvian Submarine R2 arrived in Phil¬
adelphia under Lieutenant Commander Jose R. Alzamora, with a
crew of twenty-one and four officers. The courtesies of the Exposi¬
tion were extended to the officers and crew.

Peruvian Day at the Exposition was celebrated July 28 and was
honored with the presence of His Excellency, Dr. Hernan Velarde,
Peruvian ambassador to the United States.

Poland

Polish Day at the Exposition was celebrated September 5, 1926,
and was honored by the presence of His Excellency, Jan Ciechanow-
ski, Polish Minister to the United States. The Polish Central Com¬
mittee, of which Felix Piekarski was President, arranged an elab¬
orate program.

Portugal

The official participation by Portugal in the Exposition was the

100 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

visit late in July of the Portuguese cruiser “Adamastar,” under the
command of Jorge Parry Pereira, with thirty-four officers and one
hundred and seventy men.

Roumania

Roumania, which was officially represented at the Exposition with
a commission, was compelled to withdraw from participation owing
to an “unexpected depreciation of Roumanian currency.”

Several Roumanian exhibitors came to the Exposition and in¬
stalled exhibits in the Palace of Agriculture and Foreign Participa¬
tion. Roumania also had an exhibit of paintings in the Palace of the
Fine Arts.

On August 28, 1926, a delegation of Roumanian university pro¬
fessors, accompanied by their wives, arrived in Philadelphia for the
purpose of visiting the Exposition. There were twenty-six in the
party, the delegation including Dr. Borcea, former Secretary of
State for Education, and Dr. Inculet, former Secretary of State for
New Roumanian Provinces.

The outstanding event of the Exposition in connection with Rou¬
mania was the visit of Queen Marie, described elsewhere.

Serbs, Croats and Slovenes

In 1925 the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes accepted
the invitation of the President of the United States to participate
officially at the Exposition and to erect an official pavilion. On
February 17, 1926, the American Minister at Belgrade advised the
Department of State at Washington by cable that Jugoslavia had
decided to withdraw from participation in the Exposition. Not¬
withstanding the official withdrawal of Jugoslavia, it was well repre¬
sented in paintings and sculpture in the Palace of the Fine Arts.

Spain

Spain officially participated in the Exposition by the appointment
of a commission, the erection of a Spanish building, the installation
of a large industrial and art section in the Palace of Agriculture and
Foreign Participation, an exhibit of paintings and sculpture in the
Palace of Fine Arts, and an educational exhibit in the Palace of
Education and Social Economy. The beautiful Spanish Building
was designed by Senor Don Cesar de la Torre de Trassierra, the
official architect of the Spanish government.

In the Spanish Building were the priceless tapestries of the Royal
House of Spain, ten in number, sent over by King Alfonso as a
special tribute. These tapestries were estimated to be worth $15,000,-
000. In Madrid they hang on the wall of the grand dining-room-ball

Main facade of the picturesque Spanish Build¬
ing with two members of the Guadia de Civile
on duty to protect its artistic treasures, some
of them from the Royal Household of Spain
and specially loaned by King Alfonso.

PARTICIPATION OF FOREIGN NATIONS

101

room combination in the royal palace, and this was the first time they
had been removed from it since the palace was built.

In the Spanish Building was a chalice from which Columbus was
said to have drunk; a fragment of the tree under which Hernan
Cortes slept on “The Bad Night” when he narrowly escaped death;
two compasses made in the 15th Century; and also a piece of an
historical flag of the 15th Century.

There were masterpieces by Goya and Velazquez, and on the floor
of the tapestry hall of the building was a great historic rug from the
reception room of General Primo de Rivera.

In the center of the building was a beautiful patio with a fountain
and gold fish. All of the tiles and ornaments for this building, includ¬
ing the tiled roof, were brought from Spain. The pavilion was
located on Edgewater Lake between the Persian and the Argentine
buildings, and made a strikingly beautiful picture rich in color and
ornamentation and typical of the architecture of “Sunny Spain.”
The front entrance was on the lake side and the approach to the
pavilion was by two cement staircases, one on either side, leading to
an open gallery from which the addresses were made at the official
opening of the building. Around the outside of the pavilion, box
bushes, artistically planted in geometric form, gave a distinctive¬
ness that added greatly to the attraction of the picture. In the patio
were gravel walks outlined with tiny boxwood plants. The building
was a reproduction of the well-known Puerta de Pilatos.

The industrial and art exhibit in the Foreign Participation section
covered several thousand square feet in which were art treasures of
bewildering variety and richness. There were chests of the 15th
Century; bedsteads that had been in the ducal houses of Spain from
mediaeval times; ancient swords and daggers, many of them inlaid
with gold; armor that had seen service on the battlefields of Spain;
lamps and lanterns of different metals and forms ; cathedral and.
choir chairs ; furniture gathered from the cathedrals, cloisters and
from the castles of Spain ; andirons on which logs had burned before
the eyes of kings; ancient jewelry and garments of former times.

At the south end of the exhibit was a display of china and pottery
from Spain’s foremost potteries, the product of Spain’s industry,
artistry and ingenuity. Among other ancient and modern objects
were mantillas, shawls, Spanish dolls, fans and tambourines ; a dis¬
play of ancient and modern books ; perfumes and other toilet articles ;
a display of real Spanish olives and some of the fruits of Spain; an
exhibit showing how cork was made ; several bedrooms and dining¬
rooms furnished in typical Spanish style and also a Spanish kitchen,
all adding to the charm of this most interesting exhibit.

102

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Spanish Day at the Exposition was celebrated on October 12 with
impressive ceremonies, contemporaneously with Italian or Columbus
Day. Five hours after His Excellency Senor Don Alejandro Padillo
had presented his credentials to President Coolidge, the new Spanish
Ambassador arrived in Philadelphia to represent his country and to
take part in the ceremonies of the day.

On August 6, Senor Madariaga, the Spanish commissioner gen¬
eral to the Exposition, gave a dinner to the officials of the Exposition
at the Benjamin Franklin Hotel, which was followed by a recital of
Spanish music by Alma Simpson and the Rondalla Usandizaga,
Spain’s foremost ensemble of ancient string instruments. At the
conclusion of the entertainment a buffet supper was served.

Sweden

The Exposition was honored by the presence of His Royal High¬
ness Gustaf Adolf, the Crown Prince of Sweden, and the Crown
Princess, the Prince laying the cornerstone of the John Morton
Memorial Building.

The Crown Prince also officially dedicated a replica of the old
Wicaco Block House, built in 1669, which stood on the site of Gloria
Dei (Old Swedes) Church in Philadelphia. The Block House was
erected by the Swedish Colonial Society of Philadelphia.

Switzerland

September 15 was designated as Swiss Day at the Exposition and
the ceremonies were honored by the presence of His Excellency,
Marc Peters, Minister of Switzerland, although Switzerland was
not officially represented at the Exposition.

The Swiss Day Committee, of which Charles Vuillermier, Swiss
consul in Philadelphia, was president, prepared an elaborate pro¬
gram.

Tunisia

Tunisia, which is under the protectorate of France, officially par¬
ticipated in the Exposition by appointing a commission and erecting
a Tunisian Pavilion. Tunisian merchants also had exhibits in the
Foreign Participation section and the Liberal Arts Building.

The Tunisian Pavilion, or Village, was one of the most picturesque
sights in the Exposition. Its exhibits included beautiful oriental
rugs, hammered brassware, inlaid chairs and tables, jewelry, lamps,
leather goods', fans, perfumes, shawls, and a display of garments
made of the finest silk, cashmere and other materials. There were
photographs of Arab life on the desert, and many other typical ex-

PARTICIPATION OF FOREIGN NATIONS

103

hibits savoring of the exotic atmosphere of native life in Northern
Africa.

Venezuela

Venezuela officially appointed a commission to the Exposition, but
confined its exhibits to coffee, demonstrations of its excellence being
given daily for a long period of time in the Palace of Liberal Arts.
A picturesque booth was erected after the manner of a Venezuelan
country inn where there were small tables at which visitors could
take a seat and be served with coffee free of cost.

Venezuelan Day at the Exposition was celebrated on July 24,
the occasion being marked by the presence of His Excellency, Carlos
F. Grisanti, Minister of Venezuela.

Thus the nations of the world contributed their participation in
the historic celebration. Thus they diffused the light of their great
advances in the arts and sciences, in education and social economy,
in industry and commerce over the great expanses of the Exposition.
This was the measure of their contribution to the process of forging
and welding the bonds of friendship between them and the United
States in links unbreakable for all time.

CHAPTER IX

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION
By Rear Admiral Herman O. Stickney
United States Commissioner of the S esqui-C entennial Exposition

WORK OF THE NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMISSION — GOVERNMENT APPROPRIATION AND
ITS ALLOCATION — SECRETARIES KELLOGG AND HOOVER APPOINTED MEMBERS OF NA¬
TIONAL SESQUI-CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION COMMISSION — EXHIBITS IN PALACE OF
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT, MACHINERY AND TRANSPORTATION — ALL DEPART¬
MENTS REPRESENTED.

As recorded in another chapter of this history Congress provided
for a National Advisory Commission, to serve without compensa¬
tion, whose function it was to give aid and counsel to the Sesqui-
Centennial Exhibition Association. Honorable James M. Beck,
former Solicitor-General of the United States, was selected as chair¬
man of this commission, which was named by President Coolidge.
Under his direction valuable services were rendered by the commis¬
sion in the months preceding the actual determination of the Federal
Government to take part in the Exposition.

Public Resolution No. 7 of the 69th Congress authorized an appro¬
priation of $2,186,500 for the participation of the Government of
the United States in the Sesqui-Centennial International Exposition.
This amount was appropriated in the Urgent Deficiencies Act ap¬
proved March 3, 1926.

Of the $2,186,500 appropriated, Congress authorized that $1,000-
000 be expended in construction of four or more buildings for ex¬
hibit purposes, and that not more than $250,000 be allocated to the
War Department for its exhibits and not over $350,000 to the Navy
Department, $100,000 for exhibits and $250,000 for repairs to the
Navy Yard at Philadelphia incident to holding the Exposition. The
balance was to be used for exhibits of the other executive depart¬
ments and independent establishments of the Government.

All the Government exhibits were planned to arouse public interest
and to possess high educational value. They provided impressive
illustrations of nearly every branch of the Government service, many
of which had been wholly unknown previously to a large proportion
of the millions of visitors to the Exposition. The scope and impor¬
tance of the exhibits were attested by the fact that the International
Jury of Awards presented them with eleven grand prizes, thirty-
seven medals of honor, forty-four gold medals, five silver medals and
two honorable mentions.

No part of the Government’s appropriation was turned over to

104

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION

105

the Sesqui-Centennial Exhibition Association for disbursement by it,
but inasmuch as the construction of buildings was under the control
of the Association, the $1,000,000 to be spent for such construction
was taken into its records, and the disbursements of this amount as
made by the Government were recorded as Association expenditures.

In the broader sense the entire League Island Navy Yard directly
adjoining the Exposition grounds proper was both a Government
exhibit and part of the Exposition. To the thousands of visitors
from inland cities it was an almost inexhaustible source of interest.
One of the large buildings in the yard was used to house a truly re¬
markable exhibit by the Navy Department.

The majority of the Government exhibits were displayed in the
huge structure near the entrance to the Navy Yard that was known
as the Palace of United States Government, Machinery and Trans¬
portation. They occupied approximately half of the space in this
building. It was also called the Government Palace because of the
predominance of Government exhibits.

Other major Government buildings were the Model Post Office —
between the Palace of Liberal Arts and Manufactures and the Palace
of Agriculture and Foreign Exhibits — and the Coast Guard Station
on Edgewater Lake. These two buildings, with the great Palace of
United States Government, Machinery and Transportation, and the
Palace of Fine Arts, were the four buildings to which was applied
the $1,000,000 appropriated by the Federal Government. However,
as these four buildings cost over $1,000,000, the Exposition Asso¬
ciation paid for the necessary balance.

A typical Army Camp, christened Camp Anthony Wayne, and a
Marine Camp known as Camp Samuel Nicholas were located in the
Exposition grounds. Their officers and men not only demonstrated
vividly every branch of their respective services but played a con¬
spicuous role in the formal activities of the Exposition. A separate
chapter in this history is devoted to the activities of the Army, Navy
and Marine Corps.

The funds appropriated on March 3, 1926, by the Federal Govern¬
ment, were not practically available until March 15, 1926, when
Congress authorized their use, free from the usual delays incident
to what is familiarly known as “red tape,” on the certificate of the
National Sesquicentennial Exhibition Commission that the particu¬
lar expenditures were “necessary.”

The National Sesquicentennial Exhibition Commission was com¬
posed of the Secretary of State, Honorable Frank B. Kellogg, and
the Secretary of Commerce, Honorable Herbert Hoover. Mr.
George Akerson was Secretary to the Commission, and John M.

106

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Denison, Assistant Secretary. This Commission was empowered to
appoint one Commissioner of Sesqui-Centennial Exposition whose
duty it was to carry out the Federal laws authorizing the U. S. Gov¬
ernment participation. On March 11, 1926, Rear Admiral Herman
O. Stickney was appointed Commissioner and on that date com¬
menced the actual task of organizing a working staff to carry out
the colossal undertaking of preparing and installing a comprehensive
Government Exhibit in the two and one-half months before the day
set for the opening of the Exposition.

The Commissioner established two offices, one of which was in
Washington, D. C., and one in Philadelphia on the Exposition
grounds. The staff of these offices, in addition to Commissioner
Stickney himself, was composed of F. Grant Marsh, Deputy Com¬
missioner; William L. Dunlop, Administrative Assistant; Dr. F.
Lamson-Scribner, Supervisor of Exhibits ; Charles E. Molster, Spe¬
cial Disbursing Officer at Washington, D. C., and Hugh W. Barr,
Special Disbursing Officer at Philadelphia.

The greatest commendation is due all these assistants in the Com¬
missioner’s offices, who were called upon to arrange for and co¬
ordinate the efforts of over twenty different Government depart¬
ments and establishments, in order that four buildings, two of them
huge, might be completed, and exhibits installed in two and one-half
months. Ground for these buildings was broken as soon as possible.

Unstinted praise, too, is due to the leaders in every Government
department, who were designated as “Contact Officers,” and to their
assistants, for the zeal and ability with which they accomplished im¬
possible tasks.

Many seemingly insurmountable obstacles were overcome and as
finally arranged the exhibits of the United States Government were
the finest and most comprehensive ever brought together. They rep¬
resented values of hundreds or thousands of times the amounts pro¬
vided for preparing and installing them at the Exposition, and there
also were many relics and original documents which were priceless.

In the words of the late Dr. W. P. Wilson, Director of the Com¬
mercial Museum of Philadelphia :

“I am impelled to say that it is the most complete and interesting
Government Exhibit that I have ever seen, and I have attended all
the great expositions, practically, since the Centennial. The present
one is most wonderfully planned, comprehensive in scope, and well
installed.”

Library of Congress

Acting upon the principle that exhibits of the same general type
should be kept together, that of the Library of Congress was placed

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION

107

in the Palace of Education, instead of in the Government Palace.
The exhibit was designed to show in interesting fashion what the
Library is and what it means.

Among the publications in the Library of Congress exhibit were
original texts of the “Journals °f the Continental Congress” and the
“Records of the Virginia Company.” Marked interest was displayed
in the section devoted to the service of the blind provided by the
Library.

To illustrate the political development of the United States as a
nation, a selection was made of various original manuscript records
in the possession of the Library and they were reproduced, with the
best possible effect, by photographic and photostatic processes.

As exhibited the central points of interest were the Declaration of
Independence and the Constitution of the United States ; the other
documents were grouped around these. A photograph of a page of
the Columbus Codex established a logical starting point for this ex¬
hibition of America’s manuscript records. This parchment record
was made under the personal supervision of Columbus about the year
1500 and consists of accurate transcripts of the powers, privileges
and honors bestowed on the great navigator by King Ferdinand and
Queen Isabella.

Government Printing Office

The Government Printing Office exhibit was designed to show the
advancement made in the art of printing and binding and the scope
of the work done at the establishment, which is the largest publishing
house in the world. It was shown this department used yearly 42,-
000,000 pounds of paper, 100,000 square feet of leather and 22,000-
000 square inches of gold leaf. The daily payroll was $27,000. Items
of each day’s work included the delivery of 315,000 copies of Gov¬
ernment publications, the printing of 4,000,000 postal cards and
12,600,000 pages of book work.

Department of State

The exhibit made by the Department of State contained many state
papers relating to the political organization of our country, and its
relation with foreign nations. There were notable Presidential proc¬
lamations, ceremonial letters interchanged and treaties made with
foreign nations, demonstrations of how Federal laws are made, be¬
sides many interesting and attractive objects, all possesssing some
national or international significance. The feature exhibit was a
large map of the world upon which were shown by vari-colored elec¬
tric flashlights the location and character of our embassies, legations
and other diplomatic agencies in all foreign countries.

108

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Department of the Treasury

Four branches of the Treasury were represented by exhibits. The
Bureau of the Mint showed replicas of gold and silver bars used in
coinage and a complete set of the finished coins. Two coining presses
were exhibited. One of these, an old screw press operated by hand,
first used in 1797, had a capacity of from forty-five to fifty-five coins
an hour. Beside it was placed a modern electrically operated auto¬
matic press with a capacity of from 90 to 115 coins per minute.

The exhibit of the Bureau of Printing and Engraving demon¬
strated the processes of producing currency, bonds, etc. Explanatory
lectures were delivered.

The Public Health Service conducted by the Treasury Department,
designed to prevent the introduction of disease into the United States
and the interstate spread of disease, was explained and illustrated by
an elaborate display. This included models of rat-proof wharves and
granaries, methods of sanitation in factories and on farms, and other
means of combating disease.

The Coast Guard, represented by three warrant officers and
twenty-one enlisted men, provided its own building in the form of a
typical Coast Guard station on the shore of Edgewater Lake, and
gave daily life-saving demonstrations. Exhibits in the building in¬
cluded models of Coast Guard cutters, photographs and paintings
illustrating the services rendered by the Coast Guard in peace and
war, line-throwing guns and other life-saving apparatus.

Post Office Department

The Post Office Department exhibit, one of the most extensive
and elaborate of those provided by the Government, consisted of the
Model Post Office conducted under the direction of Edward L.
Krueger, superintendent of Middle City Station, Philadelphia, and
a railway mail car in the Government Palace.

The Model Post Office, centrally located between the Palace of
Liberal Arts and Palace of Agriculture, with 18,000 square feet of
space, had the distinction of being the first unit of Government par¬
ticipation in the Exposition to be completed. It was ready for opera¬
tion several days before the official opening of the Exposition on
May 31, 1926. It was fully equipped with the most up-to-date ma¬
chinery and devices for expediting the handling and delivery of mail
and all other post office business.

In order to give visitors a clear view of all the activities of the
Model Post Office, a balcony was provided, running all around the
four walls. This usually was thronged with visitors watching the
expert handling of mail and the operation of mechanical processes.

(Above) — The Palace of I'tiited States
( lOvernment , Machinery and Transporta¬
tion seen from the Stadium. (Below) — A
corner of the Exposition's Administration
Building.

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION

109

Many exhibits occupied 9500 square feet of lobby space. The
most conspicuous, as well as one of the most interesting of these, was
a giant mail plane which had been flown a total of 100,250 miles in
the service, carrying 1,758,000 pieces of mail, and without a single
“crack-up” of any kind. On practically all mail flights it was flown
by Pilot W. D. Williams.

Other exhibits included an Alaskan dog sled used in the U. S.
Mail service, guns taken from mail robbers, a stamped envelope ma¬
chine in operation, cases of strange articles reaching the Dead Letter
Office because improperly addressed, cases of alleged “cures” and
“remedies” subjected to fraud orders, and hundreds of other inter¬
esting objects connected with the United States Mail service. In the
main lobby, on a pedestal, stood a bust of Benjamin Franklin, first
Postmaster General of the United States.

Stamps sold in the Model Post Office and at the railway mail car
in the Government Building amounted to $60,458.68, or, including
meter mail, $72,968.68. Domestic money orders were issued amount¬
ing to $110,866.16; fees $655.08. International money orders were
issued amounting to $10,861.75; fees $118.30. Postal savings were
received to the amount of $7416.30, and paid to the amount of
$3616.00. There were also 5748 registered letters; 4036 C. O. D.
packages; and 7629 insured parcel post packages.

Department of Interior

The essentials of a good exhibit are clearness of expression, sim¬
plicity of design, attractiveness in presentation, and effectiveness in
impressing upon the minds of visitors visions of past accomplish¬
ments, present activities, or of future possibilities. The Department
of the Interior was most successful in developing a large number of
exhibits possessing these features; the Department was particularly
happy in its choice of subjects to demonstrate that it is preeminently
a “fact-finding department for internal development.”

The Department of the Interior exhibit was a popular one. The
beautiful facade that extended along the main aisle, carrying in a
central panel a series of pictures illustrating some feature in each of
the bureaus, invited all to enter the space behind and examine the
objects conveniently arranged there for inspection. Visitors did
enter, and lingered to examine the arts and crafts shown by the In¬
dian Bureau, the magnificent scenes from our National Parks, the
amazing development of agricultural lands under the Reclamation
Service, the large collections and models illustrating the work of the
National Bureau of Education, the maps showing our territorial de¬
velopment, the stories of departed heroes whose bravery and devotion

110 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

secured and maintained possession and unity of what has become the
greatest and richest republic in history. These and many other sub¬
jects of educational value and beauty were a source of instruction and
enjoyment to all who saw them.

Attractive, interesting and highly educational exhibits were in¬
stalled in the Government Palace by each of the eight bureaus and
offices of the Department. A striking feature of the Indian Bureau
exhibit was provided by Hosteen Nulsos Begay, an expert Navajo
silversmith, and his wife, a rug weaver, who exhibited their skill in
these arts in a setting of sand and cactus similar to their native desert
haunts. They worked stolidly, always as if wholly unaware of the
crowds of interested spectators about them.

The exhibit of the General Land Office was designed to show
graphically how the public domain was acquired, its extent and the
manner of its disposition under the various acts of Congress during
the period of 150 years. A feature of the exhibit was a map 10
feet by 13 feet, showing the territory of the United States and the
manner in which it was acquired. In one of the many glass showcases
in this bureau’s exhibit was a collection of instruments used in the
past and the present in surveying public lands, with explanations of
the methods employed, old and new. Location of public lands unre¬
served and unappropriated was shown on a map, revealing the fact
that such lands still existed in the various states, the total areas rang¬
ing from 10,000 to 10,000,000 acres.

Many historical documents and photographs were included in the
Pension Office display, including portraits of surviving widows of
soldiers in the War of 1812. Few could have been unimpressed by
the recorded fact in that year of 1926 that of the more than 2,000,000
men who fought for the cause of the Federal Union in the Civil War
scarcely 100,000 remained alive.

Colored charts, documents and maps were employed by the Bureau
of Education to illustrate the manner and extent of the Federal Gov-
erment’s contribution to the education of the people of the United
States and its dependencies. This ranged from the conducting of
schools for the Indians in Alaska to carrying on a survey of technical
and higher education in Massachusetts, specifically for the purpose of
giving advice in regard to the location of twelve junior colleges. A
moving model showed the average number of children entering ele¬
mentary grades who continue through high school and through col¬
lege. Sections were devoted to rural education, home economics and
social science.

All five branches of the Geological Survey — geologic, topographic,
water resources, conservation and Alaskan — were represented im¬
pressively.

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION

111

A model of an irrigated farm was the central feature of the Bureau
of Reclamation exhibit. Constructed accurately to scale, it showed
the buildings, lands and irrigation system of a forty-acre farm. The
background of the exhibit was a series of nineteen oil paintings sup¬
plemented by charts and maps, showing the results obtained by irri¬
gating arid regions.

The exhibit of the National Park Service called attention to some
of the most spectacular and unique of the natural phenomena con¬
tained in our national parks, and emphasized the educational, con-
servational and recreational uses which these reservations serve.

The main feature of the service’s exhibit consisted of three model
panoramas, viewed through windows in separate alcoves. All of the
panoramas were 15 feet high. The central one, that of the Grand
Canyon, was 30 feet in width, and the other two, of Yellowstone’s
Old Faithful Geyser and Hawaii’s Lake of Fire, were 20 feet each.
The Grand Canyon model was a lifelike reproduction of this most
remarkable work of stream erosion. Coloring and formation were
reproduced with striking results, and several species of desert plants
shipped from the Grand Canyon for this purpose added to the real¬
istic effect. By means of red, white and blue lights, worked auto¬
matically from an electric switchboard, sunrise, midday, and sunset
effects were produced.

On the left of this model was a reproduction of the Lake of Ever¬
lasting Fire that bubbles and boils in the crater of Kilauea, one of the
living volcanoes in the Hawaii National Park. The imitation of lava
in the model crater bubbled and broke, with flashes of realistic fire
bursting through, just as it does in Halemaumau, the crater of
Kilauea.

To the right of the Grand Canyon was the model of the Old Faith¬
ful Geyser, showing the cone of the geyser tossing water up into the
air every two minutes.

The exhibit of the Alaska Railroad was designed to show transpor¬
tation facilities of the Territory of Alaska, and particularly those
owned and operated by the Federal Government. The scenic wonders
of the region also were shown by panoramas and colored photo¬
graphic enlargements.

Department of Agriculture

American agriculture has wrought from a vast unbroken wilder¬
ness a country covered with farms which provide for most of the
material needs of a population of approximately 120,000,000. To
show effectively and in interesting fashion how this was accomplished
was the task undertaken by those accepting responsibility for the
exhibits of the Department of Agriculture.

112

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

With only about three months available for the preparation of the
exhibit, the Secretary of Agriculture declared the project an emer¬
gency and directed that all the facilities of the Department be made
available as needed to complete the work on time. An organization
for planning and directing the preparation of the exhibits was cre¬
ated, consisting of not more than three persons from each bureau, to
work under the bureau organization with the Department’s Office of
Exhibits, that acted as the coordinating agency and conducted the
exhibition.

Work was begun on March 28, 1926, and 196 persons were en¬
gaged in the planning, designing and construction of exhibits. There
were over six carloads of exhibits aggregating 102,600 pounds
shipped to Philadelphia. Sixty-seven persons were employed in the
installation which occupied a period of seventeen days. An average
of seven persons were kept on duty during the Exposition for demon¬
strating the exhibits.

Among the most impressive exhibits was a series of scenic settings
designed to tell the story of the American forests from the virgin
stands that the colonists found, through the period of recklessly
wasteful lumbering and the aftermath of destructive fire, to the re¬
claimed forest that, under proper management, perpetually renews
itself, insuring a permanent and adequate timber supply. The first
of these settings showed the forest primeval, untouched by man ; the
second, a dilapidated mill in the midst of a littered waste; the third,
a blackened landscape, with stark remnants of young trees charred
by the fierce flames which had swept through the litter, and on one
of these a crow, lone touch of life in a scene of utter desolation; the
final setting showed a reforested area, cared for, and timber harvested
as a crop as it matured, preserving the forest for all time. In each
one the foreground was realistically formed of logs at the bottoms of
standing trees, litter and real burnt stumps, while the background was
supplied by a painting giving perspective. For this exhibit the Forest
Service was highly complimented.

The Bureau of Chemistry exhibit included a working laboratory
for demonstrating the analysis of insecticides, foods and drugs, and
for the exhibition of apparatus especially designed for that work;
illustrating the proper preparation of skins and hides; apparatus for
testing the wearing qualities of leather; demonstrating the preserva¬
tive treatment of fabrics ; demonstrating the dust explosions in grain
elevators and manufacturing plants, and presenting the activities of
the Bureau in connection with the food and drugs and other Federal
acts. Other exhibits in the Bureau of Chemistry section dealt with
the activities of the Department in enforcing the Food and Drugs
Act, the employment of microscopy in the detection and prevention

I Some of the colorful and interesting exhibits

of the U. S. Government. (At top) — The De¬
partment of the Interior. (In the middle ) —
The U. S. Railway Mail Service. (At the bot¬
tom) — The Department of Agriculture.

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION

113

of food adulteration, the conduct of an insecticide and fungicide lab¬
oratory for the protection of crops and livestock, the tea inspection
service, preservative treatments for fabrics, the preparation and care
of leather, and other services performed.

The exhibit of the Bureau of Public Roads consisted of a relief
map of the United States, 38 by 26 feet, and six booths. On the map
were shown the routes of the Federal-aid highway system designated
by the State highway departments and approved by the Secretary of
Agriculture in accordance with the Federal Highway Act of 1921,
and around three sides of it were paintings representing the historical
development of roads in this country during the 150-vear period from
1776 to 1926.

The Extension Service exhibit consisted of a feature entitled “The
American Farmer — A Partner with Government in National Prog¬
ress,” a booth entitled “Agricultural Instruction — A Service for
Teachers,” and motion pictures daily in the Government auditorium,
illustrating the most modern and effective farming methods. “The
American Farmer” feature, by means of contrasting pictures and
explanatory matter, showed the great difference between farming by
primitive methods and by those most highly developed in modern
times.

The Weather Bureau exhibit resembled in a general way a
Weather Station of the first order. Its principal feature was the col¬
lection of standard instruments such as are in daily use in securing
data for weather forecasts.

The daily weather map was a visible picture of simultaneous
weather conditions over the entire United States. Upon receipt of
the telegraphic messages conveying the results of the morning
weather observations from all parts of the country, the data were
assembled upon the map, which was of glass, so that, at its comple¬
tion, the areas of fair or stormy, cool or warm weather, over the
United States were well outlined. The visitor from any portion of
the country could gain at a glance a good idea of what the weather
was “back home.” This map with its daily forecasts rounded out the
general exhibit.

Department of Commerce

The Department of Commerce made an exceedingly interesting
and exhaustive presentation of its manifold activities in the fields of
industry and commerce, and in those lines designed for the protec¬
tion of human life and conservation of property. Its vast number of
exhibits, all neatly and uniformly labeled and classified, nearly every
object illustrating a different project, created in the minds of visitors

114

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

not only a deep impression of the extent and value of the work
demonstrated but also wonderful visions of possible future develop¬
ments.

So ample was the material in some of the bureaus that there was
an overcrowding here and there but this was largely overcome
through careful installation. The great amount of care and labor
necessary in successfully assembling and installing such a varied and
extensive collection within the very limited period allowed for the
work, was clearly evident.

Ten exhibit groups of the Department of Commerce installed at¬
tractive and instructive displays in a section of the Government
Palace 218 feet long and 118 feet wide. These were the Bureau of
the Census, Coast and Geodetic Survey, Bureau of Fisheries, Bureau
of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Bureau of Lighthouses,
Bureau of Mines, Bureau of Navigation, Patent Office, Bureau of
Standards and the Steamboat Inspection Service. Grouped with the
Bureau of Standards exhibit was that of the National Committee on
Wood Utilization.

Space was assigned to each bureau in accord with its requirements.
Two had railway cars present on tracks, in addition to other exhibit
materials, while the Steamboat Inspection Service had two full size
lifeboats, one of them the famous rescuing boat from the S. S.
Roosevelt which went to the succor of the sinking Antinoe in mid-
Atlantic in January, 1926. Several of the bureaus employed small
motion-picture machines in their exhibits.

The chief point of public interest in the Census Bureau exhibit was
a large electric chart with a stork at the top, the Grim Reaper below
and steamships on either side. A system of lights showed one birth
in the United States every twelve seconds, one death every twenty-
four seconds, one immigrant arriving every If minutes and one leav¬
ing the country every 5f minutes. Each twenty seconds a white light
flashed in the center of the chart to indicate a net gain of one in the
population. At the top a row of figures, the last one changing every
twenty seconds, the next every three minutes and twenty seconds, and
so on, recorded the steady rise of the population above 117,000,000.
Other exhibits showed that the bureau had some information regard¬
ing each life, from birth to death.

The work of the Coast and Geodetic Survey at sea and on land
was illustrated by exhibits of deep sea sounding devices, surveying
instruments and operating models of maritime activities.

The exhibit of the Bureau of Fisheries consisted of a beautiful
pool stocked with fresh water fish, three aquaria, two hatching
troughs and many transparencies, paintings, charts, etc., illustrating
the activities of the bureau.

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION

115

The exhibit of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce
presented to the public the story of the services rendered to the bus¬
iness world and which it is ready to extend to additional American
firms in both the foreign and domestic markets. This was done by

O J

means of maps, charts, pictures and documents. The exhibit included
seventeen oil paintings on the following subjects : Clipper Ship, 1859 ;
Elizabethan Galleons, 1580; The Clermont, 1807; The Great East¬
ern, 1855; Modern Tramp Steamer, 1926; Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin
of 1793; Threshing Machine in Operation; Discovery of Oil, 1859;
Waterpower Development ; Development of the Automobile ; Devel¬
opment of the Radio; Tapping of Rubber Trees; Gathering Coffee;
Gathering Cocoanuts ; Separating Silk Cocoons ; Cutting Sugar
Cane; Australian Wool.

The Bureau of Lighthouses provided an elaborate display, illus¬
trating the work done in this field from 1716 to 1926 and the prog¬
ress made in the protection of life and property at sea. Many light¬
house lenses, illuminated, were among the exhibits. Others were fog
signal apparatus and machinery, buoys, including an automatic bell
buoy nine feet in diameter and thirty-two feet long, weighing twelve
tons, and eighty photographic enlargements showing typical light¬
house vessels and structures located on the Atlantic and Pacific
Coasts and on the Great Lakes.

In the center of the main exhibit of the Bureau of Mines there was
a double structure, showing at one end a typical coal mine entrance
and at the other a glassed-in demonstration chamber for first aid in¬
structors. Approved types of mining machinery were placed in the
mine mouth and in two lines on either side. The display of metals
and ores was extensive, comprising thousands of specimens, includ¬
ing many rarities. The display of quartz and its products attracted
much attention. This included an image made by hand at Wu Chang,
China, from rose quartz quarried in the Black Hills of South Da¬
kota, valued at $400. An exhibit of electric lamps included the larg¬
est and smallest made, the former being of 100,000 candle power,
used with a reflector in the motion picture industry, and the latter
one intended as a night light in the home, giving a soft, rosy glow
with a negligible amount of current. Old and new mining machinery,
full size, wTas employed to illustrate the progress made in mine safety.

The exhibit of the Bureau of Navigation was limited to the radio
service. The object was to show the advancement in the equipment
and methods for utilizing radio in the safeguarding of life and prop¬
erty at sea and the regulation of wireless communication on land.
A low semi-circular counter gave an easy view of the bulkier exhibits.
Inspectors’ gauges, meters and instruments, along with crystals and

116 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

other valuable and attractive articles were on view in a large glass
case.

Maps suspended above the exhibits showed commercial and private
broadcasting stations ; government stations ; and number of amateur
stations in each district.

The displays of the Patent Office occupied a central section 50 feet
long and 32 feet wide. The chief exhibits were old models, many of
historical interest, that were shown under glass on six special tables.
The story of the present work of the Patent Office was given in
charts and pictures hung on the partition. One of the strongest re¬
minders of the public service rendered by this agency of Government
was in the unpretentious exhibit captioned, “Patents that have influ¬
enced the world’s progress.” Here against the partition were shown
enlarged replicas of the drawings printed in the original patent for
Whitney’s cotton gin, Howe’s sewing machine, Bell’s telephone,
Edison’s incandescent electric lamp, Mergenthaler’s linotype and
many others equally deserving of the place under that significant title.

Since the Patent Office has not required models (save exception¬
ally) for nearly 50 years, those of recent inventions were not avail¬
able. Models acquired prior to 1888, however, were selected for
their historical or typical significance and put on view in five groups :
engines (power developers), agricultural machines and devices,
textile producers and adapters, military and maritime inventions, and
miscellaneous devices and oddities. Models by Edison, Eads, Erics¬
son and Gatling appeared in the collection. The oldest model was by
Faries, October 10, 1829, a 10 shot repeating cannon.

Enlarged lithographs of a Massachusetts colonial patent issued in
1746 and a Federal patent signed by “George Washington” added
historical interest.

The international signal code flags festooned above the section as¬
signed to it gave the Steamboat Inspection Service exhibit a lively
note of color. In addition to the S. S. Roosevelt lifeboat, which
proved the chief object of popular interest, the display included
many and various articles of equipment for life saving at sea. Sev¬
eral types of lifeboats, life floats and life preservers were exhibited
and illustrated. There also were models of passenger ships, ferry
boats and other vessels. The collection of maritime articles of inter¬
est made the exhibit a veritable museum. An item which attracted
special attention was the original pilot’s license issued to Samuel
Clemens (“Mark Twain”) by the U. S. Steamboat Inspection Ser¬
vice, April 9, 1859.

Department of Labor

The exhibit of the Department of Labor was located along the

(Above)— run Tavern, part of the C. S. Ma-
i incs exhibit, a reproduction of the tavern in
Philadelphia where the first Marines were
recruited. (Below)— The U. S. Coast Guards
Station, where daily boat drills and exercises
wore held.

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION

117

south wall of the Government Palace, extending from the southeast
corner westward for nearly 250 feet. It was a very popular exhibit
because it dealt with subjects of deep interest to all wage earners,
such as the improvement of the working conditions of both men and
women, advancing their opportunities for profitable employment,
securing equitable relations between employers and the employed, and
the health of children.

Child welfare was given particular emphasis both in extent and
character of its presentation through the Children’s Bureau. With
its health conferences with mothers about the care of their little ones,
and the child clinics demonstrating the usual methods practiced in
health examinations, the Children’s Bureau received marked atten¬
tion. The demonstrations were conducted in a pavilion so con¬
structed that all the operations could be plainly seen from the outside
by the visitors.

The chief feature of the Children’s Bureau was a children’s health
conference, conducting demonstrations to illustrate not only the
scope and nature of such conferences, but also the standards which
should obtain in their operation. The complete examination included
study of each child’s growth and development, both physical and
mental, nutrition and diet, and posture. Thorough examination was
made of eyes and ears, nose and throat, heart and lungs, abdomen
and extremities. At the Exposition exhibit children from sixteen
States and one foreign country were examined. Three motion pic¬
tures were shown by the bureau in the auditorium of the Govern¬
ment Palace. “Our Children” showed how one town was made safe
for babies, “Well Born” illustrated proper pre-natal care, and “Pos¬
ture” demonstrated the manner in which correct posture in children
may be attained.

The exhibits of the Women’s Bureau consisted of four units, a
historical presentation of women in industry, a model factory, a dis¬
play of standard equipment connected with service facilities for
women workers, and a demonstration of the problems of wage¬
earning women. The first unit, by means of paintings, stereopticon
views and two open books with pages nearly five feet in height,
depicted the methods of making textiles in 1776, 1876 andl926.
Pictures on a screen represented toiling and spinning by women as
done in different periods since American Independence was declared.

Units 2 and 3 were designed to illustrate the standards which the
Women’s Bureau advocates for women workers, adopted for the
purpose of providing safeguards to conserve a high degree of indus¬
trial efficiency and at the same time protect the health and welfare
of women workers.

118

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Unit 4 presented an allegory, by means of a series of clever pen
and ink sketches shown by means of an automatic stereopticon, en¬
titled, “The Home Maker as Wage Earner: A Problem play in 4
Acts.” It told the story of a young girl compelled by circumstances
to become a wage earner, and of her journey through life, as the
married woman and mother and the aging woman worker. One of
several large billboards in the exhibit bore the slogan, ‘‘America will
be as strong as her women.”

Smithsonian Institution

With a purely educational aim in view, the exhibit of the Smith¬
sonian Institution was like a section removed bodily from the great
museum in Washington.

The selection of material was peculiarly fitting to the celebration
of the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the Nation’s Inde¬
pendence. The earliest evidences of life taken from the earth’s strata
hundreds of millions of years old, fossil plants and animals of more
recent geologic periods imparting bits of history on the develop¬
ment of our continent before the waters were separated from the
land, the earliest known record made by man in the Western Hemis¬
phere, illustrations of the modes of life and the crafts of the aborig¬
ines of the country now the United States of America, models of
the first steamship to cross the Atlantic and the first aircraft to make
a sustained flight under its own power, as well as many other things
that have played very important parts in the history of the world,
particularly in the physical and intellectual advancement of our own
country, were prominent among the exhibits.

Shipping Board

The outstanding feature of the United States Shipping Board
exhibit was the beautiful and costly model of the steamship Levia¬
than. This and models of smaller liners were provided to show the
service performed in equipping our foreign commercial and passen¬
ger services with swift and commodious steamers flying the Ameri¬
can flag. The exhibit as a whole was well calculated to attract atten¬
tion and arouse interest, and to perform a highly educational service
in giving information regarding the American Merchant Marine
and the part played by the United States Shipping Board in its de¬
velopment.

Veterans’ Bureau

The United States Veterans’ Bureau presented an excellent pic¬
ture of its activities in hospital care and relief of disabled veterans
of late wars.

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION

119

Among the exhibits were many articles of art and utility made by
the hospital patients adding attractiveness as well as a human touch
to the display. Some of these objects were strikingly illustrative of
the patience and perseverance of the American soldier working under
the handicap of physical and mental impairment.

National Advisory Commission for Aeronautics

Exhibits that relate to the activities of today — timely exhibits, be¬
cause they are uppermost in the minds of the people at the present
moment — have instant appeal. Such was the skillfully prepared and
admirably maintained exhibit made by the National Advisory Com¬
mittee for Aeronautics. It was a center of interest to old and young.

The work of this Committee charged with the supervision and con¬
duct of scientific researches in aeronautics has led to many improve¬
ments and revolutionary changes in airplane construction. Definite
knowledge of the stresses on an airplane in flight has been acquired ;
the actual distribution of air pressure over the surfaces of airplanes
and airships has been made known, and the investigations carried on
have resulted in many discoveries of inestimable value in the develop¬
ment of practical aviation.

To many who had never been close to an airplane, and to others
who had flown merely as passengers, it was a revelation to see how
the control system of an airplane is operated. A working model
which gave the visitor an opportunity himself to manipulate the
“control stick” and the “rudder bar” seemed to hold a fascination
for both old and young. This was a model monoplane with a radial
air-cooled engine and was enclosed in a glass case. A current of air
was constantly flowing past the wings and the propeller was always
rotating. On the outside of the case were two handles which con¬
nected with the control stick and the rudder bar, and a cross section
view of the cockpit showed what the pilot did as the visitor moved
the handles, while at the same time the control surfaces of the air¬
plane, namely, the ailerons, the elevator, and the rudder, which were
plainly marked, responded to every movement of the controls.

The Committee also had on exhibition a portion of a full-sized
airplane fuselage showing the cockpit with control stick and rudder
bar and equipped with research instruments especially developed
by the Committee to measure the force exerted by the pilot in
operating the controls. This shows how the control stick is equipped
with a special instrument to record the force used by the pilot in
moving the control stick. This force is indicated by two instruments
on the dashboard, one of which registers the force when the control
stick is pushed from side to side to move the ailerons which control

120

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

banking and the other the force used in pushing the control stick
back and forth to move the elevator which controls the angle of as¬
cent or descent. A continuous record of the measurement of these
forces is made by the control force recorder, one of the instruments
in the compartment forward of the cockpit. Other instruments
shown in that compartment are the control position recorder, which
gives a continuous record of the movement of the controls during a
flight; an airspeed and altitude recorder and a turn recorder. From
the records of these instruments valuable data can be plotted as to
the flying characteristics of the airplane. This system of conducting
research on an airplane in flight was devised by the Committee and
the United States was the first nation in the world to have a means
of obtaining reliable knowledge of the flying characteristics of an
airplane. From the records produced by this assembly of instruments,
the stability, controllability, and maneuverability of an airplane could
be studied and improved

Commission of Fine Arts

The National Commission of Fine Arts and the Office of Public
Parks of the National Capital, two organizations entrusted jointly
with the development of Washington as the “City Beautiful,” co¬
operated in providing exhibits of beauty and distinction at the Expo¬
sition. In the Fine Arts Commission section were shown pictures
pertaining to the L’Enfant Plan and early Washington, the Park
Commission Plan of 1901, views of pending projects and Future
Washington, and views of proposed public buildings, monuments
and memorials. Among the latter were pictures of the proposed
Grant Memorial, Butt-Millet Memorial Fountain, and the First
Division, A. E. F., Memorial.

Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks

A model of the Capitol, on a scale of 1/5 inch to the foot, ac¬
claimed by many discriminating visitors as a notable and beautiful
work of art, was the outstanding feature of the exhibit of the Office
of Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National Capital.
Other models in the exhibit were of Washington Monument, Merid¬
ian Hill Park and East Potomac Park. Other exhibits consisted of
maps and photographs of scenes in some of Washington’s 560 parks
with a total area of 3,368.21. acres. At the “City Beautiful” ex¬
hibits information was given to visitors regarding plans for carry¬
ing out many of the beautification plans in time for the celebration
of the bi-centennial of the birthday of George Washington.

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION

121

Civil Service Commission

The exhibit of the Civil Service Commission was designed to show
the connection of the commission with nearly every organization of
the government, its protecting hand over the greatest labor organiza¬
tion in the world, and the value of its work through its competitive
examinations. The scientific examination methods employed in re¬
cruiting personnel and the saving to taxpayers resulting from the
competitive-examination system which has been adopted by state,
city and county governments were interestingly set forth.

The Federal Board for Vocational Education

The Federal Vocational Education Board's exhibit was a compara¬
tively small one but it covered a most appealing subject — the voca¬
tional rehabilitation of civilians disabled in industry or otherwise.
The feature of the exhibit was a painting 20 feet by 40 feet depict¬
ing scenes in the life of a community where the Federal Government
is cooperating with the state in conducting vocational education ac¬
tivities.

The Panama Canal

The story of the Panama Canal, one of the greatest engineering
achievements in history, which cut the Western Hemisphere in two
and opened trade routes that have promoted commerce and advanced
civilization beyond all calculations, was told by means of a relief
map, 10 by 50 feet, showing the waters of the Canal and adjacent
territory, a wall map of the Canal Zone and a number of charts and
photographs.

CHAPTER X

STATE AND CIVIC PARTICIPATION

STATE BUILDINGS — NEW JERSEY’S PERMANENT BUILDING — DELAWARE BUILDING — NEW

York’s two buildings — ohio building — Connecticut building — Illinois
building — California’s representation — Maryland’s part — other states —

CITIES AND COUNTIES — PITTSBURGH.

♦

Seven states participated officially in the Sesqui-Centennial Inter¬
national Exposition, and the legislatures of six of these appropriated
money for the erection of buildings and installation of exhibits.
Nine other states were represented by structures within the main
exhibit palaces. Many were prevented from participating by the fact
that legislatures were not in session when the Exposition site was
selected definitely.

The states which took part officially and erected buildings, and
their appropriations, were: Pennsylvania, $750,000; New Jersey,
$150,000; Delaware, $25,000; Illinois, $150,000; Ohio, $150,000,
and New York, with two buildings, $150,000. The Connecticut leg¬
islature not being in session, a committee headed by George S.
Godard, State Librarian, undertook to insure state participation. The
cooperation of Governor Trumbull was obtained and $50,000 raised
for a state building and exhibits.

Elsewhere in this volume a separate chapter is devoted to the beau¬
tiful Pennsylvania Building and its wealth of features.

The first state to join in the Sesqui-Centennial Exposition, the
first to make an appropriation, the first to appoint an operating com¬
mission, the first to select a site, the first to start construction and the
first to finish construction was New Jersey.

The New Jersey Building is a permanent structure, a replica of
the barracks used in Trenton by the British and Hessian soldiers and
afterward by those of the Revolutionary Army under General Wash¬
ington. It was used almost entirely for social and official functions.
It was built under the supervision of a commission consisting of
Hon. George S. Silzer, Hon. William T. Read, Hon. Newton A. K.
Bugbee, Colonel J. Fred Margerum and Colonel Harry B. Solter.

The original building, now located in Stacy Park adjoining the
New Jersey State Capitol, is noted for the exceptional beauty of the
interior, the delicate simplicity of the woodwork, the quaint lighting
fixtures and hand wrought hardware used for doors and windows.
With infinite care these features were reproduced in their entirety.

The only change made in the building at the Exposition from the

122

STATE AND CIVIC PARTICIPATION

123

original design was in the room scheme, in which the series of small
rooms was superseded by fewer and larger rooms.

This building is located on the south side of South Drive near the
gates of the League Island Navy Yard, approximately 250 feet from
Broad Street. The center section is twenty feet wide by 100 feet
long, with two wings each twenty feet by sixty feet.

The building was constructed of Germantown field stone laid in
random ashlar, and with care taken in quarrying the stone to get a
large proportion of weathered faces to carry out the effect of age.
The roof is of Old Stonefield slate with heavy butts graduated up the
roof slope and, as in the case of stone, care was taken to obtain
quarry weathered slate.

The first floor of the building contained a large lounge, public
office, private office for the Director, J. Fred Margerum, reading
room, writing room and toilet rooms. An artistic feature is a grand
staircase with full length stair windows. It leads to the second floor,
where another lounge is provided with access to the same from the
open porch around the entire interior or court side of the building.
At either end of the second floor was a suite of rooms consisting of
living room, two bedrooms and bath, one suite for the Governor, the
other for his official guests. The third floor was divided into two
large dormitory rooms. Trees and shrubbery provided the landscape
treatment necessary to enhance the whole. The building was dedi¬
cated August 31 in the presence of Governor Moore.

The Delaware Building and exhibits were planned to show not
only the Diamond State’s products in agriculture and manufactur¬
ing, but its progress in education as well. A Sesqui-Centennial com¬
mission named by Governor Robinson comprised Senators J. G.
Highfield and Charles W. Hardesty and Representative James G.
Hastings. Mr. Hastings was secretary of the commission.

The Delaware Building was of the Colonial type of architecture.
It was constructed of temporary and comparatively inexpensive ma-
aterials treated in a manner to give the structure the appearance of
permanency. A portico of Doric columns and a pediment character¬
istic of Delaware’s historic buildings were features of the structure.
Wide glazed doors opened on terraced lawns. The central room was
fifty-six feet long by thirty feet wide, with a ceiling sixteen feet high.
The floor was of brick laid in patterns that recalled the brick floors
found in many old Delaware homes.

The State of New York reproduced two buildings of outstanding
importance in its history. The main building covering an area forty
by eighty feet was located in the section near High Street. It was a
reproduction of Federal Hall, which stood in New York City on the

124

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

present side of the United States Sub-Treasury and was the famous
old edifice in which George Washington took the oath of office as
first President of the United States, April 30, 1789. The style of the
building was early Colonial with a typical Sir Christopher Wren
cupola atop a slanting roof and a period balcony on the facade behind
white columns of graceful proportions.

Beyond the stately white doorway was a large central audience
room flanked by deep bays and supported by columns. Grand stair¬
ways led to two balconies on the east and west ends. The exterior
of this structure was finished to represent sandstone blocks with four
pilasters supporting a balcony from which imitation marble columns
reached to the roof extension and formed arches. Three casement
windows opened out on a balcony. The frieze of the front was
decorated with thirteen stars between thirteen barred panels and
above in the triangular pediment a spread eagle appeared in subdued
colors in bas-relief. Relics of the American Revolution were housed
in the building, which was furnished with fittings of the Colonial
period.

The second New York Building was a faithful reproduction of
Washington’s headquarters at Newburgh-on-the-Hudson, where the
American commander-in-chief refused the offer to make him King
of America. This original old farmhouse is still standing, well pre¬
served by patriotic societies.

Ground for the two New York buildings was broken by Governor
Alfred E. Smith and they were dedicated on August 11 in the pres¬
ence of the New York state commission, comprising George Gordon
Battle, chairman; Warren T. Thayer, first vice-chairman; Mrs.
Rosalie S. Phillips, second vice-chairman; George W. Ochs Oakes,
George L. Thompson, T. Channing Moore, James L. Whitney,
Simon L. Adler, Maurice Bloch and Clarence J. Owens, secretary-
treasurer.

Ohio’s contribution to the Exposition was a reproduction of the
old home of William Henry Harrison, the first President from the
State of Ohio, at North Bend, Ohio. It occupied a site between
Government Avenue and the Perkiomen Trail, west of the Illinois
Building.

The ground floor of the house had a frontage of 106 feet and a
depth of forty-three feet. The construction was of balloon frame,
with plaster board walls, the outside of clapboard siding painted
white. The shingled roof was stained in old gray to give it the appear¬
ance of age. The main part of the house had a lounge thirty by forty-
three feet on the ground floor with a check room in the rear. To the
east from the lounge was an exhibit room which served as a con-

One of New York State’s two buildings, a re¬
production of Federal Hall in New York City,
where Washington took his oath as first Presi¬
dent of the United States.

Gov. Alfred E. Smith attends ded¬
ication of New York Building.
With him are Mayor Kendrick
and Brig. Gen. Henry G. Learn-
ard, commanding officer at Camp
Anthony Wayne on the Exposi¬
tion grounds.

STATE AND CIVIC PARTICIPATION

125

necting unit with a Red Cross room and a secretary’s office. The
central or main portion of the building had a second story of corres¬
ponding size, with complete apartments for the Director, living
room, three bedrooms, dining room and kitchen, reached by an open
Colonial stairway from the lounge. The walls of all rooms were
finished in paper of the period, that of the early nineteenth century.
In many instances furnishings from the original Harrison home
were used. The commission in charge of the building comprised
John A. McDowell, Mrs. Lowell F. Hobart, State Senator John
Sherman Rogers, with Carl N. Crispin in charge.

In connection with Exposition participation, essay contests were
held in all schools of Ohio, on two subjects relating to the Declara¬
tion of Independence. The one hundred and seventy-six writers of
the best essays were given a trip to the Exposition with all expenses
paid.

An agricultural exhibit was set up in the Palace of Agriculture
to display products from Ohio. These were chiefly corn, oats, wheat,
butter, cheese, maple syrup and wool. Miniature electric trains car¬
ried the statistics of Ohio’s mineral wealth, manufacturing output
and commercial volume.

At the conclusion of the Exposition, the Ohio Building was re¬
erected in the Ohio State Fair Grounds, and stands as a permanent
memorial both to William Henry Harrison and the Sesqui-Centen-
nial.

Connecticut’s participation in the Exposition was a result of the
civic participation plan. No legislative action being possible, com¬
mittees of men and women under the leadership of George S.
Godard, State Librarian, State Senator Ernest E. Rogers and
former Governor Frank B. Weeks, created widespread interest in
their state and ultimately secured the endorsement of Governor
Trumbull. These men constituted an official state commission.

The building selected to house the exhibits of Connecticut’s state
activities and form headquarters for Connecticut’s residents repre¬
sented the old State House in Hartford, designed by the celebrated
architect Charles Bulfinch. The original building, which served as
the home of Connecticut’s seat of government from its completion
in 1796 to 1878, when the present Capitol was first occupied, is not
only beautiful in its architecture and setting but also renowned in
history. It occupies State House Square, originally known as Meet¬
ing House Yard and stands upon a site dedicated to public uses by
Rev. Thomas Hooker and the founders of the colony in 1636. On
that site once stood the original Meeting House in which the Funda¬
mental Orders, Connecticut’s first written constitution, were framed

126 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

and promulgated. It was from near this square that in 1687 the
Colonial Charter of 1662 was rescued from Sir Edmund Andros and
hidden in the famous Charter Oak.

The reproduction of the famous old building at the Exposition
was situated on Broad Street. The porch, classical in design, was
forty-five feet in length and fourteen feet in depth. It could be
reached from Broad Street by a brick walk of Colonial design. The
main exhibition room was forty-five feet square with five windows
on three sides with intervening pilasters and crowning cornices. The
side facing the front was occupied by two fireplaces and on the
paneled wall and facade were hung various portraits.

The exhibits of the several state departments were arranged in
this room. A two-story annex was provided to furnish the necessary
rest rooms for the public and living quarters for those in charge.

The central feature of the outside of the building was a readapta¬
tion of the dome from the old State House crowned by the figure of
Justice in which was installed a clock provided by the Seth Thomas
Clock Company of Thomaston, Connecticut. The lighting of the
building was the contribution of the Hartford Electric Light Com¬
pany of Hartford, and the Miller Company of Meriden.

The building stood in the midst of a beautiful sloping lawn 150
feet square. For purposes of safety as well as architectural beauty,
the roof was protected by slate grey asbestos roofing, and the sides
of the building by walls of brick, thus maintaining the general ap¬
pearance of the old State House in Hartford. The contract for the
construction of this building was placed with the H. Wales Lines
Company of Meriden who have built other Connecticut buildings at
other expositions. The cost was approximately $50,000.

The pride of the State of Illinois in her most illustrious son,
Abraham Lincoln, was exemplified in the building which was erected
by the commonwealth to house display of specimens of the indus¬
tries, mining, agriculture, shipping and commerce of the state.

The main feature was a circular court in front of the building-
more than fifty feet in diameter in which was erected a statue of
Lincoln nineteen feet in height, including pedestal, a cast of St.
Gaudens’ Lincoln Park statue. Five arched entrances to this circular
court enhanced its setting. The surrounding walls were tinted in
pinkish-yellow tones which produced a sunlight effect by day and
added to the lighting effect at night. The exterior walls of the main
building were finished in white stucco and on the upper rim of the
circular section, which was open, were placed ornaments consisting
of golden ears of corn in green husk settings. Below this rim around
the outside were nine circular medallions, green-tinted in bas-relief,
depicting the industries of Illinois.

STATE AND CIVIC PARTICIPATION

127

The rest of the building was in the form of a “U” with square
ends. This was approximately one hundred feet in width and sixty
feet in depth, containing a large central lounge with exhibit space on
both sides ; rest rooms, offices and permanent quarters for the hostess
and chairman of exhibits and others who assisted in maintaining the
building.

The rooms in the two ends of the building contained relics and
mementoes of Lincoln from his boyhood to his death, and an agri¬
cultural exhibit which included a decorative scheme made of corn
on the cob in striking colors, an educational exhibit showing the
progress made in this field by the state, the latest development in
mining industry and a model of the new prison at Joliet.

State Senator Ralph R. Boyd was chairman of the exhibit and
secretary of the commission. Miss Marian McClintock was hostess
of the building. Official dedicatory exercises took place on Septem¬
ber 21 in the presence of Governor Small and a number of dis¬
tinguished visitors from Illinois.

In states where there was no response to the invitation of the Ex¬
position management to participate, effort was made to stimulate
interest through the medium known as the domestic participation
plan, in which campaigns were inaugurated among Chambers of
Commerce, civic organizations and public-spirited citizens in order
to have individual cities and groups of cities arrange for a composite
exhibit in which would be displayed the products and attractive fea¬
tures of the states.

California was represented through the Los Angeles Chamber of
Commerce by a building and exhibit, one of the most unique in the
Exposition, located in the Palace of Agriculture, a building within
a building built in Spanish Mission style and housing displays of the
products of the state. Charles P. Bayer, field secretary of the Los
Angeles Chamber of Commerce, was largely responsible for this
showing. Arthur H. Alman, state director, was in charge.

No legislative appropriation being available from the state of
Maryland, a committee of citizens was organized under the leader¬
ship of Hon. A. S. Goldborough of Baltimore, who had been named
as a member of the National Advisory Commission from Maryland
by President Coolidge. It was the original intention to erect a build¬
ing in the Exposition, but later the exhibit consisted of a display in
the Palace of Agriculture. A gala pageant featured the celebration
of Maryland Day in the Exposition program.

One of the most effective agricultural displays was one that was
arranged by the State of Arkansas in the Palace of Agriculture.

Louisiana displayed the resources of the state, including oil, tim-

128

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

ber and sugar, in the civic participation section of the Palace of
Agriculture.

A motion picture exhibit of the attractive features of Florida was
shown in the Palace of Education under the auspices of the Volusia
County Commission of that state. These pictures were projected at
frequent intervals and created much interest.

An elaborate display of the natural resources of the western sec¬
tion of the State of Texas was arranged by the West Texas Chamber
of Commerce and shown in the Palace of Agriculture.

A comprehensive representation of the commercial, agricultural
and industrial activities of the State of North Carolina was also in
the Palace of Agriculture.

Exhibits from the Virgin Islands, the latest of the government’s
territorial possessions, including bay rum, mahogany and furniture,
were on display in the Palace of Liberal Arts and Manufactures.

The shortness of time in which to prepare exhibits was a deterrent
factor in the contemplated showings of the states of Oklahoma, Indi¬
ana, Tennessee and Nebraska, all of which had displayed a favorable
attitude toward participation.

Virginia created a commission known as the Sesqui-Centennial of
American Independence and Thomas Jefferson Commission and this
body sent to the Exposition the famous Jefferson gig, which was dis¬
played in the Thomas Jefferson House on High Street.

Mississippi was represented by the “Know Mississippi Better”
train, which comprised ten cars filled with Mississippi’s exhibits of
products and resources. This was located at the Exposition for a
brief period.

Hawaii confined its participation to a visit to the Exposition by a
group of singers who rendered a program of native songs on a day
set apart for the occasion.

Porto Rico did not have an official representation, but a display
of the tobacco industry of the country by commercial interests con¬
stituted the participation of this territorial possession.

The following cities and counties were represented through the
municipal and civic participation plan : Los Angeles, Baltimore,
Pittsburgh, Vineland, N. J. ; Atlantic City, N. J. ; Cape May County,
N. J. ; Bridgeton, N. J. ; New Orleans, La. ; West Texas Counties ;
Ocean County, N. J., and Monroe County, Pa.

The Los Angeles, Baltimore and Pittsburgh exhibits were most
elaborate. That of Los Angeles was the leading feature of the Los
Angeles Chamber of Commerce building within the Palace of Agri¬
culture.

Pittsburgh was the only city to erect a building on the Exposition

The first sod is turned for the erection of the
Ohio Building, Carl N. Crispin of the Ohio
Commission handling the spade.

The Ohio Building, reproduction of the old
home of William Henry Harrison, first Presi¬
dent of the United States from Ohio.

STATE AND CIVIC PARTICIPATION

129

grounds, rearing a structure built in graduated sections, representing
modern American architecture in line, color and form. It was one
of the architectural gems of the Exposition.

The first floor of the building contained an elaborate lobby, a small
auditorium where motion pictures of the iron, steel and varied indus¬
tries of the city were shown and two large exhibition rooms. One of
these rooms was dedicated in perpetuation of the memory of Ste¬
phen C. Foster, one of America’s most loved song writers, and other
famous natives of Pittsburgh. A large lounge and rest rooms occu¬
pied the second floor.

The decorative feature of the building was in designs employing
the primary colors in the manner of the early Greeks and in contrast
to the pastel tones used in the rest of the Exposition buildings. The
building cost approximately $100,000.

Pittsburgh also erected a second building which was a copy of the
old block house, rich in historical association of the early days of
Fort Pitt, around the original site on which the present city stands.
It was at this strategic point that the signal victory was achieved by
the English forces in the French and Indian wars which marked
the success of English domination of the New World. This building
was the center of activities which marked Pittsburgh Day at the
Exposition, when a colorful pageant was staged, including an “at¬
tack” upon the block house by actors costumed in the regalia of
Indians.

Baltimore’s exhibit was housed in the Maryland section of the
Palace of Agriculture and Civic Participation. The advantages of
Baltimore as a great commercial port were emphasized, together with
its civic, educational, cultural and industrial facilities.

The cities of Atlantic City, Bridgeton and Vineland and the coun¬
ties of Cape May and Ocean of New Jersey installed exhibit struc¬
tures in the main palaces. Monroe County, in Pennsylvania, famed
as a resort section, also had an array of natural exhibits calling atten¬
tion to the characteristics of the section.

CHAPTER XI

PENNSYLVANIA’S BUILDING AND EXHIBITS

By Gifford Pinchot
Former Governor of Pennsylvania

PENNSYLVANIA BUILDING AN ARCHITECTURAL GEM — ORGANIZATION OF PENNSYLVANIA
SESQUI-CENTENNIAL COMMISSION — LEGISLATURE’S APPROPRIATION — DESCRIPTION
OF BUILDING — ART FEATURES — DESCRIPTION OF EXHIBITS — BELLS THAT RANG OUT
LIBERTY THROUGHOUT THE STATE — SPECIAL DAYS AND WEEKS — HOSTESSES — CON¬
TRIBUTORS OF EXHIBITS.

The glory of Pennsylvania’s contributions to the history of the
United States — the commonwealth’s spiritual and material wealth
and progress — was symbolized by the beautiful Pennsylvania Build¬
ing, referred to by the President of the Sesqui-Centennial Exhibition
Association as “the gem of the Exposition.”

The building, which stood at the northwest corner of Broad Street
and Pattison Avenue, was of distinctly modern type of architecture.
The dominant note of the structure was the vertical motif, a typical
American contribution to architectural expression. Thus, being dis¬
tinctly American, it not only memorialized an event of 150 years
previous, but expressed the modern greatness of Pennsylvania in re¬
sources, industry, culture, government and art.

The Pennsylvania Building was made possible through an Act of
the State Legislature of 1925 which created a Pennsylvania Sesqui-
Centennial Commission and made funds available for expenditure.

Under the provisions of this Act, the Governor appointed Mr.
Paul Cret, Mr. William M. Anderson, and Miss Martha G. Thomas
as members of the Commission. Mr. Cret resigned as chairman be¬
fore the actual work on the building and exhibits was under way.
On February 8, 1926, he was succeeded by Hon. Robert Y. Stuart,
Secretary of Forests and Waters.

When the building was completed and the exhibits under way,
Secretary Stuart asked to be relieved of his chairmanship because of
pressing departmental duties, and the Governor placed the duties of
the chairmanship upon Hon. Clyde L. King, who as Secretary of the
Commonwealth had from the first been chairman of the Cabinet
Committee on Sesqui-Centennial Exhibits and Program.

The organization of the Commission as finally constructed was as
follows :

130

Pennsylvania’s building and exhibits

131

Gifford Pinchot, Governor, Ex-Officio
Clyde L. King, Chairman
William M. Anderson, Secretary
Martha G. Thomas, Plostess

Harry T. Baxter, Executive Secretary
Henry N. Woolman, Director of Exhibits
George Harding, Director of Arts

The Legislature appropriated $1,000,000 and on April 24, 1925,
the Governor approved the Act in the sum of $750,000.

Unable to acquire sufficient space in one of the main exhibition
palaces for an adequate display of Pennsylvania exhibits, the Com¬
mission decided to erect a separate building. To this end the services
of Ralph B. Bencker, architect, were engaged.

The building was built around a court, 120 feet square, entered
from Broad Street through a wide colonnade of 13 bays typifying
the original colonies of which Pennsylvania was the Keystone State.
Flanking the court and extending to the full depth of the building
were two exhibition halls, 225 feet long, 93 feet wide and 43 feet
high.

The Broad Street facade comprised the two exhibition halls with
gabled ends joined by tall colonnades. In each gable were immense
niches sheltering heroic groups of sculpture representing “Industry”
and “Agriculture,” Pennsylvania’s two major activities.

As one passed through the colonnade with its richly colored ceiling,
high overhead were caught glimpses of the central portion of the
rotunda, and its gilded clerestory pierced with designs of interlacing
keystone shapes filled with vari-colored glass. The central figure of
the court was an immense pool, keystone-shaped, in which were re¬
flected the fourteen wall panels depicting in low relief the scenes of
Pennsylvania’s notable history from the time of William Penn to
the present age; and in the center of all, flanking the entrance to the
rotunda, were pylons each containing a colossal sculptured figure in
high relief, one a male, the other a female, suggesting the equality
of the sexes.

The coat-of-arms of Pennsylvania, carved in colorful cement, was
displayed in a panel above the columns of the porch. Above the door¬
ways was a sculptured frieze of figures representing the progress of
mankind since Pennsylvania became a State, and this procession was
taken up and continued above the numerous groups of doorways in
the several parts of the building. Over the front and rear entrances
to the rotunda were screens of pierced plaster in delicate interwoven

132

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

keystone designs filled with glass. Around the sixteen-sided rotunda
extended two 9- foot aisles of slender columns supporting an arched
roof beamed and panelled in plaster.

Beams from concealed reflectors painted the rose-tinted building
with light at night. The intensity of illumination made the great
rotunda tower a glowing torch. Lesser beams directed through the
skylights created the same pleasant glow of soft-colored light that
played about the walls and columns by day.

Memorable events in the history of Pennsylvania were portrayed
by each of the murals outside of the building.

The first of these showed Penn receiving the charter from the King
for lands in which his people might dwell in peace. The second por¬
trayed Penn landing at New Castle from the good ship “Welcome”
and taking possession in a ceremony according to the custom of the
Indians. The third symbolized the various people who settled in
Pennsylvania with Johan Printz as the first Governor. The fourth
depicted the clearing of woods and the building of cabins. Then came
a mural suggestive of the march of homeseekers in their Conestoga
wagons. The next showed the settlement of Western Pennsylvania
and particularly Fort Pitt. These murals were on the left hand court
wall facing the rotunda and in general represented the outstanding
events in our Colonial life.

On the court wall facing the rotunda to the left a large mural
told of the historic Constitutional Convention held in Philadelphia
in 1787. On the right a mural of similar size depicted the reading of
the Declaration of Independence in the State House yard.

The murals on the right hand court wall represented the following
events in the history of Pennsylvania typical of the genius and
sentiments of her people : the Abolition of Slavery in Pennsylvania
in 1779; the War of 1812 and the help of Pennsylvanians in con¬
structing and manning Perry’s fleet on Lake Erie in 1813 ; the
choice of Harrisburg as the capital of the State in 1812; the es¬
tablishment of the public school system of the State in 1834 with
its beginnings in the University of Pennsylvania in 1740; Lincoln’s
memorable dedication of this nation to a new birth of freedom
“that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall
not perish from the earth,” and a tribute to the Centennial Cele¬
bration of the signing of the Declaration of Independence held in
Philadelphia in 1876.

Distinguished Pennsylvania artists painted special murals so that
the great gray walls of the interior would be appropriately covered
with a suitable background for the exhibits. Harold McAllister and
Arthur Meltzer painted a forest scene covering the entire north

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ik k

Governor and Mrs. Pinchot, with Chief Jus¬
tice von Moschzisker of the Supreme Court,
cabinet members, Pennsylvania commissioners
and other officials attend dedication of the
Pennsylvania Building.

Pennsylvania’s building and exhibits

133

wing. It was used as a background for the forest exhibit. The
canvas was ninety feet in length. It depicted the forests of Penn¬
sylvania in three epochs: The Primeval Forest; the Destruction of
those Forests by Cutting and by Fire; and the Conservation of our
Forests by the Methods of Today. Nearby on a side wall was a
delightful mural, “A Wooded Watershed,” by Daniel Garber. Over
the Agriculture exhibit and in view across the entire building
through the rotunda was a mural by Joseph T. Pearson, Jr., de¬
picting “Harvesting.” On the opposite wall through the rotunda
was an artistic mural by Captain George Harding symbolizing
“Pennsylvania’s Contributions in 1918 when our boys returned to
Europe their full sacrifices to the Mother Countries of the Amer¬
ican People.” Above the Health exhibit symbolic of the services
of the State to the child was an inspiring mural by Alice Kent
Stoddard: “The State and the Individual.”

This remarkable building was completed in record time and was
formally opened on May 31, 1926.

The exhibits in the building were grouped as follows : The
Peoples of Pennsylvania; Agriculture, Natural Resources, Industry,
Transportation, Health, Education, Welfare, Art and History.

To symbolize Pennsylvania’s greatest heritage — the lofty ethical
and religious standards of those peoples who founded the Com¬
monwealth — a pylon was set up in the center of the north wing,
known as “The People’s Shrine.” The shrine was Colonial in de¬
sign but colorful with flags of the founder peoples and seals of Penn
and the Dutch Indies Co., which were decorative spots on the entab¬
lature. The dome, decorated in gold and blue, counted as a pattern
against the blue canopies of the roof. The founder peoples whose
names appeared thereon were : Indian, Swede, Dutch, English,
Scotch Irish, Welsh, German, Scotch, French, Hebrew, Irish and
Negro.

The shrine was surrounded by exhibits of historic documents
and works of art revealing the religious spirit and the craftsman¬
ship of these founder peoples. These characteristics also marked the
rare historic documents and relics that found their place in the his¬
torical section of the south wing.

Pennsylvania’s natural resources in forests, water, minerals, fish
and game were portrayed in the east end of the north wing. In
the background was the large painting depicting Penn’s Woods in
three epochs : Primeval Forests, Forest Destruction and Forest Res¬
toration.

The Primeval Forest scene pictured the big trees which at one
time were the glory of Penn’s Woods. Underneath was a dense

134

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

growth of beautiful shrubs, such as rhododendron and mountain
laurel. Flowing through this luxuriant growth was a sparkling
stream of pure water, and scattered among this forest growth was
representative wild life of the State. The epoch of forest destruc¬
tion showed the felling of trees, logging operations, big sawmills,
devastated hillsides, and in the background was a raging forest fire,
so typical of the forest regions of Pennsylvania following the great
lumber operations. The forest restoration epoch visualized the re¬
forestation work. It showed flourishing forests, some of them
planted, others nature-made. Amidst these beautiful and well-cared-
for forest scenes were supplies of pure water and streams, whose
flow was regulated by a complete forest cover. Mounted specimens
of typical Pennsylvania wild life gave further interest to the scene.

A beautiful lunette by Paul Garber on the north wall symbolized
“The Natural Resources” of the Commonwealth.

Among the features of the exhibit proper were two half-size forest
fire towers, typical of the 116 towers which comprised the Penn¬
sylvania fire tower system in 1926. In the foreground of the exhibit
were several hundred living evergreen trees, chiefly white pine, red
pine, hemlock, arbor vitae and spruce. Each kind of tree was care¬
fully labeled. Labels also were provided for all other features of
the exhibit, so that those passing could interpret the story of Penn’s
Woods.

Another feature of the exhibit was a typical camping site, sug¬
gestive of the camping facilities that have been developed in the
Pennsylvania forests.

The magnitude and relative importance of the mineral industry
of Pennsylvania were shown by a gold-plated obelisk, twelve feet
high, representing the value of two days’ output of her mining
and metallurgy ($16,000,000), equal to a year’s output of her for¬
ests and a month’s output of her farms. The exhibit, by pictures,
charts and diagrams, emphasized that mining is the basis of two-
thirds of Pennsylvania’s industry; that in values from her mines
Pennsylvania equals any other three states together, and exceeds
England, Germany, France or any other single country; that an¬
nually she digs one-fifth of the world’s supply of coal, enough to fill
a train reaching twice around the world ; that she produces more
power than New York and New England together, and leads all
states in the production of cement, raw clay, coal, coke, ferro alloys,
pig iron, mineral paints, sand and gravel, slate and stone.

Another feature of the exhibit was a model of one of the State
Game Refuges surrounded by public hunting grounds. The model
represented an area of 29,000 acres of land, principally forest land.

Pennsylvania's building and exhibits

135

It was in fact a rather accurate reproduction of the southwestern
corner of Shippen Township, Cameron County, Pennsylvania, and
it showed a game refuge keeper’s headquarters, fire observation
tower, hunting camps on land adjoining State Game Lands, streams,
burned-over land, and special plots of ground sown to grain to
provide additional food for wild life.

The Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry’s participa¬
tion in the exhibits was threefold: an exhibit of Pennsylvania’s
manufacturers and manufactured goods, a four-reel motion picture
film projection, and a National Safety Exhibit. The latter exhibit
was in the Palace of Education and Social Economy and is described
in detail in the chapter devoted to that palace.

The exhibit of manufactures was developed around a central
piece, representing an oldtime forge, emblematic of Pennsylvania’s
early supremacy in the iron industry. Immediately in front of this
forge was placed the original Kelly Converter, first operated at the
Cambria Iron Works, Johnstown, Pa., in 1861. This was the
pioneer steel converter of the United States.

The continued supremacy of Pennsylvania in the iron and- steel
industry was portrayed through the use of three enlargements of
Joseph Pennell’s etchings, which were displayed in the center of
the back wall of the exhibit. The theme of these etchings is “The
Wonder of Work,” and they represented steel mills, hammer shops
and ship-yards.

Framing Pennell’s etchings on either side were wall displays of
fabrics manufactured in the textile industries of Pennsylvania and
emblematic of the leadership, diversity and excellence of these in¬
dustries. Tapestries, draperies, floor coverings and other fabrics
were utilized.

The floor of the exhibit was used to display Pennsylvania manu¬
factured products of a large variety. Along the rear wall was a
series of cases displaying diversified manufactured products. Im¬
mediately above these an endless chain carried a series of approxi¬
mately one hundred and fifty miniature displays of nationally adver¬
tised Pennsylvania products, which displays were developed by the
manufacturers particularly for this exhibit. This moving conveyor
gave the best opportunity to impress the visitor with the extreme
diversity and great value of the products manufactured within the
State.

In cases in the foreground of the exhibit the following products,
in which Pennsylvania excels, were included : silks, leathers, hats,
glassware, yarns, textile goods, awnings, upholstery, tapestry ma¬
terials, cork products, linoleum, watches, surveying instruments,

136

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

model street car, model locomotive, model of railway gun mounts,
wire rope, electrical cables, food products, toys, games, children’s
clothes, men’s, children’s and ladies’ stockings, iron and steel prod¬
ucts, machine tools.

In all, 175 manufacturers furnished material for this exhibit. They
represented 45 cities and towns within the state. The complete list
of those who furnished material for this exhibit appears at the end
of this chapter.

The agricultural exhibit portrayed the chief characteristics of
Pennsylvania’s agriculture : diversity, stability, market accessibility
and permanence.

A large state map over the exhibit featured the location, diversity
and extent of crops produced, the livestock industry and the markets
for farm products.

The exhibit proper typified a farmstead scene, portraying a section
of a milk house, barn, kitchen of the home, machine shed, corn crib
and fruit and vegetable store house.

Inasmuch as the farm home is the center of the entire farm unit,
the home took the center of this exhibit. Through delineascope pic¬
tures the story of the changes in the farm home and its conveniences
was told. The development and importance of cereals, fruits, veg¬
etables and other crops of Pennsylvania were portrayed by lantern
slides of 150 pictures. Lantern slides also depicted the development
of the poultry, swine, beef, horse and dairy products of the state.

An ox cart filled and surrounded by equipment necessary for a
farm 100 to 150 years ago contrasted vividly the simple and inex¬
pensive equipment for farming requiring maximum hand labor with
the present conditions.

Evolution in power on the farm was strikingly presented by a
horse tread power representing an early unit of horse power, com¬
pared with a one-horse power gasoline engine, a later unit, and a
one-horse power small electric motor, the most modern unit.

Agricultural Week was observed at the Exposition from October
25 to 30. The Department of Agriculture, in co-operation with the
Sesqui-Centennial Commission, the Pennsylvania State College, the
Pennsylvania State Grange, County Horticultural Association in
Adams, Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Franklin, Indiana, Lancaster,
Lehigh and York Counties, co-operating with the State Horti¬
cultural Association of Pennsylvania, the Pennsylvania Potato
Growers’ Association, the Pennsylvania Poultry Association, the
Philadelphia Co-Operative Mushroom Growers’ Association, the
Pennsylvania Millers’ Association and the Pennsylvania Bakers’ As¬
sociation, arranged instructive programs and exhibits featuring the
extent and quality of Pennsylvania farm production.

Pennsylvania’s building and exhibits

137

The exhibits featured throughout the week centered for the most
part about the products which were the subject of discussion on
special days which were held throughout the week.

The Pennsylvania State College and the Department of Agri¬
culture had educational exhibits showing the numerous activities
carried on by these two public agencies.

The Pennsylvania State College exhibit in pictures and charts
told the story of what fertilizers do when applied to the farm and
market garden crops, and of the effects of spraying in the improve¬
ment of yield and quality of fruits and vegetables. Dr. C. F. Noll’s
work in breeding the high yielding varieties of Pennsylvania 44
wheat and Keystone and Patterson oats was shown by pictures.
There were lacquer mounts of insects injurious to fruit and farm
and garden crops. These came from the department of entomology
and zoology at the college. The college botany and plant pathology
department arranged an impressive exhibit, showing the damage
caused by the ravaging work of plant diseases.

The exhibit of the Pennsylvania Department of Highways con¬
tained three distinct and unique features: a transportation model,
a relief model map, showing the state highway routes, and a map
showing motor vehicle traffic in relation to population, location of
natural resources and agricultural and industrial developments.

The transportation model was twelve feet high and thirty feet
long, with a ten- foot semi-circular painted canvas drop blending
with the model, showing typical features of Pennsylvania scenery.
The model included all existing modes of transportation, comprising
railroad, canal, high-speed trolley, airplane and the network of high¬
ways reaching into every corner.

A modern Pennsylvania state highway, involving the construction
to grade of hard-surfaced pavement with the necessary cuts and
fills and relocations incident to attaining directness between larger
centers of population for through traffic and providing economical
motor vehicle operating costs and sufficient strength to carry the
heavy loads incident to truck and bus traffic, was contrasted with
the local roads in their general state of disrepair.

Illustrations were given of methods for safeguarding traffic on
curves and hills and at intersecting roads by guard rail, warning
signs, traffic lines and especially designed warning signs painted on
the pavement surface.

The model illustrated the advantage of improved roads to agri¬
culture and to rural schools. It showed the consolidated school lo¬
cated at intersecting roads, as contrasted with the “little red school
house” appearing on the outlying unimproved road. High tension
electrical transmission lines, coal mines, oil and gas wells, and in the

138

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

distance an industrial city of the kind quite prevalent in eastern
and western Pennsylvania, emphasized the need for modern high¬
ways because of industrial development.

The relief model map, showing the state highway routes, was nine
feet high and fourteen feet long, and was large enough for the vis¬
itor to pick out the particular roads in which he was interested. The
various types of improved and unimproved state highways were
shown by different colors. The model also indicated through differ¬
ent colors the location of the coal deposits, gas and oil fields, agri¬
cultural areas, wooded areas, state and national forest reserves,
railroads, rivers and streams.

The traffic map of the State was approximately eight feet high
and thirteen feet long and was a duplicate of the map which hangs
in the Pennsylvania Plighway Department’s office at Harrisburg.
The traffic information was taken from data obtained from the
Pennsylvania Plighway Transport survey, which was conducted
jointly with the Federal Bureau of Public Roads.

A notable exhibit in the Pennsylvania Building was a collection
of several bells that summoned the citizens of the Commonwealth to
hear the reading of the Declaration of Independence on July 8, 1776,
the same day that the Liberty Bell in Independence Hall called the
people of Philadelphia to hear the Declaration read. Other bells
summoned people on that day, but some of them have not been pre¬
served and the whereabouts of others was unknown at the time these
bells were assembled.

This was the first time that these bells were ever brought together.
They were of course given a conspicuous place in the building as
appropriate symbols of the birth of the American Republic. After
the Exposition was over these bells were taken to Independence Hall,
where appropriate ceremonies were held as the bells stood grouped
around the great Liberty Bell.

The Rev. John Baer Stoudt, of Allentown, Pa., did much of the
work essential to securing these bells. He assembled the following
historical data on each of them:

The Allentown Bell

The Allentown Bell bears the following inscription :

“Matt Tommerop. Bethlehem, for Leonhart
Abel u. Salome Abelin, 1769.”

It was presented by Leonhart Abel and his wife, Salome, to Zion’s
Reformed Church, Allentown, in 1769, of which church they were
members. Allentown was the voting place for the western part of
Northampton County. The elections as well as courts by the justices

Pennsylvania’s building and exhibits

139

were at the tavern near by. The Bell rang out independence on July
8, 1776. It was in this church that the bell of Independence Hall
was hidden during the British occupancy of Philadelphia. In 1790
Zion Church purchased a larger bell, and the small bell was later
given to the Allentown Academy, where it served for more than
half a century. When the Academy gave way to the two colleges,
Muhlenberg and Cedar Crest, the bell became the property of Joseph
Ruhe. Upon its return from the Sesqui-Centennial Exposition, Mr.
Ruhe presented the bell to Zion’s Congregation, where it will again
be used for civic and anniversary celebrations.

The Chester Bell

The Chester Bell is said to have been imported from England in
1724 for the Court House. It accordingly is the oldest of the Lib¬
erty Bells of Pennsylvania. Unfortunately, however, it does not
contain an inscription or date, as was the case with each of the other
Liberty Bells in this display. It continued in service as the Court
House bell until 1856, a period of 132 years, when it was replaced
by a tower clock, and installed in the belfry of the Joseph Hoskins
Public School. Here it remained for a period of thirty years, when
it was replaced. In 1919, when the old Court House was restored, the
old bell was again hung in the steeple, and is rung on public occa¬
sions.

The Easton Bell

The Easton Liberty Bell was cast in the Moravian Bell Foundry
at Bethlehem, Pa., on July 29, 1768, and weighs 236 pounds. It
was officially hung in the Court House on August 8, 1768, and in
1861 was removed and installed in the tower of the new Court
Llouse, where it remained until it was brought to the Exposition.

With the bell was exhibited the oldest known flag having the ar¬
rangement of stars and stripes in the colors of red, white and blue,
and in all probability the first ever made. This flag was unfurled on
the steps of the Court House immediately at the close of the ringing
of the bell, summoning the people, preceding the proclamation of the
Declaration of Independence on July 8, 1776.

The Lancaster Bell

The Lancaster Bell was cast in England by order of Israel Ecker-
lin, prior of the monastic order of Seventh Day Baptists, at Ephrata,
Lancaster Co., Pa., in 1745. It was the purpose of the prior, who had
assumed the name of Onismus, to use the bell to call the members
of the quaint society from the scattered mills and farms for assem¬
bly and worship. The inscription on the bell reads :

140

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

“Sub Auspicio Viri Venerandi Onismi Societ Ephrat
Praeposit A.D.

MDCCXLV (by the Authority of the venerable Onis-
mus appointed by the Ephrataco Society A.D. 1745).”

The members of the society rejected the bell, holding that it was a
symbol of worldly glory, and sold it to Trinity Lutheran Congre-
tion in Lancaster, where it was used not only as a church bell, but
also as a municipal bell. During the French and Indian War, and
the Revolutionary period, it was used to announce all public tidings
as well as to call the congregations to divine service. It called to
assembly the Continental Congress when it met for several days in
September, 1777. It summoned the people to Lancaster on July 8,
1776, to hear the Declaration of Independence read from the steps
of the Court House near by. In 1786 Godlieb Sener purchased the
bell from the congregation, chimes having replaced it, and presented
it to the Washington Fire Company. In 1883 it was purchased
from the fire company by J. Frederick Sener, grandson of Godlieb
Sener, and presented to Grace Lutheran Congregation with the
added inscription of :

“Presented 1883 by his father in memory of Charles M. Sener,

born 1857, died 1869.”

While calling the children to Sunday School on October 3, 1886,
the bell cracked and was thrown out of service. But it has been
treasured as a sacred relic by the congregation.

The Reading Bell

“Cast for the Reading Court House, 1763, Thomas Baily

Bridgewater Founderies.”

The Bridgewater Founderies is an old English bell foundry. The
bell continued in service as the Court House bell until 1841, when
the present Court House was erected and a new bell installed, and
the old bell was sold to the Reformed Lutheran Church in Boyer-
town. In 1871 it became the bell of the Boyertown Reformed Con¬
gregation. It was superseded by a larger bell and sold to Dr. R. T.
Ludy, of Atlantic City, who during the celebration of the 175th
anniversary of the founding of the City of Reading (1923) pre¬
sented it to the Berks County Historical Society. Many were the
events for which it summoned the citizens of Reading during the
Revolutionary Period. It was from the Court House steps at Penn
Square that Sheriff Vanderslice read the Declaration of Indepen¬
dence to the assembled host summoned by the bell on July 8, 1776.

The York Bell

In 1774 The Venerable Society for the spread of the Gospel of

The courtyard of the Pennsylvania Building
illuminated at night.

Some of the exhibits in the
Pennsylvania Building.

• ' *

v.'

C'tf'

■ *."■ ;

■i'K, >■

Pennsylvania’s building and exhibits

141

London sent two bells to Pennsylvania. One of these was sent to
the Rev. Daniel Botwell, rector of St. John’s Episcopal Church of
York. The church had no belfry and the bell was placed in the yard
of Joseph Updegraff, an innkeeper on Center Square. It was hung
in 1776 in the tower of the newly erected Court House, and its first
official ringing was that in connection with the promulgation of the
Declaration of Independence in York. It served both church and
state while hanging in the Court House tower until the erection of
a new Court House in 1841, when it was returned to the Congrega¬
tion. It called the Continental Congress to session during 1777 and
1778, when York was the seat of the Nation. In 1850 it was in¬
stalled in the rebuilt St. John’s Church, and soon afterward it
cracked. The bell was taken to Baltimore and recast, without adding
any new metal. It cracked again while tolling at the time of the
burial of William McKinley in 1901. It was recast with the inscrip¬
tion added :

“Presented to St. John’s Episcopal Church, York, Pa., by

Queen Caroline of England, 1774.”

It again cracked in 1910.

The importance of the sun’s rays in preventing and curing dis¬
ease was one of the striking features of the exhibit of the Pennsyl¬
vania State Department of Health. To visualize this work, the
“Pavilion of the Sun” was determined upon as the dominating
architectural note of this exhibit. As this exhibit space was in the
central aisle of the south wing, it was essential that this chief archi¬
tectural feature should also dominate this whole wing. Accord¬
ingly, a colorful open pavilion of white columns supporting an
arabesque dome with a wide flaring base was designed. Beneath
the sky-blue underside of this dome was hung a large lighted globe
whose rays lit the spectrum colors radiating upon the soffit of the
flaring base and shone down upon a life-size bronze figure of “The
Man Cub,” sculptured by A. Sterling Calder, and beautifully sym¬
bolizing the ideal healthy child basking in the sunlight.

Flanking this pavilion on either side, two screens with wings at
each end provided space for the models, inclined displays, group
exhibits, photographs, “cutouts,” electrical graphs, hand-colored
transparencies and other exhibits.

Upon stands forming an architectural part of the screens were
placed the models and other exhibits that visualized the work of the
Pennsylvania Health Department in school inspection and school
sanitation; the danger of communicable diseases and the value of
vaccination; the protection of water supplies; the safeguarding of

142

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

the highway water supplies by the Department’s traveling labora¬
tories; the danger of water that is merely “clean looking;” the pro¬
tection of our streams by means of modern sewage treatment plants;
the value of sanitary auto camps; the value of sanitation upon the
farm, and the work of the Department in safeguarding Pennsyl¬
vania’s milk supply. An epic of modern medicine was illustrated in
the story of the stamping out of yellow fever.

Dominating the wall back of this exhibit was the large mural
painting by Alice Kent Stoddard, designed to symbolize Pennsyl¬
vania’s interest in the integrity of the family. Health very naturally
formed a corner stone — the foundation upon which well-being
rests.

Throughout the period of the Exposition the State Health De¬
partment had two uniformed nurses in attendance at the Health
Exhibit. These nurses and the supervising engineers aroused in the
visitors to the exhibit a living interest in health conservation.

Health Week was observed by the Pennsylvania Health Depart¬
ment from October 11 to 16, inclusive, as a week of special exhibits
and demonstrations, this week coinciding with the convention in
Philadelphia of the Medical Society of the State of Pennsylvania.

The story of how Pennsylvania is solving its social problem was
graphically told by the exhibit of the Pennsylvania Department of
Welfare.

An old-time prison with heavily barred windows provided a
setting for several features of the exhibit. Looking through the
gates of this jail of the past one saw a model in miniature of a
penitentiary of the present day. A cell to the left showed the figure
of a dejected prisoner of former days, confined in twenty- four hour
idleness, and in a cell to the right was a contrasting figure, a prisoner
at usual employment.

In one end of the structure were illustrated the old and new
methods of caring for mental patients, as glimpsed through outside
door and window. In the other end, similarly placed, was an oc¬
cupational therapy exhibit, with loom ready for operation and a
display of some varieties of the handwork made in occupational
therapy classes.

In cases along the aisle of the Welfare section were three plaster
architectural models, each telling some part of the welfare story.
One showed the central building of a state school for mental de¬
fectives ; another a modern county home — the kind that is replacing
the poorhouse of the past. A third model depicted the evolution of
child welfare work from the old-style one building orphanage to the
more modern cottage institution. The final contrast in this model

Pennsylvania’s building and exhibits

143

was given by a village in which destitute children are cared for in
foster families. In this village are the homes of the widows whose
families are held together through Mothers’ Assistance.

On the wall above the exhibit was a large map of Pennsylvania
showing the extent and distribution of the various welfare activities
of the State.

One exhibit displayed the products of Prison Labor, with such
products contributed as are made in the workshops in State peni¬
tentiaries and reformatories.

Activities of Pennsylvania as it functions in meeting the con¬
stitutional and legislative obligations imposed upon it for education
were portrayed in the educational exhibit in the south wing of the
building.

The old log school house of 1776 was illustrated by a model
built of cedar. The forest formed a background of this early school.
In the foreground was a meadow and a cleared ungraded area, the
whole scene depicting the rural setting of this early school. Within
this log school house could be seen the benches, the dunce stool and
cap, the primitive stove for heating and the meager equipment of
the school of this period as compared with the present concept of
instruction facilities.

Contrasted to this early log school was a model of a two-story
elementary school building. In the foreground was a modern play¬
ground equipped with swings, swimming pool, athletic field and
apparatus for play activities. Ornamental shrubbery and plants
were in place and pupils engaged in play activities. The whole
presented a concrete representation of the character of modern
elementary school buildings and grounds.

A third model illustrated an early type of high school prevalent in
Pennsylvania in 1837 — a two-story building of frame with gable
roofs and belfry, poorly lighted and with the meager surroundings
so typical of the school sites of the earlier days.

Contrasted to this model stood a large consolidated vocational
school with provision for every convenience and accommodation to
insure the boys and girls of the rural community adequate educa¬
tional opportunity. The building was two stories in height, con¬
tained a modern auditorium for school activities and community
meetings ; a gymnasium for athletic contests and health activities
of the pupils, class rooms and laboratories providing facilities for
instruction and training in home making for the girls, agriculture
and shop activities for the boys, libraries for reference work, and
class rooms for use in the daily program of the school. -

In the distance could be seen the several small one-room school

144

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

buildings from which the pupils now are transported to the school,
and which, consequently, have been abandoned. The whole setting
was illustrative of the evolution of education that has taken place
in many communities of Pennsylvania from the one-room school
with its limited program of studies to the consolidated vocational
school with a program of studies adapted to the needs of the boys
and girls of Pennsylvania’s rural communities.

The large central figure of the exhibit was a modern junior-senior
high school, typifying present-day ideas of good school architec¬
ture as advocated by the Pennsylvania Department of Public In¬
struction with the school grounds developed in keeping with modern
school activities.

The curriculum of the log school represented by the model of
the 1776 period consisted of reading, writing and ciphering. The
curriculum of the early high school represented by the 1837 Ephrata
model consisted of defining, reading, writing, grammar, with exe-
getical exercises; geography, history, arithmetic, algebra, composi¬
tion, rhetoric, map-drawing and the use of globes, elements of
natural philosophy, the Bible. In addition to the above, instruction
was given in bookkeeping, declamation, mensuration, trigonometry,
with application to surveying.

Modern curricular and extra curricular activities were visualized
by continuous motion pictures playing upon four panels above the
models. These motion pictures were a contribution, not only to
exhibition methods, but to educational methods as well.

The special schools owned by the state, the fourteen State Normal
Schools, and the accredited colleges and institutions of Pennsyl¬
vania were brought to the attention of visitors by attractive mounts
on three displayers. Photographs illustrated the grounds and build¬
ings and the specific service which each institution rendered or is
rendering to the Commonwealth.

Many objects were exhibited symbolic of outstanding events in
the history of Pennsylvania and typical of her achievements in in¬
dustry and art. Most of these exhibits were made possible only by
the generosity of their owners.

The details of collecting these special exhibits were in charge of
Dr. H. H. Shenk, of the Pennsylvania State Library, assisted by
the Rev. John Baer Stoudt, of Allentown.

Among the outstanding exhibits in this display were the Charter
of Charles II to William Penn; Penn’s First Charter of Liberties to
the people of Pennsylvania; Penn’s Second Charter of Liberties
to the people of Pennsylvania; famous Indian deeds signed by Iro-

The stately and beautiful India Building , mod¬
eled after the Taj Mahal.

Detail of the India Build-
ing [ showing character¬
istic architectural fea¬
tures.

Pennsylvania’s building and exhibits

145

quois chieftains; letters of Charles II to William Penn, and the
originials of each of Pennsylvania’s Constitutions.

Historical objects were loaned to the Pennsylvania Building by
the Rev. John Baer Stoudt, Allentown; William Montague and
Mrs. Maggie L. Montague, Norristown; Mrs. M. S. Jacobs, Allen¬
town; A. PI. Rice, Bethlehem; Mrs. Barry Holme Jones, Bethle¬
hem; Francis C. Miereau, Fountain Inn, Doylestown; Monroe
County Historical Society, Stroudsburg; Jacob Waidelich, Allen¬
town; the Rev. Simon Sipple, D.D., Allentown; W. A. Herbert
Reider, Reading; Historical Society of the Reformed Church,
United States, Lancaster; Memorial Hall, Fairmount Park, Phila¬
delphia; E. B. Calloway, for the Wayne County Historical Society;
J. V. Thompson, Uniontown; Mrs. Frank B. Black, Meyersdale;
Jacob H. Lynn, Uniontown; Miss Frances Dorrance, Wilkes-
Barre, for the Pennsylvania State Wyoming Historical and Geo¬
logical Society; Henry S. Borneman, Philadelphia; William Pear¬
son, for the Historical Society of Dauphin County; Mrs. Virginia
S. Fendrick, Mercersburg; A. Allen Line, Hamilton Library Asso¬
ciation, Carlisle; Prof. George R. Prowell, for the York County
Historical Society; J. E. Spanmuth, Pottsville; W. N. Schnure,
Selinsgrove; Dr. H. H. Shenk, Pennsylvania State Library; Fran¬
cis D. Brinton. West Chester; Mrs. C. A. Shempp, Williamsport;
B. F. Nead, Harrisburg; and by C. W. Unger, Pottsville; Mrs.
Helen Murray Butler, Milton; Christian Sanderson, West Chester;
Pennsylvania State Library; Secretary of the Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania; Mrs. William Bailey, Harrisburg; Thomas R. Kirsch,
Bryn Mawr; Mrs. Minnie L. Hess, Riegelsville ; A. B. Huey, Rad¬
nor; Hon. Robert von Moschzisker, Philadelphia; W. E. Mathias,
Miss Charlotte Apple and A. Sterling Calder.

Among others who loaned articles for exhibition purposes to the
Pennsylvania Building were: Tinius Olsen, Hoover Vacuum
Cleaner Company, Cherry-Bassett Company, Stiff el-Freeman Safe
Company and Supplee- Wills- Jones Milk Company.

Miss Violet Oakley was completing a set of mural paintings for
the Supreme Court Room in the State Capitol at Harrisburg in
1926. She consented to make these available to the visitors to the
Pennsylvania Building during the Exposition. For this purpose a
panelled room was created of about the same size as the Supreme
Court Room. Miss Oakley informed the Pennsylvania Commis¬
sion that this was “the first time, probably, on record when mural
paintings have been shown in public exhibition in such a perfect
setting before being put in place in their destined and permanent
positions.”

146 SESQUl-CENTENNlAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Included in this room in appropriate cases were the color plates
and manuscript pages of the portfolio, “The Holy Experiment,”
which reproduces the memorable mural paintings by Miss Oakley
in the Governor’s Reception Room and in the Senate Chamber of
the State Capitol at Harrisburg.

This room also made a fitting sanctum for the display of the
originals of Pennsylvania’s Great Charters of Liberty — the William
Penn Charters and each of her Constitutions.

Exposition visitors needed opportunity to rest and to relax. A
series of motion pictures helped to meet this need and to tell the
story of the great resources of Pennsylvania and the work of her
state government. A motion picture room was set aside for this
purpose.

The committee in charge of this matter from its inception was
composed of Clyde L. King, Secretary of the Commonwealth,
Robert Y. Stuart, Secretary of Forests and Waters; Joseph A.
Berrier, Executive Secretary of the Board of Censors ; Dr. Ellen
C. Potter, Secretary of Welfare; Richard H. Lansburgh, Secre¬
tary of Labor and Industry; and Francis B. Haas, Secretary of
Public Instruction. The first three named were constituted an ex¬
ecutive committee in immediate charge.

In one reel, the legislative, judicial and executive branches of the
government were shown in action. Pictures were taken of the
Pennsylvania Senate and the House at work during a special ses¬
sion. Members of the Supreme Court were photographed in session
and the Governor was shown at his desk in cabinet meetings.

The balance of the reels showed Pennsylvania’s matchless re¬
sources in soil, mine and forest, her beautiful scenery, her epoch-
making state roads, the way to health for her citizens, her care of
her helpless, her great charters of liberty, her educational work, the
wild life of her forests and streams, her militia, the state police, the
monuments to her great leaders, and other aspects of the inspiring
record that is Pennsylvania’s.

Miss Martha G. Thomas was designated as official hostess and
the facilities of the building were placed at the disposal of those
organizations that desired to have special community programs or
special celebrations. To this end many special days and weeks were
observed. They included the christening of the building; a special
meeting of the Pennsylvania Legislature, Governor’s Day, con¬
vention of the Council of Catholic Women, Women’s Suffrage Day,
Pennsylvania Day, Conservation Week, Health Week, Educational
Week and a meeting of the Pennsylvania Congress of Parent and
Teachers’ Associations.

147

Pennsylvania’s building and exhibits

Miss Thomas designated assistant hostesses for each week to
aid the hostesses in receiving guests as representative of the State.
Those who thus gave of their time were :

Miss Henriette B. Lyon, Williamsport.
Mrs. Lewis Lawrence Smith, Strafford.
Mrs. Franklin T. Cheney, Philadelphia.
Mrs. Walter Mcllvaine, Downingtown.
Mrs. J. Aubrey Sutton, Ardmore.

Mrs. J. S. C. Harvey, Radnor.

Mrs. William E. Bailey, Harrisburg.
Mrs. George Kunkel, Harrisburg.

Mrs. Maxwell K. Chapman, Scranton.
Mrs. Charles M. Lea, Devon.

Mrs. Walter Jackson Freeman, Phila¬
delphia.

Miss Katharine Hoffman, Lebanon.
Mrs. Walter T. Merrick, Wellsboro.
Mrs. Irwin James, Doylestown.

Mrs. S. Blair Luckie, Chester.

Mrs. Evelyn McDowell, Easton.

Mrs. John W. Hoke, Chambersburg.
Mrs. Maud B. Trescher, Greensburg.
Miss Gertrude MacKinney, Butler.
Mrs. Samuel Semple, Titusville.

Miss H. Jean Crawford, Philadelphia.
Mrs. J. Milton Miller, Reading.

Mrs. John M. Rhey, Carlisle.

Mrs. John W. Wetzel, Carlisle.

Miss Jane Pressly, Erie.

Mrs. Harry Whitney, Kennett Square.
Miss Elizabeth Peele, Lock Haven.
Mrs. Frank A. Kaul, St. Marys.

Mrs. Joseph H. Brinton, Media.

Mrs. Edward W. Biddle, Carlisle.

Mrs. William G. Reagle, Grove City.
Mrs. Isaiah Scheeline, Hollidaysburg.
Miss Sarah Gallaher, Ebensburg.

Mrs. A. P. W. Johnston, Altoona.

Mrs. C. H. Reed, Hollidaysburg.

Mrs. George H. Strawljridge, Bala.
Mrs. H. S. Prentiss Nichols, Philadel¬
phia.

Mrs. Ellen Foster Stone, Philadelphia.
Mrs. George D. Feidt, Philadelphia.
Dr. Laura H. Carnell, Philadelphia.
Miss Anna B. Pratt, Philadelphia.

Mrs. Olin F. McCormick.

Mrs. John Y. Huber, Jr., Ardmore.
Mrs. Renslow P. Sherer.

Mrs. Francis R. Strawbridge, Philadel¬
phia.

Mrs. Ezra Lehman, Shippensburg.

Mrs. Henry H. Perry, Bryn Mawr.
Miss Hannah J. McCoy, Lewistown.
Mrs. Joseph S. Francis, Philadelphia.
Mrs. Sylvester J. Parrott, Philadelphia.
Mrs. Thomas Ross, Doylestown.

Mrs. H. Leroy Kister, Doylestown.
Mrs. Charles E. Martin, Wayne.

Miss Mary Erskine, Chambersburg.
Mrs. George S. Seltzer, Philadelphia.
Mrs. William McHose Boyer, Reading.

Mrs. Harry D. Levengood, Reading.
Mrs. Raymond Schultz, Reading.

Mrs. Sherman C. Dietzler, Lebanon.
Mrs. Edith Miehle, Pottsville.

Mrs. Benjamin Hazard, Philadelphia.
Mrs. Herman Blum, Philadelphia.

Mrs. Gertrude Christian, Philadelphia.
Mrs. W. W. Miller, Wellsboro.

Mrs. Ralph Savin, Philadelphia.

Mrs. Samuel Russell, Jr., Philadelphia.
Mrs. John R. Davies, Blossburg.

Mrs. Lee Kohler, Westfield.

Miss Edith Lewis, Wellsboro.

Mrs. William Spencer, Erie.

Mrs. John W. Wells, Coudersport.

Mrs. C. L. Clough, Union City.

Miss Anna Woodward, Waterford.

Mrs. Charles W. Ruschenberger, Straf¬
ford.

Mrs. Edgar M. Krug, McConnellsburg.
Miss Margaret Lord, Erie.

Mrs. I. Roberts Comfort, West
Chester.

Mrs. J. W. Potter, Carlisle.

Mrs. John H. Fager, Jr., Harrisburg.
Mrs. Ruter W. Springer, Carlisle.

Mrs. J. K. Stewart, Shippensburg.

Mrs. W. H. McCrea, Newville.

Miss Mary Taggart, Northumberland.
Mrs. E. Page Allinson, West Chester.
Mrs. Frederic L. Clark, Philadelphia.
Mrs. Frederic K. Lundy, Williamsport.
Mrs. Harry L. Cassard, Philadelphia.
Mrs. Samuel D. Warriner, Philadel¬
phia.

Mrs. John G. Harmon, Bloomsburg.
Mrs. Charles W. Hunt, Williamsport.
Mrs. William P. Beeber, Williamsport.
Dr. Anna C. Clark, Scranton.

Mrs. William B. Christine, Scranton.
Mrs. Albert E. Burns, Philadelphia.
Mrs. William E. Wright, Harrisburg.
Miss Annette Bailey, Harrisburg.

Mrs. Lyman D. Gilbert, Harrisburg.
Mrs. Vance C. McCormick, Harrisburg.
Mrs. John W. Reily, Harrisburg.

Miss Mary Reeves, Phoenixville.

Mrs. George T. Butler, Media.

Mrs. William R. Mercer, Doylestown.
Mrs. Owen J. Roberts, Philadelphia.
Mrs. James Starr, Jr., Philadelphia.
Mrs. Charles Roberts, Philadelphia.
Mrs. Henry D. Paxson, Philadelphia.
Mrs. Henry F. Page, Philadelphia.
Mrs. Charles Price Maule, Philadel¬
phia.

Mrs. J. Bertram Lippincott, Philadel-
• phia.

148

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Mrs. Joseph B. Hutchinson, Philadel¬
phia.

Mrs. Samuel McClintock Hamill, Phil¬
adelphia.

Mrs. John C. Groome, Philadelphia.

Mrs. Hampton L. Carson, Philadelphia.

Mrs. Howard Butcher, Jr., Ardmore.

Mrs. John Madison Taylor, Philadel¬
phia.

Miss Louise Hortense Snowden, Phila¬
delphia.

Mrs. Charles Stewart Wurts, Philadel¬
phia.

Mrs. James DeW. Cookman, Philadel¬
phia.

Mrs. William W. Porter, Philadelphia.

Miss Esther Montgomery, Williams¬
port.

Miss Florence Dibert, Johnstown.

Miss Anne Demmler, Evans City.

Mrs. G. L. Hamm, Slippery Rock.

Mrs. R. C. Wiggins, Butler.

Mrs. Charles Long, Wilkes-Barre.

Mrs. Lucretia L. Blankenburg, Phila¬
delphia.

Mrs. Rogers Combs, Whitford.

Mrs. Richard Newlin, Whitford.

Mrs. J. Claude Bedford, Philadelphia.
Mrs. John M. Ogden, Swarthmore.
Mrs. David Riesman, Philadelphia.
Mrs. Stanley Yarnell, Philadelphia.
Mrs. Arthur H. Lea, Philadelphia.
Miss Margaret McK. Wilcox, Cynwyd.

Guards were provided to protect the valuable exhibits in the
building. The guides chosen were members of the Pennsylvania
State Police Department, selected by Major Lynn G. Adams for
their special fitness for this work. They were provided with special
uniforms.

The guides were Sergeant Albert F. Dahlstrom, Troop E; Cor¬
poral William R. Kane, Troop C; Corporal Joseph F. Schmidt,
Troop D; and Privates Joseph J. Conwell and Clarence W. Gess,
of Troop A, Jacob E. Hess and Charles D. Santee of Troop B,
Charles G. Rodgers and M. A. Sapiego of Troop C, Marion E. Lott
and James E. Davis of Troop D, and William A. Miller and Russell
W. Frutchey of Troop E.

Those who furnished material for the exhibit of the Depart¬
ment of Labor and Industry were:

Acorn Glove Company, Palm.
American Nickel Corporation, Clear¬
field. Animal Trap Company of
America, Lititz. American Chain Com¬
pany, Inc., Braddock and York. Amer¬
ican Sheet & Tin Plate Company,
Pittsburgh. Armstrong Cork Com¬
pany, Pittsburgh. Armstrong Cork
Company, Linoleum Division, Lancas¬
ter. American Pulley Company, Phila¬
delphia. Atwater Kent Manufacturing
Company, Philadelphia. Aluminum
Company of America, Pittsburgh.
Atlas Portland Cement Company,
Northampton. American Lime &
Stone Company, Bellefonte. Autocar
Company, Philadelphia. Atmore and
Son, Philadelphia. American Steel
and Wire Company, Pittsburgh. Wm.
Ayres and Sons, Inc., Philadelphia.
Abraham Cox Company, Philadel¬
phia.

Berkshire Knitting Mills, Reading.

Brown Engineering Company, Read¬
ing. Bethlehem Steel Corporation,
Bethlehem. The George W. Blabon
Company, Philadelphia. The Bald¬
win Locomotive Works, Philadelphia.
Blystone Manufacturing Company,
Cambridge Springs. The Bell Tele¬
phone Company of Pennsylvania, Phil¬
adelphia. Buek and Company, Phila¬
delphia. Blaisdell Pencil Company,
Philadelphia. D. Bacon Company,
Harrisburg. The J. G. Brill Company,
Philadelphia. Brilliant Manufacturing
Company, Philadelphia. Belber Trunk
& Bag Company, Philadelphia. Bryce
Brothers Company, Mt. Pleasant.
Berkley Knitting Company, Philadel¬
phia. Buckwalter Stove Company,
Royersford. Breyer Ice Cream Com¬
pany, Philadelphia.

Conestoga Cotton Mills, Lancaster.
Cadet Knitting Company, Philadelphia.
Carnegie Steel Company, Pittsburgh.

Pennsylvania’s building and exhibits

149

The John Call Company, Philadelphia.
Cochrane Corporation, Philadelphia.
Congoleum Company, Inc., Philadel¬
phia. Craftex Mills, Inc., Philadelphia.
The Penn Chemical Company, Phila¬
delphia. Cold Blast Feather Com¬
pany, Philadelphia. The Carpenter
Steel Company, Reading. Congress
Cigar Company, Philadelphia.

Devine and Yungel Shoe Mfg. Com¬
pany, Harrisburg. Diamond State
Fibre Company, Bridgeport. Delta
File Works, Philadelphia.

Edison Lamp Works, Scranton.
The E. T. Shoe Company, Elizabeth¬
town. The Electric Storage Battery
Company, Philadelphia. Otto Eisen-
lohr & Bros., Philadelphia. The En¬
terprise Mfg. Company of Penna.,
Philadelphia.

Follmer, Clogg & Company, Lan¬
caster. S. B. & B. W. Fleisher, Inc.,
Philadelphia. Fels and Company, Phil¬
adelphia. Freihofer Baking Com¬
pany, Philadelphia. Frank H. Fleer
Corporation, Philadelphia. Franklin
Cushion & Drapery Company, Phila¬
delphia. R. T. French Company, Phil¬
adelphia.

^ P. H. Glatfelter Company, Spring
Grove. The Griswold Manufacturing
Company, Erie.

The Hubley Manufacturing Com¬
pany, Lancaster. Hays Manufactur¬
ing Company, Erie. Hires-Turner
Glass Company, Philadelphia. The W.
O. Hickok Manufacturing Company,
Harrisburg. H. J. Heinz Company,
Pittsburgh. Hammermill Paper Com¬
pany, Erie. Harrisburg Pipe & Pipe
Bending Company, Harrisburg. Hazard
Manufacturing Company, Wilkes-
Barre. Hardwick and Magee Com¬
pany, Philadelphia. Hazel-Atlas Glass
Company, Washington. Hershey Choc¬
olate Corporation, Hershey. Charles
H. Hires Company, Philadelphia. Hus¬
ton Manufacturing Company, Chester.
Hess Manufacturing Company, Phila¬
delphia. Hamilton Watch Company,
Lancaster. Hughes and Bradley Com¬
pany, Philadelphia.

Impression Products Company,
Pittsburgh. Individual Drinking Cup
Company, Easton. International Motor
Company, Allentown. International
Mica Company, Philadelphia.

Jackson Manufacturing Company,
Harrisburg. Jones & Laughlin, Pitts¬
burgh.

Klein Chocolate Company, Inc.,
Elizabethtown. Keasbey & Mattison
Company, Ambler. Keystone Lantern

Company, Tacony, Philadelphia. Ken-
nett Canning Company, Ken nett
Square.

W. W. Lawrence & Company, Pitts¬
burgh. Landis Machine Company,
Waynesboro. James Lees & Sons
Company, Bridgeport. The Lehigh
Portland Cement Company, Allentown.
Link Belt Company, Philadelphia. Ly¬
coming Rubber Company, Williams¬
port. The Lorain Steel Company,
Johnstown. Leedom and Company,
Bristol. John T. Lewis & Bros. Com¬
pany, Philadelphia. Lehigh Silk
Hosiery Mills, Inc., Philadelphia. Wm.
H. Luden, Inc., Reading. David Lup-
ton’s Sons Company, Philadelphia.

Moorehead Knitting Company, Har¬
risburg. H. K. Mulford Company,
Philadelphia. Moore Push-Pin Com¬
pany, Philadelphia. Martex Towel
Company, Philadelphia. The Midvale
Company, Philadelphia. McCrosky
Tool Corporation, Meadville. Mate
Corporation of America, York.

North Bros. Manufacturing Com¬
pany, Philadelphia. National Tube
Company, Pittsburgh. The Narrow
Fabric Company, Reading. New York
Wire Cloth Company, York. National
Slate Association, Philadelphia. North¬
ern Equipment Company, Erie. Nice
Ball Bearing Company, Nicetown,
Philadelphia. The New Jersey Zinc
Company, Palmerton, Pennsylvania.

Oehrle Bros. Company, Philadelphia.
Orinoka Mills, Philadelphia.

Philadelphia Tapestry Mills, Phila¬
delphia. Pittsburgh Plate Glass Com¬
pany, Pittsburgh. Page Steel and
Wire Company, Monessen. Penna.
Canners Association, New Freedom.
The Pfaltzgraff Pottery Company,
York. Planters Nut & Chocolate Com¬
pany, Wilkes-Barre. Pine Tree Silk
Mill, Philadelphia. Pioneer Suspender
Company, Philadelphia. Penna. Salt
Manufacturing Company, Philadelphia.
Philadelphia Storage Battery Com¬
pany, Philadelphia. Mr. Joseph Pen¬
nell, Philadelphia. Fayette R. Plumb,
Inc., Philadelphia.

Quaker City Quality Cracker Com¬
pany, Philadelphia.

Reading Steel Casting Company,
Reading. Reading Hardware Com¬
pany, Reading. C. A. Reed Company,
Williamsport. Ruud Manufacturing
Company, Philadelphia. Reymer and
Brothers, Pittsburgh. The Robertson
Company, Pittsburgh. A. J. Reach
Company, Philadelphia. Wm. Ritter
and Brother, Philadelphia. Thos. D.
Richardson & Company, Philadelphia.

150 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Roseman Bros., Inc., Philadelphia.
Geo. Royle and Company, Philadel¬
phia.

Stehli Silks Corporation, Lancaster.
Shappard and Myers, Inc., Hanover.
Scott Paper Company, Chester. J. B.
Stetson Company, Philadelphia. Swift
and Company, Harrisburg. R. F.
Sedgley, Inc., Philadelphia. Smaltz-
Goodwin Company, Philadelphia. Sau-
quoit Silk Manufacturing Company,
Philadelphia. Simplex Radio Com¬
pany, Philadelphia. Schoenhut Com¬
pany, Philadelphia. A. W. Straub
Company, Philadelphia.

Tinius Olsen Testing Machine Com¬
pany, Philadelphia.

U. S. Glass Company, Pittsburgh.
The Union Switch & Signal Company,
. Swissvale. U. S. Refractories Cor¬
poration, Mount Union. U. S. Sand
Paper Company, Williamport.

Vanity Fair Silk Mills, Reading. The
Viscose Company, Marcus Hook and
Lewistown.

Westinghouse Air Brake Company,
Pittsburgh. Willson Goggles, Inc.,
Reading. Wolverine Supply & Manu¬
facturing Company, N. S. Pittsburgh.
Westinghouse Electric & Manufactur¬
ing Company, Pittsburgh. Mr. Mathias
Schmidt, Philadelphia. H. O. Wilbur
and Sons, Philadelphia. Westinghouse
Union Battery Company, . Swissvale.
Stephen F. Whitman and Son, Inc.,
Philadelphia. Wincroft Stove Works,
Middletown. Wetherill and Brother,
Philadelphia. John C. Winston Com¬
pany, Philadelphia. Warren-Knight
Company, Philadelphia. Weaver Piano
Company, Inc., York.

York Safe and Lock Company,
York. York Chemical Works, York.
Mr. Samuel Yellin, Philadelphia.

CHAPTER XII

WOMEN’S PATRIOTIC CONTRIBUTION
By Mrs. J. Willis Martin
Chairman of the Women s Committee

INCEPTION AND ORGANIZATION OF HIGH STREET — FORMATION AND FUNCTIONS OF
WOMEN’S COMMITTEES — ACTIVITIES OF SPECIAL COMMITTEES — BROAD SCOPE OF
WOMEN’S WORK IN INTEREST OF EXPOSITION.

It is impossible in the following history of the activities of the
Women’s Committee to picture completely the unselfish service ren¬
dered by thousands of women drawn together for a patriotic purpose.
Their self-sacrificing zeal and their ioyalty made possible the accom¬
plishment of a glorious task.

The mere mention of High Street, women’s greatest contribution
to the Exposition, will always bring the light of pride into the eyes of
every woman who had any part in it, and it is no exaggeration to say
that as long as the memory of the Exposition survives in the minds
and hearts of the millions who visited it High Street will be perpetu¬
ated.

The making and the organization of High Street began with the
suggestion of the idea to me as the chairman of the Women’s Com¬
mittee by Miss Sarah D. Lowrie one day in the late autumn of 1925.
We carried the project about with us for perhaps two weeks, getting
it focused in our own minds by consultations with various experts on
public opinion and on publicity, with the officials of the Philadelphia
Chapter of Architects under the helpful advice of Mr. Clarence Zant-
zinger and others, and with the mayor and the city engineer, also
with Mr. Fiske Kimball, of the Philadelphia Museum, and certain
artists expert in theatrical stage settings and in the building of scen¬
ery houses for temporary effects.

At the end of that time with the data for a possible historic street
pretty well assorted the suggestion was brought before the Women’s
Committee for a discussion of its merits and possibilities. After a
very full and lively discussion the Committee almost unanimously
endorsed the idea and recommended to the Executive Committee
the funds already promised to the Women’s Committee by that body
should be devoted to the building in replica of a group of historic
houses, no longer in existence in the city, but long known for their
importance in the days of our beginning as a nation.

Very fortunately, as president of the Sesqui-Centennial Exhibition

151

152 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Association, Mayor Kendrick showed himself an energetic backer
of this recommendation of the Women’s Committee, and in a full
meeting the Exposition directors endorsed the project and voted the
women $200,000 to be deposited to the account of their committee
and to be spent, subject to the approval of the Exposition Committee,
on the building of High Street.

The chairman of the Women’s Committee delegated Miss Lowrie
as acting chairman of the High Street committee, with power to
organize the Street and to administer the expenditure of the $200,000
toward its building and equipment, and to organize the groups of
women’s committees which would eventually act as hostesses there
during the period of the Sesqui-Centennial.

All vises on payments for work done, all contracts and all final
decisions were of course subject to the approval of the chairman of
the Women’s Committee before they were reported to that committee
and were endorsed by it for action under the Exposition Executive
Committee. But the fact that for the most part the actual carrying
out of the plan was left in the hands of Miss Lowrie in consultation
with the Women’s Committee chairman simplified the work and
made both the architects’ labors and those of the decorators and sub¬
sequent hostess committees subject to as little general discussion as
possible.

It was evident from the first that the money allotted would not
cover the expense of completing and furnishing and decorating the
interiors of the houses, or of making the gardens. To cover these
necessary items therefore decorating firms were enlisted for patriotic
as well as practical motives to undertake the completion and furnish¬
ing of the interiors at their own expense, and co-operating with them
were the patriotic organizations — the Daughters of the American
Revolution taking the initiative — which subscribed substantial sums
toward the cost of building the rooms, stairways and floors of the
houses. All told, forty different firms or committees were thus en¬
listed to complete the houses or to act as hosts to the general public
in the Street. Considerably over $100,000 was thus privately raised
in one form of gift or another, in furnishings or in interior work or
in hospitality to put the finishing touches to the Street. Apart from
that important series of personal gifts the Exposition eventually
voted $50,000 for maintenance and protection of the Street during
the period of the Exposition in order to insure the opening of all the
houses free of charge to all of the public.

All the preliminary work of organizing the Street was done as a
gift by the committees and by their chairmen under the volunteer
services of Miss Lowrie, the only salaries paid prior to the opening

women’s patriotic contribution

153

of the Street being those of a stenographer and, for one month, an
executive secretary. After the Street was opened to the public a direc¬
tor, a treasurer and a staff of general workers were added to the paid
personnel. But in the main each hostess organization met its own ex¬
penses, the market stall and restaurant paid for themselves, and the
Women’s Committee dues met the publicity cost of guide books and
special occasions. Eventually the business firms which had hand¬
somely decorated the interiors of the houses broke about even on the
expenses entailed, by the orders received for furniture, etc., although,
except for the market stalls and the Indian Queen restaurant and the
Puppet Theatre no sales were permitted on the Street.

Too much credit for the beauty of the Street could not be given to
R. Brognard Okie and Bissell & Sinkler, architects, whose knowledge
and care of details and acumen as to general effects gave the whole
grouping a semblance of reality and of historical value which was as
distinguished as it was beautiful. The Book of the Street written by
Mrs. Seymour De Witt Ludlum and Miss Lowrie gives the person¬
nel of the committees and an historical sketch of the houses. Due to
the very able directorship of Mrs. Henriques Crawford, the directress
of the Street from its opening until its closing day, all the prepara¬
tions of those who initiated and carried out the idea were amply
justified.

How the Women’s Committee came into being and the manner
and methods of its functioning are described in the report of Mrs.
Wilmer Ivrusen, secretary of the committee, which is drawn upon
for data included here.

The Women’s Committee was formed at a tea on October 16,
1925, when one hundred women appointed by Mayor Kendrick met
at the invitation of Mrs. J. Willis Martin. Mayor Kendrick an¬
nounced that Mrs. Martin had consented to become the leader of a
Women’s Board.

On December 14, 1925, the board elected executive officers who
served continuously until the close of the Exposition. Meetings were
held thereafter every Monday morning for more than a year and it
was amazing how large a number of women attended regularly. At
a special meeting held in Independence Hall on February 8, 1926, it
was decided to expand into a large general committee. Mrs. Edward
W. Biddle was elected first vice-chairman and the membership was
eventually increased to more than two thousand. Forty-odd sub¬
committees were formed, many of which functioned until the close of
the Sesqui-Centennial.

The board held nine regular meetings before it was expanded into
a large general committee which was formed through the city and

154 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

state and other nearby states. This committee held thirty sessions,
meeting weekly, first at the Bellevue- Stratford Hotel and later at the
Friends’ Meeting House in High Street.

A small office in the main headquarters at Sixth and Chestnut
Streets was assigned to the Committee and Mrs. Elmer E. Melick
was placed in charge. This office was maintained until spring when
it was removed to the Administration Building near the Sesqui-Cen-
tennial grounds. At the same time the Women’s Committee also
opened an office in the Bellevue- Stratford which was maintained at
its own expense. When High Street was completed another auxiliary
office was opened there for the benefit of Exposition visitors and in
order to carry on the hospitality work of the Women’s Committee.
These three offices with their executive secretaries and many volun¬
teer workers were maintained until the close of the Exposition. Mrs.
Melick was always the liaison officer between the Women’s Commit¬
tee and the department heads of the Sesqui-Centennial and attended
all departmental meetings. Through the office in the general admin¬
istration headquarters thousands of letters, circulars, etc., were issued
giving information to a very wide public.

Bulletins describing the women’s plans and activities were sent to
every woman’s organization throughout Pennsylvania, and many
thousands of women outside of the state came in contact with the
Women’s Committee through this department. Mrs. George Horace
Lorimer, as chairman of the States’ Committee, sent out publicity to
all the states, which bore fruit.

It was at an early meeting of the Committee that a resolution was
passed and sent to the board of directors urging the postponement of
the Exposition until 1927. The Women’s Committee at a later time
voted to have the Exposition kept open on Sunday.

One of the first activities of the women in the Sesqui-Centennial
program was the subscription campaign headed by Mrs. Elizabeth
Altemus Eastman co-operating with the chairman of the men’s com¬
mittee. Through the energy and earnestness of Mrs. Eastman’s com¬
mittee many subscriptions were obtained from women in their homes
who had not before been interested in the Exposition. The committee
worked in teams, covered theatres, moving-picture houses, hotels,
railroad stations and was active in house-to-house canvassing.

The membership committee, headed by Mrs. James Starr, prepared
and sent out more than fifteen thousand circular letters which were
distributed through the national, state and county women’s organiza¬
tions to their entire membership. This committee also had charge of
the issuing of a folder postcard of High Street, many thousands of
which were distributed. It also was given the responsibility of order-

women’s patriotic contribution

155

ing the insignia of the Women’s Committee and the supervision of
their distribution. Speeches were made by members of the commit¬
tee on all possible occasions before audiences far and near to awaken
interest in the Sesqui-Centennial and to give publicity to the plans of
the general work of the women.

Mrs. Nathaniel Keay and Mrs. John C. Groome arranged the pro¬
gram for the New Year’s Eve celebration, ushering in the Sesqui-
Centennial year, when girls who were descendants of the Signers of
the Declaration of Independence, dressed in the costumes of their
ancestors, acted as aides to Mrs. Kendrick, wife of the Mayor of
Philadelphia, as she sounded the Liberty Bell which had been silent
for more than ninety years.

On Washington’s Birthday, 1926, distinguished women from the
Thirteen Original States were the guests of the Women’s Committee
in Philadelphia, first at a luncheon in their honor in the house of the
Colonial Dames and later in Carpenters’ Hall at a re-enactment of
the Second Continental Congress in the exact setting of the original
assembly. This was in the form of a one-act play which was admir¬
ably presented by the Swarthmore Players.

Another patriotic celebration was successfully accomplished
through the co-operation of the committee of which Mrs. Alexander
Patton was chairman with the National Gardeners’ Association in
the planting of trees in Independence Square to commemorate the
Thirteen Original States. It was attended by the governors of these
states or their representatives, and also by Mrs. Brosseau, President
General of the Daughters of the American Revolution.

The speakers’ bureau might be more properly termed the “propa¬
ganda bureau,’’ for its field of labor embraced all avenues of publicity
to popularize the Sesqui-Centennial. The chairman, Mrs. Edward
Beecher Finck, had already made many speeches during Mayor
Moore’s administration for the general committee. During Mayor
Kendrick’s presidency of the Sesqui-Centennial speeches were made
daily by Mrs. Finck and her committee in theatres, clubs and indus¬
trial plants in order to forward the sale of Participation Certificates.
Later weekly radio speeches were made from Gimbel’s, Lit’s, Straw-
bridge & Clothier’s, and from the radio studio in the Sesqui-Centen¬
nial Auditorium. Addresses were made at conventions and other
meetings. All requests for speakers were promptly filled in Philadel¬
phia and elsewhere, including Illinois, Connecticut, New York and
the District of Columbia.

The committee on extension, of which Mrs. William E. Lingel-
bach was chairman, sent letters to the directors of summer schools
throughout the country urging that the educational, historical and

156 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

patriotic significance of the Sesqui-Centennial be brought to the at¬
tention of teachers and students. A poster was also sent to each of
these summer schools, and one arranged for by Mrs. Joseph N. Snell-
enburg was used to great advantage.

From June to November Mrs. Grace Porter Hopkins, chairman
of the publicity committee, supplied interesting stories of High Street
and other matters to the Associated Press. The daily papers in forty-
eight states carried accounts of High Street. In addition, descriptive
and illustrated articles were published in various magazines.

The special work undertaken by the historical committee, of which
Mrs. Hampton L. Carson was chairman, was the preparation and
publishing of two historical booklets : “Colonial Walks in Old Phila¬
delphia” and “Historical Trails from Philadelphia;” the placing of
signs on historic buildings, and the furnishing of historical informa¬
tion. It was the aim of this committee to visualize to visiting stran¬
gers the City of Philadelphia and its surroundings as they were in
1776. This they did splendidly in their historical booklets, the com¬
piling of which entailed much patient effort.

The Book of the Street, by Miss Lowrie and Mrs. Ludlum, was
not only used as a guide by visitors to the Exposition, but thousands
of copies have been read by people who never visited the Sesqui-Cen¬
tennial and many other copies have found their way into libraries
abroad.

“The City We Visit,” by Anna Robeson Burr, gave a vivid picture
of Philadelphia and the people assembled there in 1776 and had
charm all its own.

“Places of Interest in Philadelphia,” compiled by Mrs. Robert
Girvin and her committee; a “Selected List of Books” dealing with
the American Colonial and Revolutionary periods, prepared by Wil¬
liam Homer Ames and Mrs. Edward W. Biddle, so greatly appreci¬
ated by libraries and historical societies it went through several edi¬
tions; “Historic Germantown by Motor Bus,” a pamphlet prepared
by Mrs. Henry D. Paxson and her committee ; and a “Brief Guide to
Various Exhibits,” by Mrs. Martin, are only a few of the splendid
contributions of the women to the literature of the Exposition. Be¬
sides these special books small circulars and folders were printed by
the committee responsible for each house on High Street, giving in¬
teresting data as to furniture and other items. A collection of post
cards and other historical books and brochures was on sale in the
Quill Book Shop at the Market House, while the official artist of the
Women’s Committee, Miss Arrah Lee Gaul, painted a series of sixty
pictures of the interiors and exteriors and vistas of the Street. These,
with the drawings, plans and photographs which the architects pos¬
sess constitute a valuable historical record for future use.

women’s patriotic contribution

157

In Independence Hall, the most sacred shrine of our nation, more
than 500,000 visitors were received from June 15 to December 1.
During this time four hundred members of the Women’s Commit¬
tee and their friends served as hostesses under the chairmanship of
Mrs. Joseph M. Caley, with Mrs. J. Somers Smith as vice- chairman,
and were on duty every day including Sundays. These women were
members of the Colonial Dames, the Daughters of the American
Revolution, the Germantown Women’s Club and the Shakespeare-
Hathaway Club. Many notable personages and important delegations
were received by this committee at Independence Hall, including
President and Mrs. Coolidge, General Umberto Nobile, hero of the
Norge flight to the North Pole, and Commander Byrd, who was the
first aviator to reach the Pole. Commander Byrd remarked the
weather on the day of his reception was so hot he wished he were
back at the North Pole.

One of the most worthwhile pieces of work undertaken by the
Women’s Committee was the holding of a charming and interesting
loan exhibition of rare Chippendale furniture in Mount Pleasant
Mansion in Fairmount Park through the co-operation of the Penn¬
sylvania Museum and the Fairmount Park Commission with a com¬
mittee of the Women’s Committee under Mrs. Harrold Gillingham.

This committee was able to secure for exhibition rare pieces of
furniture, china, portraits and so forth which had never before been
exhibited and people from many states were able to enjoy this col¬
lection. It was the beginning of the restoration of the old mansions
in Fairmount Park with their original pieces of furniture which in
the course of a few years will be completed and of invaluable interest
to those who wish to see antique furniture in its proper setting. A
complete catalogue of the pieces on exhibition at Mount Pleasant was
prepared by Mrs. Gillingham and an invitation to the opening of the
exhibition was made on a playing card such as was used during the
early days in this country.

Under the direction of Mrs. Chloe A. McCann twenty-five motor
bus tours were made to Historic Germantown. These trips started
from the Historical Society, where Dr. Montgomery gave cordial
co-operation. All points of historic interest were visited and the
trips ended at the Germantown Women’s Club where tea was served.
Hundreds of persons took advantage of these trips and the guests
represented every State of the Union as well as England, France,
Belgium and Germany.

Notable in the activities of the Women’s Committee was the es¬
tablishment and maintenance of information booths in the railroad
stations, the leading hotels, City Hall courtyard and the Sesqui-Cen-
tennial grounds under the direction of Mrs. J. Clifford Jones and

158 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

her committee. Over 40,000 inquiries were received; 25,000 pieces
of free literature distributed and 10,000 books and pamphlets sold.
Mrs. Jones made daily visits to these stations and gathered statistics
in order to compile the information most desired.

Mrs. James E. Gibson had charge of the thirty-two historical in¬
formation stations established throughout the state. The official
flag, which was a replica of the Washington Headquarters’ flag, flew
from each of these stations and a local committee distributed litera¬
ture and information. This was the greatest state-wide piece of
work done by the Women’s Committee.

The Women’s Committee did not confine its activities to the Ses-
qui-Centennial alone but promoted interest in other civic needs which
developed in connection with the Exposition. One of the outstand¬
ing objects of concern was the condition of the streets of Philadel¬
phia, especially in the vicinity of the Sesqui-Centennial grounds.
The work done by Mrs. Magoffin and her committee resulted in a
meeting with the mayor and other city officials in an endeavor to
make permanent some of the improvements which had been tried
out.

Early in August the Women’s Committee received from A. H.
Geuting, President of the Market Street Business Men’s Association,
the request of his organization that the Women’s Committee co¬
operate v/ith it in devising a plan for the improvement of the out¬
ward appearance of Market Street.

In response to that request the following recommendations were
made to Mr. Geuting for the consideration of his organization :

1. Removal from the street of all mendicants, street fakirs and
sidewalk merchants.

2. Removal of all overhanging signs. They are unlawful if
they extend more than two feet over the sidewalk. (See
ordinance passed March 29, 1895, in book of city ordinances
of that year.) The unsightliness of such advertising is set
forth in the photograph enclosed. Until they are removed
any improvement in the outward appearance of Market
Street is impossible of achievement.

3. The making of a determined effort to rid Market Street
of fake business concerns, and where the law is inadequate
to accomplish that, to request the City Council to enact such
measures as will outlaw them.

4. Stimulating of a keen general interest in the Street: — that
is in its cleanliness, good paving, tasteful painting of exte¬
riors and promotion of its architectural beauty.

159

women’s patriotic contribution

5. Employment by your committee of an expert on street im¬
provement to make a survey and submit recommendations.

(Signed) Gertrude B. Biddle,

(Mrs. Edward W. Biddle),
Chairman of Committee on Recommendations
The music committee under the chairmanship of Mrs. Frederick
Abbott provided for High Street through the Philadelphia Music
Club singers, song sheets and a cornetist on several Sunday after¬
noons — and a quartette for the Daughters of Founders and Patriots
of America. The Women’s Committee gave cups and rings as
second and third places in the National Interstate Students’ Contest.

CHAPTER XIII

HIGH STREET, THE MEMORABLE
By Mrs. J. Willis Martin
Chairman of the Women's Committee

OFFICIAL OPENING — VISIT OF PRESIDENT AND MRS. COOLIDGE — PAGEANTS — TEAS — IN¬
TERNATIONAL COLLECTION OF DOLLS — ENTERTAINMENT OF GOVERNORS — PRESENTA¬
TIONS OF STATE FLAGS — HOUSES OF HIGH STREET — GARDENS OF HIGH STREET.

June 5, 1926, marked a great day in the history of the Women’s
Committee, for it was then that High Street was officially opened and
the Mayor of Philadelphia received the keys of the Town Hall from
the chairman of the Women’s Committee. Undaunted by the constant
threat of rain, High Street opened its historic portals to the Mayor
and hundreds of guests when the dedication exercises were carried on
amid quaint scenes typical of revolutionary days. A Colonial Band,
each member in the costume of a revolutionary soldier with powdered
wig and knee breeches, played stirring music, as the procession led
by the Mayor and members of the Women’s Committee, many of
them in costume, marched through the street from the Market House
to the Town Hall. A women’s choir under the direction of Miss
Martha Barry sang the hymn, “Oh, God, Our Help in Ages Past.”
This was followed by a prayer of dedication and by the address of the
chairman in presenting the key of the Street to the Mayor, who
accepted it on behalf of the Sesqui-Centennial Exhibition Associa¬
tion. The ceremony concluded with a “march past” of the 40 com¬
mittees of the Street in honor of the chairman. The exercises were
under the direction of Mr. Charles S. Morgan, Jr., in charge of
Street pageants.

The next great event was on the Fourth of July, when the Presi¬
dent and Mrs. Coolidge were received by the Women’s Committee as
they drove through the Street. Twenty-two governors and ten for¬
eign notables were also received on High Street during the Exposi¬
tion.

Sesqui-Centennial visitors always looked forward to the pageants
given on High Street on Wednesday afternoons, when the descen¬
dant of a family distinguished in Revolutionary days in Chester
drove an old one-horse chaise through the Street. And the daily per¬
formance of the marionettes and the moving pictures in the Little
Theatre added a constant note of gaiety to the Street. The frequent
appearances of the old town crier who called attention to the theatri-

160

High Street is thronged on Central High
School Day as Philadelphia’ s younger
generation listens to a patriotic address
by Dr. John L. Haney, Principal.

HIGH STREET, THE MEMORABLE

161

cal performances and who helped to locate lost children were among
the delightful events of the Street. He made the visitors feel that
they were truly living in pre-Revolutionary times.

The presentations of state flags at the Slate Roof House, under
Mrs. George Horace Lorimer, as chairman, where the states’ repre¬
sentatives were received and bands played, were notable occasions for
all visitors to the Street.

Teas were given by the various civic and social organizations act¬
ing as hostesses in the different houses and gardens of the Street.
More than ten thousand persons were guests at these entertainments.
Twenty-four hundred women acted as hostesses in the houses of
High Street during the Exposition. These were members of the
Women’s Committee and their friends, and represented also nearly
every women’s organization in the city.

In order to insure all visitors a welcome, Mrs. John C. Groome and
her committee kept the entrances and gardens of High Street sup¬
plied with the hostesses wdiose duty it wTas to graciously direct the
visitors and make them feel at home.

The popularity of the Street can only be gauged by the crowds who
visited the various houses and filled the Street day after day. The
only data available on which to estimate the total number showed that
more than one thousand persons passed through one house in one
hour.

The great success of this project was due, not only to the organiza¬
tion of the Street, but to the unfailing loyalty and support of every
member of the Women’s Committee, the generosity of public spirited
citizens who furnished from their personal belongings in homes and
business houses the original antiques and the replicas which were the
marvel of visiting connoisseurs; the wonderfully realistic effects
obtained by the genius of the architects and finally the co-operation
and support of Mayor and Mrs. Kendrick and the directors and offi¬
cials of the Sesqui-Centennial.

High Street was made up of twenty houses, the Market Place and
Town Hall. The houses were as follows :

Slate Roof House
Girard Counting House
Girard House
Little Wooden House
Loxley House
First Infirmary
Society Store House
Franklin Print Shoppe

States’ Committee in charge
Associated Charities
Foreign Committee
War Mothers

Federation of Women’s Clubs
National Society of 1812
National League of Women Voters
Public Ledger Company

162

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Blacksmith Shop

The Dame School
Friends’ Meeting House
Indian Queen Inn
Log Cabin

Office of Foreign Affairs
Shippen House
Jefferson House
Morris House
Washington House
Little Theatre
(Washington Stables)

Pennsylvania Society of New England
Women

Philadelphia Teachers’ Association
Society of Friends — both branches
Emergency Aid of Pennsylvania

Used as office by Director of the Street
Good Housekeeping Magazine
Southern Committee
Headquarters of Women’s Committee
Under the D. A. R.

Art Alliance

The High Street Gardens, under the supervision of the nearby
Garden Clubs, Mrs. Thomas Newhall, chairman, were not only the
admiration of thousands of visitors but proved to be resting places
full of delight to many a weary sightseer.

A replica of the Old Market Place greeted visitors as they entered
High Street. Here was housed one of the most interesting and
unique collection of dolls gathered from all parts of the world by
Mrs. Henry Sheip. In addition to these each of the forty-eight states,
through the president of its State Federation of Women’s Clubs, sent
a doll representing some outstanding historical person in the state’s
history. This doll exhibit was under the auspices of the Temple Uni¬
versity Women’s Club and was ably presided over by Mrs. Walter C.
Hancock, its chairman.

On either side of the Market Place were the stalls from which one
could buy merchandise ranging from a tallow dip to the latest novel,
from handsome antiques for the home to the most modern of furni¬
ture for dolls’ houses. The Junior League of Philadelphia had the
Market in general supervision under the chairmanship of Mrs. Joseph
Rollins.

It was on the steps of the Market Place that the War Mothers
stood on Armistice Day while a bugler from the Girl Scouts played
taps and the Street, lined on both sides with the visitors who had left
the houses for this “Period of Silence,” stood in reverent devotion.
This simple ceremony in commemoration of the War heroes was one
of the most impressive held on the Street.

From June to October Mrs. William Hesse sold over five thousand
copies of the Book of the Street on the Market Place porch. Mrs.
Hesse proved a veritable information bureau to the thousands of
grateful visitors.

HIGH STREET, THE MEMORABLE

163

Slate Roof House under the auspices of the States’ Committee,
Mrs. George Horace Lorimer, chairman, was the scene of many
charming functions during the Exposition. Governors from twenty-
two states were entertained here.

A large map of the United States hung on the wall and visitors
from every state in the Union registered by placing a red, white and
blue pin in their home state — thus the attendance could be ascertained
at a glance. State Days were observed with the governor or his repre¬
sentatives from the states participating in the ceremonies. Each state
presented its official flag and at the close of the Exposition these flags
were turned over to the City of Philadelphia. The manifold activities
centering in the Slate Roof House are described in the report of Mrs.
George Horace Lorimer as chairman of the States’ Committee.

The governor of each state, in compliance with the request of the
States’ Committee, appointed two women to represent the women of
that state on this committee. In conference with these appointees,
plans were made whereby the women of all the states could have a
part in the work of the Sesqui-Centennial. The committee concen¬
trated on two ideas. The appointees in each state were asked, in con¬
ference with their governor, to set a day when the governor and his
wife and representatives from the state would come to the Sesqui-
Centennial and present their state flag with fitting ceremonies in the
Slate Roof House, and second, the governor’s appointees were asked
to choose, by popular vote, and to send to the committee the names of
four women in their state who during the past fifty years had con¬
tributed most to the progress of women in art, music, literature and
civics.

The house itself was a replica of the home of William Penn at
Second and Sansom Streets. Experts furnishing it were persuaded
to reproduce the interior and furnish the rooms so that the house was
of interest in itself as well as for the events which took place there.
The furniture consisted of genuine old pieces dating from about
1660.

A formal ceremony was arranged for the presentation of each state
flag. Whenever possible the quaint old-fashioned garden of the Slate
Roof House was used as a setting. While the Army, the Navy or
the Marine Band played, the governor of the visiting state, his aides
and suite, and the distinguished guests from that state entered the
garden and took seats in the center of the semi-circle around the sun
dial. With them sat the two women appointees of the governor and
the four outstanding women of the state if they were present. Just
behind the governor stood the “color guard,’’ four uniformed men,
at attention until the close of the ceremony.

164 sesqui-centenniaL international exposition

Mayor Kendrick, as president of the Sesqui-Centennial Exhibition
Association, introduced the governor, who made a short address.
The governor’s wife, when present, presented the flag of her state,
most often explaining the meaning of the flag and something about
the women of the state. Mrs. Kendrick, as honorary chairman of the
States’ Committee, or Mrs. Martin, as the chairman of the Women’s
Committee, or Mrs. Lorimer, accepted the flag with the promise to
guard and treasure it in the Slate Roof House during the days of the
Sesqui-Centennial. All the state flags are of silk heavily hand em¬
broidered or hand painted.

The distinguished women of the state attending were presented and
asked to speak. Each was decorated with the attractive eagle badge
of the Women’s Committee, making her an honorary member of the
committee. Then the band played and tea was served.

On Massachusetts Day, in honor of Governor Fuller and the dis¬
tinguished guests from Massachusetts, Priscilla and John Alden
came into the garden and repeated “The Courtship of Miles Stand-
ish”

On Michigan Day, the Michigan University Band, in blue and gold
uniforms, almost filled the garden, and played while the large blue
flag of the state was presented. Governor Moore and Mrs. Moore
came with a large delegation from New Jersey to present their state
flag. And Governor Donahey and Mrs. Donahey came with the
Cleveland Greys and two hundred men and women from Ohio. Gov¬
ernor McLean and a large delegation from their state arrived to pre¬
sent the flag of North Carolina. Presentation of the South Carolina
state flag — a field of deep blue showing a large white palmetto tree in
the center and a silver crescent in the upper corner — was another
notable occasion.

On Pennsylvania Day the wife of the governor, in presenting the
state flag, said : “These are work horses on our flag, not war horses,
as ours is a state of industry.” Texas, the Lone Star State, had one
large white star on her state flag. Alaska and the District of Colum¬
bia told us that the letters from the States’ Committee brought more
clearly to their attention the fact that they have no flags. Alaska pre¬
sented her state seal. With Governor Byrd came the Richmond
Blues and a large representation from his state to present the flag
of Virginia in the garden of the Slate Roof House. “Penn’s Treaty
with the Indians” was enacted in his honor.

The States’ Committee extended its hospitality on these special
days to men and women from Alabama to Alaska and from Maine
to the Island of Hawaii. Every state in the Union and territories
are represented in the collection of flags which were presented in the
Slate Roof House.

A High Street ceremonial. The Old Market
Place at the rear.

One of

the charming gardens of High Street.

HIGH STREET, THE MEMORABLE

165

Aside from the State Days when the governors presented their
state flags, the States’ Committee also celebrated a number of special
events in the gardens of the Slate Roof House. There were Flag
Day, June 14, when the wives of the governors of the Thirteen Orig¬
inal States were entertained ; Mayflower Day ; High Street Day ; the
Centennial Tea; Roosevelt Day; Governor’s Day; American Legion
Day; William Penn Day, when a chair that had belonged to William
Penn himself was presented to the committee; and Director’s Day.

On the closing day the last ceremony was held in the Slate Roof
House. Governor Trumbull and many representatives from Connec¬
ticut marched with military escort from the Connecticut Building
into High Street. The bands played and we gathered for the last time
in the garden as the beautiful flag of Connecticut was presented.

On New Year’s Eve following the Exposition, a formal reception
was held in Independence Hall. The old Liberty Bell was again rung
to close the Sesqui-Centennial year and there were gathered the flags
of the states, the peace flags of the nation, that had been presented
one by one in the Slate Roof House by the governors of our states.
Each flag was carried by a “daughter of the state” escorted by a
member of the State Fencibles.

On behalf of the women of the Sesqui-Centennial these flags were
presented to the City of Philadelphia, first the flags of the Thirteen
Original States in the order of their signing the Declaration of Inde¬
pendence; then the flags of all the other states, and the Centennial
flag with its thirty-seven stars for the thirty-seven states in the Union
at the Centennial year, given by Mrs. Hampton L. Carson.

The Mayor formally accepted the collection for the City of Phila¬
delphia, promising that the flags of the states and of the territories
shall be preserved in the Shrine of Liberty as a memorial of the cele¬
bration of the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the signing of
the Declaration of Independence, and the flags now stand in the Su¬
preme Court Room of Independence Hall where they may be seen
daily by visitors from all over the world.

Next to the Slate Roof House came the Girard Counting House.
Here the astute Stephen Girard, in the early days, played an impor¬
tant part in the financial history of our country. To really know this
great French gentleman one should read his story in The Book of
the Street but during the Exposition one had the opportunity of see¬
ing the very desk he used, his money chests, keys, etc., which had been
assembled through the efforts of the Public Charities Association of
Pennsylvania, which made the Counting House the headquarters for
all visitors interested in welfare.

Next door to the Counting House stood Girard’s own residence,
which was the headquarters of the foreign committee under the direc-

166

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

tion of Mrs. Stanley G. Flagg and Mrs. Henry B. Coxe. This house
was decorated after the French Empire style and the walls were
panelled to depict Girard’s early history in our country, his arrival
in Philadelphia commanding his own ship, his ship at anchor at the
foot of High Street and several other interesting features. Alas,
these panels were bought by a Californian and have left Philadelphia.
This house, so reminiscent of the hospitality and generosity of this
great man, was always considered “home” by the boys from Girard
College when they were visiting High Street. Sixteen teas were
given here to visiting ambassadors, ministers and commissioners
from foreign lands. It was not unusual to hear several foreign lan¬
guages during one of the gala entertainments in this gracious house
or in its lovely old garden where the guests were wont to saunter as
they partook of their tea. Ladies in the official parties were presented
with badges of the Women’s Committee, making them “complimen¬
tary members,” which seemed to please them very much.

It was in the Little Wooden House that the War Mothers, under
the able guidance of Mrs. William H. Marshall, had their headquar¬
ters and its doors were kept open until the last ray of light faded
away each day. On the opening day the Governor of Pennsylvania
and several other governors were guests at a reception. On Armis¬
tice Day especially impressive exercises were held, including the rais¬
ing of the national colors with the National Service Flag underneath,
the latter indicating the number of men who participated in the
World War and the number who gave their lives for their country.

Loxley House, in early days the home of the spirited Lydia Dar-
ragh, was very fittingly chosen as headquarters for the progressive
women of the City Federation of Women’s Clubs and Allied Organi¬
zations. Sixty-six clubs from Philadelphia County and twenty-four
from Delaware, Bucks and Montgomery Counties, Pennsylvania,
assisted in dispensing hospitality. Ladies in early colonial costumes
were daily seen knitting or talking on the little overhanging balcony
and added a very picturesque touch to the Street. Through the cour¬
tesy of the president, Mrs. Montrose Graham Tull, the Federation
entertained Mayor and Mrs. Kendrick and the chairman of the
Women’s Committee at a tea on September 30 and on October 7 a
tea was given in honor of Mrs. John B. Hamme, Miss Florence
Dibert and Mrs. John A. Frick.

The Infirmary, which reproduced one of the first official hospitals
for general use in the Colonies in 1750, was under the auspices of the
National Society United States Daughters of 1812. Women repre¬
senting many chapters of the Society acted in turn as hostesses in
the Infirmary during the Exposition. They enjoyed explaining to

HIGH STREET, THE MEMORABLE

167

visitors the history of the houses on the Street and the history of the
flag. Thousands of leaflets describing the First Infirmary, which
Colonial records say “consisted of but one room in a little two-storv
house on the outskirts of Fifth and High Streets” were distributed.
A model of the ship “Constitution” (identified with the War of
1812) and a reproduction of the flag of 1812 with fifteen stars and
fifteen stripes were on view in this building.

Between the Infirmary and the Franklin Print Shoppe was a tiny
wooden building representing a house which stood in Philadelphia
for over one hundred years on Second Street below High. It was
built by the Free Traders of London, those speculating gentry who
took a chance on William Penn’s offer of shares of land in his prov¬
ince. The land which Penn offered for sale was called Society Plill
and it was thus that the building where these transactions took place
came to be known as the Society Store House. The League of
Women Voters used this building as their headquarters and had a
splendid exhibit.

Entering the Franklin Print Shoppe visitors were met by printers
in the dress worn by Franklin in 1728. One could almost visualize
him standing at one of the old presses and with great labor first set¬
ting the type piece by piece and then making in three hours about one
hundred copies of his paper. It was in such a shop that he published
the first monthly in the country. Here also was published the Penn¬
sylvania Gazette, the second weekly in Philadelphia. This newspaper
was really the ancestor of our present Public Ledger, and it is to the
Philadelphia Public Ledger Company that High Street owed this
splendid reproduction of Franklin’s Print Shoppe. In the window
of the little shop were copies of several of the books published by
Franklin. To the hundreds of school boys who owned small printing
presses this shop was of unfailing interest and it was always difficult
to make them “move on.”

Like the hospitable village smithy of olden days the Paul Revere
Forge gathered around its glowing embers the visitors to High
Street. Its wide-open door, quaint glow, ancient bellows and the
smith himself created wide interest. It was here that Myron S. Tel¬
ler’s people wrought the hardware for High Street. Here also one
could watch the smith at work while one listened to the thrilling story
of how Paul Revere from his own forge and foundry supplied the
spikes, bolts, pumps and copper hull of the United States Frigate
“Constitution.” Many New Englanders registered here, as the
smithy was under the auspices of the Pennsylvania Society of New
England Women, of which Miss Mabel A. Searle was chairman.

Next to the smithy was a charming little house, the first in the

168

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Colonies to boast of brick wall. It was in 1689 that the Friends
established the first school under George Keith, a Scotchman, and it
was here in 1926 the Philadelphia Teachers’ Association, under the
chairmanship of Dr. Laura Carnell, reproduced the Dame School,
also known as the First Brick House.

The teacher, who in those days was called “the Dame,” and her
small charges were represented by life-like wax figures. Even the
village dunce stood in a corner with his dunce cap on his head. The
latter proved a warning and a source of amusement to the thousands
of little visitors. Thousands of copies of the New England Primer
were distributed here through the Teachers’ Association.

Outside of the Friends’ Meeting House were two stately pillars,
while the interior was a reproduction of the original meeting house
on Arch Street. The faithfulness of the detail with which the inte¬
rior was copied was heightened by the fact that the benches used were
the ones used in the meeting house in Colonial times. It was due to
Mrs. J. Bertram Lippincott, co-operating with both branches of the
Society of Friends, that the house was completed, furnished and
cared for.

As one walked along the high brick wall which separated the First
Brick House from the Friends’ Meeting House, one passed between
two stately posts and entered the little path which led to the meeting
house door. Within all was peace and tranquillity. One instinctively
dropped on one of the hard benches. As you sat in silence your eyes
naturally turned to the gallery where in 1776 sat the elders, who
never removed their hats unless inspired to speak either in prayer or
exhortation. On the wall between the galleries was William Penn’s
prayer for Pennsylvania.

Closing the vista of High Street was the Town Hall, the original
of which was built in 1709 and which stood for one hundred and
twenty-eight years. From its graceful balcony for more than a hun¬
dred years newly appointed governors made their inaugural speeches
and it was here in 1739 that the famous preacher Whitefield spoke
and his voice was plainly heard in Camden, just a mile away.

If possible the old houses of High Street were startled one bright
Autumn day by thousands of merry boys from one of the Philadel¬
phia high schools. They crowded the streets and the walks, shouting
and playing as only boys can. Suddenly a call for order came from
their principal who had mounted the balcony. The boys stood in
respectful silence as he told them the story of High Street of 1776 —
of the achievements of the men who had occupied it — George Wash¬
ington, Benjamin Franklin, Stephen Girard, Thomas Jefferson and
the others. The story was told in a forceful way and the speaker

HIGH STREET, THE MEMORABLE

169

ended with this appeal : “Boys, you have inherited and have had
visualized here today what these men did. It is a wonderful inheri¬
tance and this nation is the greatest of all nations; but, if it is to last
and to remain as created by these men, it is up to you to carry on
their spirit of self-sacrifice and their dreams and ideals.”

As visitors to the Street left Town Hall they passed through a
little gate with its swinging sign, “Indian Queen Inn.” The tavern
yard was gravelled and had borders of bright nasturtiums, zinnia,
scarlet sage and geraniums. Here also was the famous old pump. On
entering the tavern one could almost visualize the throng that used
to gather in this social centre of old — owners of landed estates who
had gone in for horse breeding ; the literati at the tables eagerly dis¬
cussing the new book, Thomas Paine’s “Age of Reason,” or patriots
anxious over the latest news, awaiting the coming of the New York
stage.

This room was furnished with genuine early American furniture
through the courtesy of Mr. Rodman Wanamaker. The hook rugs,
settees and chairs, pewter plates, copper kettles, wall sconces for
candle dips, lustre jugs and samplers had all been backgrounds for
scenes attendant on the birth of this nation. The carrying out of the
old tavern and barn in such perfect detail was under the direct super¬
vision of Mrs. Norman MacLeod, who was chairman of the Emer¬
gency Aid Committee of Pennsylvania which conducted this old-time
restaurant. In the yard of the inn were tables shaded by gaily striped
umbrellas. Here, during the hot summer, or in the old barn, hung
with bits and bridles of the coach horses, with vegetables put up to
dry for winter use, tired Sesqui-Centennial visitors enjoyed the hos¬
pitality of the Indian Queen Inn. In this atmosphere one was imbued
with the simplicity and primitiveness of the early days. This was
naturally one of the most popular spots on High Street.

Adjoining the garden of the Indian Queen was a log cabin known
as the Ludwig Bake Shop. It was here that Christopher Ludwig, a
German by birth but an American in spirit, made the first gingerbread
cookies in the lively patterns of men and beasts. This man had such
integrity of character with so much resourcefulness and good sense
that he was soon made a member of important committees and was
appointed by Congress “Baker General to the American Army.”

Next to the Ludwig Bakery was the little house assigned to carry
out our first negotiations with foreign nations. In 1926 its replica
was used as the headquarters of the Director of the Street, Mrs.
Henriques Crawford, and this was, perhaps, the busiest place of all.
It was here on the old benches and chairs loaned by Mrs. W. Irvin

170 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Cheney that all the weighty problems of Street management were
threshed out.

One entered Dr. Shippen’s House through the portico with its
large box bushes on either side and was entranced by the charm of
the interior. The walls of the living room were panelled with curly
birch. The charm of the old with the comfort of today was the cor¬
nerstone upon which the Shippen House was furnished. The rooms
and the background remained unchanged in spirit but the comforts
that the generations have brought had been added. This masterpiece
of furnishing was accomplished by the Good Housekeeping Studio
which undertook the modernizing of the interior in so practical a
manner that it easily demonstrated that one can possess one’s ances¬
tral home and be modernly at home in it. This house attracted thou¬
sands of visitors, many of whom asked to see Dr. Shippen. This
distinguished surgeon was the son of a doctor and the grandson of
the first Mayor of Philadelphia. With one other physician he
founded the first medical school, the University Medical School, and
he was also director general of all military hospitals during the Revo¬
lution.

Around the corner and adjoining the Shippen House was Thomas
Jefferson’s lodging house. On the first floor one could see all that
remains of the gig in which Jefferson drove from Monticello to
Philadelphia. At the head of the stairs were to be found the sitting-
room and bedroom which Jefferson had leased for thirty-five shillings
a week. Here were held many meetings of the Committee of Five
when Franklin, Adams, Livingstone and Sherman joined Jefferson,
and when their combined wisdom produced one of the world’s great¬
est documents. We have Jefferson’s own word for it that it was in
this house that he wrote the Declaration of Independence. This
house was under the auspices of the Jefferson Committee, which was
composed almost entirely of Southern women. They had the honor
of receiving the Governor of Virginia when he visited the Sesqui-
Centennial.

On the opposite corner stood the Robert Morris House. Robert
Morris voted against the Declaration of Independence because he
did not think it would promote the interest nor redound to the credit
of America. However, one month later, he signed it, saying : “The
individual who declines the service of his country because its coun¬
cils are not conformable to his ideas makes but a bad subject : a good
one will follow if he cannot lead.” Time and again he saved the
financial situation during the Revolution.

The interior of this house was finished and partially furnished
through the generosity of the American Bankers’ Association. The

HIGH STREET, THE MEMORABLE

171

drawing room contained some pieces of rare Colonial furniture and
a hooked rug of great value. Mr. Charles Custis Harrison most gen¬
erously loaned four side chairs of rosewood and an inlaid buffet
which had been the property of Robert Morris. The dining room was
furnished by the membership committee and on its walls hung his¬
toric portraits loaned by Mr. John Frederick Lewis. It was in this
spacious room that the chairman of the Women’s Committee dis¬
pensed her hospitality after it had become too cold to receive her
guests in the garden of the Shippen House. The house was in charge
of Mrs. J. Gordon Fetterman.

The Washington House, undoubtedly the most visited of any
house on the Street, embodied most perfectly the spirit of Colonial
architecture with its central hallway and its fine rooms on either side.
In the olden days this house was for ten years used as Washington’s
home in Philadelphia, but was inadequate for the commodious accom¬
modation of his family. When Washington moved to Mount Ver¬
non John Adams, who entered this house as President, lived there
until 1800. It was here that every two weeks the formal levee was
held in the dining-room. The President and Mrs. Washington were
“at home’’ every Friday evening in the upstairs drawing-rooms.
This house was fittingly in charge of the Daughters of the American
Revolution. State Regents from each of the Thirteen Original States
acted as hostesses for two weeks and in addition members of the
society were assistant hostesses. The Pan-American delegation was
received at the Washington House on its visit to the Exposition as
were also the President General and twenty-five national officers of
the D. A. R. More than 75,000 visitors registered in the house.

Adjoining the garden of the house was the stable which Washing¬
ton considered “good although it held only twelve horses.” In 1926
it was converted into a Little Theatre, appropriately enough, for
Washington himself was a great patron of plays. Here under the
auspices of the Art Alliance most interesting Puppet Shows were
given which entertained not only the children but hundreds of their
parents. Over 25,000 viewed these performances and many a visitor,
weary with sightseeing, found restful amusement in the cool quiet of
the Little Theatre. The pageant, entitled “In ’76,” under the direc¬
tion of Mr. Charles S. Morgan, Jr., was given here four times and
was so successful that one thousand chairs could not seat the audience
on its last performance. Here also the town crier made his daily
appearance.

The Gardens of High Street

It would be hard to say which of the gardens of High Street was
the most lovely. The Dr. Shippen garden, perhaps, received the most

172 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

admiration because it fronted on the Street, whereas the other gar¬
dens were behind the houses or partially hidden by fences.

This garden was planned by the Weeders and had much charm of
design and color. Evergreens and berry-bearing shrubs formed a
background for a stone seat behind a little pool wherein goldfish
gaily swam. The garden itself was quite formal, containing within
its box-edged beds and borders snapdragons, zinnia, calendula, and
the charming torenia with its little lilac faces hooded in deep purple,
so beloved of our grandmothers.

In the Washington Garden the Four Counties Garden Club worked
out a delightful color scheme in salmon geraniums, snapdragons, blue
ageratum and verbena. A sun dial, arbor with seats, benches and
evergreens completed the details.

The Washington Stable garden was purposely left rather rough
but brilliant borders of calendula, African marigolds and purple
petunias bordered its walks.

In the rear of the original Slate Roof House was the famous
“Norris Garden” which was the show place of that time. Within the
small space allowed them the Gardeners laid out a dignified and at¬
tractive garden, a replica of an old one in Virginia. There was a
brick walk with narrow borders of chrysanthemums against the
house and oleanders on either side of the door. The brick path led to
a wide oval grass plot with a sun dial in the centre and enclosed on
three sides by a wide semi-circular box-edged bed of polyanthus
roses. Surrounding this was a box-edged grass walk and then a wide
border of chrysanthemums, dahlias, asters, etc. A high-backed seat,
an arbor and shrubs completed this charming picture. The Gardeners
also designed the Loxley Garden with its geometrical beds of deep
purple petunias, ageratum and marigold and with thick masses of
salmon pink zinnias in the background.

The Society of Little Gardens laid out the delightful little green
garden in the rear of the Girard House with its deep horseshoe of
periwinkle and ferns with grass in the centre and a grass path out¬
side. Tall cedars encircled the far curve interplanted with callicerpa.
A buddleia on either side of the garden attracted butterflies and the
birds loved the little bath in the centre.

The vegetable patch to the left of the Little Wooden House was
submerged and replanted so many times that it presented a less vigor-
our appearance than had been hoped for, but a row of sunflowers,
immortelles, cockscomb, snapdragons and red peppers flourished.

The Infirmary garden was personally planted by Mrs. Robert Glen-
dinning and she worked over it the entire summer. This garden was
designed by the Garden Club of Philadelphia and was gay with beds

l:« t l

The Franklin Printc Shop, with Mrs. J. Willis
Martin, chairman of the Women's Committee,
photographed in Quaker costume, and the
Public Ledger representative as Benjamin
Franklin.

HIGH STREET, THE MEMORABLE

173

and borders around the front and sides of it and of the Smithy, the
First Brick House and the Franklin Print Shoppe. These were full
of all kinds of old-fashioned flowers; heliotrope, verbena, phlox,
calendula, marigold and snapdragon being only a few of the gay
neighbors. The paths were of tan bark and there wras a simple per¬
gola covered with cobea scandens, blue morning glory, etc. A faun
with folded hands gazed solemnly from the far end of a box-edged
brick wralk and near the Smithy wras a sun dial, its base covered with
polyanthus roses.

Women from the Pennsylvania School of Horticulture aided in
the planting of these gardens and raised more than five thousand of
the ten thousand plants used in their decoration. Despite the almost
insurmountable obstacles which had to be overcome : soil which was
a heavy muck, lack of proper drainage, thirty-seven days of rain and
seven cloud-bursts, the Gardens of High Street blossomed forth a
constant delight to the visitors. The garden seats were always filled
wdth tired sightseers, pathetically happy to sit quietly amidst the trees
and flowers.

CHAPTER XIV

OTHER ACTIVITIES OF WOMEN
By Mrs. J. Willis Martin
Chairman of the Women s Committee

WORK OF THE FOREIGN COMMITTEE — DINNERS, LUNCHEONS, TEAS, ETC., FOR DIS¬
TINGUISHED FOREIGN REPRESENTATIVES — LIST OF IMPORTANT SOCIAL FUNCTIONS —
WOMEN’S COMMITTEE SPONSORSHIP OF VARIOUS ACTIVITIES — HOSTESS HOUSE FOR
NEGROES — POLICEWOMEN — GIRL SCOUTS — SULGRAVE MANOR — MOUNT VERNON
HOUSE — WICACO BLOCK HOUSE — CLOSING THE BOOK.

The report of Mrs. Stanley G. Flagg, Jr., shows that the small
group appointed by the chairman of the Women’s Committee to
act as a Women’s Foreign Committee had a most interesting and
pleasant time in the performance of its duties as hostesses.

Besides the sixteen teas given in the Girard House for visiting
ambassadors, ministers and commissioners, there were also given
fifty-nine dinners, eleven luncheons, and five private teas, and the
committee was instrumental in arranging a luncheon for the Nor¬
wegian Minister and one also for the Austrian Minister, the first
being given by Mr. and Mrs. Roland Taylor, the latter part of Octo¬
ber, at the Ritz-Carlton, and the second by Mr. and Mrs. J. Bertram
Lippincott, on November 6, at their beautiful home on Spruce Street.

In the absence of Mrs. Joseph Leidy, chairman, due to her serious
illness, the work was carried on principally by Mrs. Flagg, Mrs.
Henry B. Coxe, and Mrs. Charles M. Lea.

The following were the most important social functions that
were given in co-operation with this committee :

Entertainments by Mr. and Mrs. Edward T. Stotesbury, at
Whitemarsh Hall, Chestnut Hill, Pa.

June 1 Dinner, followed by reception, in honor of the Crown

Prince and Princess of Sweden.

June 2 Dinner in honor of the Crown Prince and Princess

of Sweden.

Luncheon, Colonel Beacham, of Camp Anthony
Wayne, Mr. Vincent, representing British-India,
and others.

June 21 Reception for the Association of Advertising Clubs

of the World through the Poor Richard Club.
July 21 Tea, Dinner in honor of Senorita Ernestine Calles,

daughter of the President of Mexico, and party
of four.

174

OTHER ACTIVITIES OF WOMEN

175

July 24

September 18

October 5

October 10
October 12

Reception for Vice-Admiral McKean, Officers and
Midshipmen of Fleet.

Luncheon in honor of the Chilean Ambassador —
given at the Russian Pavilion.

Tea in honor of the Japanese Ambassador and
Madame Matsudaira.

Reception for Commissioners of Foreign Exhibits.
Reception in honor of Vice-Admiral Sir Walter
Cowan of the British Navy, and Staff.

Entertainments by Mr. and Mrs. Henry B. Coxe,

at “Haffod,” Penllyn, Pa.

Dinner in honor of Rear-Admiral T. P. Magruder,
U. S. N., on arrival.

Dinner in honor of Vice-Admiral Ashley H. Robert¬
son, U. S. N., on arrival.

Dinner in honor of Major-General H. G. Learnard,
U. S. A., on arrival.

July 28 Dinner and Dance in honor of Officers and Midship¬

men of Portuguese Cruiser “Adamastor.”

October 13

October 14

November 3
November 6

Dinner, followed by dancing, for Officers of H. M.
S. “Calcutta” and “Cape Town” — for Admiral of
British Fleet and Staff, the British Minister and
Military Aide from Washington and their Suites.
Luncheon, for Ladies of British Embassy, at the
Ritz-Carlton.

Dinner and Opera for Argentine Representatives.
Dinner for Dean of Chester.

Entertainments by Mr. and Mrs. Charles M. Lea,
at “West Thorpe Farm,” Devon, Pa.

Luncheon of the Commercial Commission from
Japan.

Dinner for Spanish Commission.

Dinner for all Foreign Commissions.

Luncheon for Mr. Vincent, British-India Commis¬
sioner.

Tea for Officers and Midshipmen of Portuguese
Cruiser, “Adamastor.”

Luncheon for Consul General of Czechoslovakia.
Dinner for Czechoslovakian Minister.

Luncheon for Japanese Commission.

Dinner for Argentine Commission.

Luncheon for Persian Commission.

July 16

August

September

October

176 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

October Dinner for Dr. and Mrs. Alfranio do Amaral.

October Luncheon for Dr. and Mrs. Alfranio do Amaral and

Madame Zora Kahnoun Hiedary.

October Luncheon in honor of the Italian Ambassador at

the Ritz.

Entertainments by Mr. and Mrs. Arthur H. Lea,
at “Rylston,” Chestnut Hill, Pa.

June 1 As guests for two days, part of the Suite of their

Highnesses the Crown Prince and Princess of
Sweden.

November 21 Large Luncheon for Foreign Commissioners, and

Officials.

Entertainment by the Countess De Santa Eulalia,

Melrose, Pa.

September 4 Luncheon in honor of the Polish Minister at the

Russian Pavilion.

Entertainment by Mr. and Mrs. William Struthers Ellis,

“Fox Hill Farm/’ Bryn Mawr, Pa.

October 15 Dinner in honor of Vice-Admiral Sir Walter Cowan,

of the British Navy, and Staff.

Entertainment by Mr. and Mrs. Roland Taylor,

Gwynedd Valley, Pa.

October Luncheon for the Danish Minister and Suite at the

Ritz.

Entertainment by Mr. and Mrs. J. Bertram Lippincott,
at 1712 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

November 6 Luncheon for the Austrian Minister.

Entertainments by Mr. and Mrs. Stanley G. Flagg, Jr.,

July 20
July 24
July 25

July 26

August 23

August 24
August 28

at “Glenbrook,” Bryn Mawr, Pa.

Dinner for His Excellency Senor and Senora Alaya.

Tea and Dinner for Oxford Students.

Dinner for Officers in Command of Camp Anthony
Wayne and Staffs.

Dinner for Officers and Midshipmen of Portuguese
Cruiser, “Adamastor.”

Tea at Glenbrook, French Students — Dinner at Rus¬
sian Pavilion.

Dinner for Commissioners General.

Luncheon for German Charge d’Affaires and Secre¬
tary of Embassy.

The Argentine
Building by night.

OTHER ACTIVITIES OF WOMEN

177

August 30
September 2
September 9
September 17
September 23

September 26

October 5

October 12

October 15
October 17

October 30

November 15
November 29

Dinner for Officers of Peruvian Submarine.

Luncheon for Australians.

Dinner in honor of Prince Conti of Florence.

Dinner in honor of the Chilean Ambassador.

Dinner for Japanese, Czechoslovaks, Army and
Navy.

English, Italian, German — Metallurgists and En¬
gineers.

Japanese Ambassador and Madame Matsudaira and
Suite.

Luncheon for Spanish Ambassador and Suite at the
Ritz.

Dinner for Vice-Admiral Sir Walter Cowan and
Staff, the British Minister and Military Aide from
Washington and their Suites.

Luncheon for Ladies of British Embassy.

Dinner for the President of the Argentine Com¬
mission, Honorable Tristan Achaval Rodriguez.

Dinner for Argentine, Chinese, Japanese, Persian
Commissioners.

Dinner for the Brazilan Ambassador.

Dinner in honor of the Mayor of Philadelphia, the
Officials of the Exposition, and the Foreign Com¬
missioners.

Other Activities of Women’s Committee

Not far from High Street in the Sesqui-Centennial grounds, under
the patronage of the Women’s Committee was built a hostess house
for negroes. This house contained a cafeteria, diet kitchen and an
emergency health station with a doctor and nurse in constant at¬
tendance.

The committee in charge, under the chairmanship of Mrs. S. W.
Layten, had 175 members and twenty sub-committees. They ex¬
hibited rug making, uniforms and negro dolls modelled from life.
The pageant, “Loyalty’s Gift,” was presented by them in the Audi¬
torium and was witnessed by more than 10,000 persons.

As in the history of every Exposition, young girls were attracted
to the grounds, though not in as great number as heretofore. Co¬
operating in the care of these girls was the Girl Service, under Miss
Addison, which received an appropriation from the Sesqui-Cen¬
tennial Board. This organization took charge of all cases needing
its aid.

Through the efforts of the Women’s Committee, Mayor Kendrick

178 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

authorized the employment of policewomen for the duration of the
Exposition. The work done by this splendid group is contained in
the following report of the chairman, Mrs. Thomas Robins :

“The Sesqui-Centennial Exposition Commission, desiring to do
whatever was necessary for the maintenance of moral standards in
the Sesqui grounds, authorized the Commissioner of Police to em¬
ploy policewomen as members of the staff. Miss Donahue, of the
National Organization of Policewomen, was put in charge of this
group. The women composing it were chosen because of previous
experience. One had been employed in hostess houses at camps
during the war, both abroad and in the United States, one was a
graduate nurse, one had been supervisor in various reform schools
for girls, one had been a school teacher experienced with moral
courts, one had had commercial experience and had been interested in
welfare work in a department store, and one was a police matron.

“This group did admirable preventive work and thoroughly es¬
tablished their value. Vagrant children who were found wandering
around the grounds and who had formed habits of truancy were
taken to their homes personally by the policewomen, with the grati¬
fying result that most of them returned to steady attendance at
school. Parents of other children were interviewed in regard to girls
who loafed about the Exposition grounds, and in many of these
cases the girls returned to proper employment. A great many chil¬
dren were found doing petty thieving about the booths and a strong
effort was made to warn their parents that they were on the road to
serious delinquency. After the great prize fight in the Stadium, as
well as after the dance of the American Legion in the Auditorium,
and also repeatedly after street dances, the policewomen followed
groups of girls who had picked acquaintances with men during the
evening, to see that they did not leave the grounds in improper com¬
pany.

“The routine work of these women was to report on cases of ill¬
ness of women and children in the foreign groups and on unsani¬
tary conditions in toilets and rest-rooms in all parts of the grounds.

“Under the direction of Mrs. J. Clifford Jones investigations were
made, to a certain extent, of the boarding houses recommended by
the Housing Bureau in the interest of visitors. ”

Through the interest of the Women’s Committee and the Better
Homes in America, the Girl Scouts of Philadelphia were given the
opportunity to take charge of a small house representing a typical
American home. The cornerstone was laid by Mrs. Herbert Hoover
on May 1 and on August 16 the house was formally opened by Mrs.
W. Freeland Kendrick.

OTHER ACTIVITIES OF WOMEN

179

Several homemaking pageants were given and demonstration
cooking classes were conducted at various times. Girl Scouts from
other parts of the country were entertained, the largest delegation
being 350 from New York and New Jersey on November 6. The
Girl Scouts were glad to respond to calls for service in other parts
of the Exposition ; color guards took part in several celebrations ;
they helped in finding lost children and acted as guides to children
visiting the Exposition, especially blind girls who came from the
Department of Welfare in Harrisburg; they led the singing at the
tree-planting in Independence Square and acted as color guard for
the nurses in the American Legion parade. They presented a bou¬
quet to the Crown Princess of Sweden. On Armistice Day, a Girl
Scout bugler sounded taps in High Street.

The Women’s Committee also had the pleasure of co-operating
with other women’s organizations on the grounds and a wonderful
spirit of harmony existed.

The National Society of the Colonial Dames of America, through
its forty-two corporate societies, contributed the necessary funds to
erect within the grounds a reproduction of Sulgrave Manor, the an¬
cestral home of the Washingtons in England.

The building was erected from plans of the old house in Eng¬
land, and was architecturally correct as to size and interior woodwork
features. It had the distinction of being the first building completed
and ready for operation at the Sesqui-Centennial. It opened its
doors to visitors on June 1, and was open daily from 10 A. M. to 9
P. M. from the opening day to November 1, closing through this
last month at 6 P. M.

Members of the National Society of Colonial Dames acted as
hostesses during the Exposition, while an average of about 500 per¬
sons went through the house daily and seemed deeply interested in
the story of the house and the persons connected with it.

It was the aim of the Society to spread interest and information
regarding the past, and anything that holds Washington in remem¬
brance quickens the pulse of patriotism. The house, bearing the
Washington coat-of-arms consisting of the stars and bars from
which our flag originated, carried a message to young and old. On
the front of the house could also be seen the Tudor Arms, with the
letters “E. R.” — “Elizabeth Regina’’ — showing that at one time
Queen Elizabeth took sanctuary in the building. All these facts and
many other details proved of great interest to the thousands of
Exposition visitors, and many returned over and over again to enjoy
the charm of the old building.

In the house, besides the old furniture which was placed there by

180 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

the Chapman Decorative Company, were relics of intrinsic value —
several articles from Sulgrave, England, as well as valuable original
portraits. There was also displayed a large number of photographs
representing the work accomplished by the corporate societies in their
respective communities.

A lunch and tea room was operated for the convenience of visi¬
tors throughout the Exposition. The entire proceeds from admis¬
sions and sales in the building, after deducting expenses, were to
be devoted to restoring a wing of the old Manor House in England.

A special Sulgrave Christmas card was designed for sale there, as
well as original photographs of the interior.

A medal was struck to commemorate the occasion. It consisted
of a bas-relief of Sulgrave Manor, with the Tudor rose and stars
and bars of the Washington coat-of-arms, and carried on the reverse
side the inscription “Reproduced by National Society of the Colonial
Dames of America, to commemorate America’s 150 years as a
Nation — Philadelphia 1776-1926.” This medal was the work of
Beatrice Fox Griffith, a noted sculptor. Many thousands of these
medals were purchased throughout the United States.

Thousands of school children were admitted free of charge, their
teachers considering the building an important educational feature;
and the leaders of the College Social Settlement Centers brought .
their groups for a visit to the Manor, deeming it an important fea¬
ture of their Americanization program.

Mount Vernon House was built and equipped by the Y. W. C. A.
of Philadelphia for service to visitors at the Exposition and em¬
ployees in the grounds and from June 14 gave the following services :

An information desk in the House answered thousands of ques¬
tions and the Association maintained its rooms registry, placing ap¬
proximately 450 guests in investigated rooms; maintained a cafe¬
teria which served 302,719 people; over 300 volunteer hostesses
gave one or more days each in assisting in the cafeteria; the Foreign
Service Corner on the second floor was the center of hospitality for
foreign groups within the grounds ; they held an exhibition of souve¬
nirs of the Centennial which attracted much attention; the Lounge
was used by 129,163 men and women; an extra cafeteria service was
given to 2,728 employees during the summer ; over 80,000 rested on
its porch.

The total number of persons using Mount Vernon House in all
its activities until the first of November was 515,719.

An exact reproduction of the original Wicaco Block House built
on the Exposition grounds was the first building officially opened.

It was dedicated June 2 in the presence of their Royal Highnesses,

Looking southwcstzvard into the League Is¬
land Park section over the Mt. Vernon Build¬
ing.

A Partycar, one of the unique vehicles oper¬
ated by the P. R. T. to take visitors around
the grounds.

OTHER ACTIVITIES OF WOMEN

181

the Crown Prince and Crown Princess of Sweden. Following the
ceremony a luncheon was given in honor of the royal visitors, at
which four hundred people were seated. This luncheon was given
jointly under the auspices of the Swedish Colonial Society, through
the Block House Committee, and the Council of the Historical So¬
ciety of Pennsylvania.

The Block House was open to the public from June 2 and had
an average daily attendance of one thousand. An official hostess was
in charge, assisted ably by volunteer hostesses from Gloria Dei (Old
Swedes’) Church. An historical talk on the Swedish colonization of
Pennsylvania was given some thirty-six times a day. Publications of
the Swedish Colonial Society were on sale and the membership of the
Society was substantially augmented. A varied stock of articles of
Swedish craftmanship, also Swdish art as represented in portfolios
of Larzen and Zorn, etc., were sold. A book was published dedicated
to the Crown Prince and Crown Princess of Sweden in commemora¬
tion of their visit to Philadelphia.

The participation of the Swedish Colonial Society in the Sesqui-
Centennial, through the Wicaco Block House, has brought from
Sweden and the royal visitors gracious expressions of satisfaction
and approval.

The Travelers’ Aid Society co-operated with the Sesqui-Centennial
Committee by placing responsible agents in all the railroad stations
to look after young women and children arriving and also maintained
two stations inside the Exposition grounds.

Closing the Book

Two notable occasions brought the work of the Women’s Commit¬
tee to its close. One was the luncheon at the Bellevue-Stratford on
December 6, during which spirited reports were made of the work
accomplished and the status gained in the great co-operative achieve¬
ments of the year, and a most appreciative ovation was given to the
chairman by her fellow-workers in response to her grateful and grati¬
fying summary of the patriotic help that she had had from her co¬
workers in sustaining the two great objects of the women’s program,
i.e., hospitality and historical celebrations.

The writer can best express her appreciation of that help by quot¬
ing here her formal tribute :

“To the President of the Sesqui-Centennial International Exposi¬
tion, the Hon. W. Freeland Kendrick, Mayor of Philadelphia, the
Board of Directors, to Mr. E. L. Austin, Director General, to the
heads of the Departments of the Exposition, the Women’s Commit¬
tee wish to express their deep appreciation of the many kindnesses

182

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

and courtesies extended to them, especially for their hearty copera-
tion in making possible High Street, a link with the days of 1776 —
it was indeed a pleasure to have such harmonious and delightful asso¬
ciation with our co-workers in celebrating the one hundred and fif¬
tieth anniversary of the founding of this Nation.

“To the officers and forty chairmen of the various committees, to
the wives of the officers of the Army, Navy and Marine Corps, and
to every member, I owe a debt of deepest gratitude. It was a rare
privilege to have been your chairman, and to have presided over your
meetings in the Friends’ Meeting House on High Street, to have wel¬
comed with you people who gathered in the Street and in the gardens,
from all parts of this and other lands. Your loyalty in the many
strenuous days made possible the task that was accomplished in the
eighteen months until the last meeting of the Committee was held at
the luncheon in December, 1926.

“You can never know how deeply I appreciate the superb token
which you presented to me. Words fail to express my feelings. I was
truly touched by your confidence in my humble efforts to bring to
success our contribution to the Sesqui-Centennial International Ex¬
position.”

The last public event of the Sesqui-Centennial was the formal re¬
ception by the Mayor of Philadelphia of the flags presented by the
governors or their representatives of the States of the Union. This
historic presentation took place on the New Year’s Eve with the
chairman of the States Committee, Mrs. George Horace Lorimer,
and the Chairman of the Women’s Committee, Mrs. J. Willis Mar¬
tin, as the official representatives of the women who had officiated on
all the committees during the year of 1926.

The Award of the Grand Prize to the Women’s Committee, and
the Medals of Honor, gold, silver and bronze, to the various commit¬
tees and their chairmen, by the Sesqui-Centennial Committee of
Awards was the final and gracious gesture on the part of the Direc¬
torate of the International Celebration which completed the episode
with honor and with good feeling to all concerned.

To those who planned, and those who worked, and those who vis¬
ited High Street, its closing in the first week of December was
fraught with a note of sadness that the trials and pleasures in repro¬
ducing the days of one hundred and fifty years ago had come to an
end. As the first snowfall of winter mantled the Street on its closing
day one felt that the happy memories of 1776 combined with the
friendships made in 1926 would ever live and that what had been
done here for the Sesqui-Centennial and its visitors from afar would
be a lasting memorial.

CHAPTER XV

MILITARY AND NAVAL DISPLAYS

MINIATURE ARMY ON EXPOSITION GROUNDS — CAMP ANTHONY WAYNE — CRACK TROOPS
SELECTED — ASSUMPTION OF COMMAND BY BRIGADIER GENERAL LEARNARD — DAILY
AND SPECIAL PROGRAMS — PARTICIPATION IN PAGEANTRY — LEAGUE ISLAND NAVY
YARD BACKGROUND OF NAVAL EXHIBIT — CAMP SAMUEL NICHOLAS — TUN TAVERN —
FRIGATE “CONSTELLATION” — OTHER HISTORICAL SHIPS — NAVY HISTORICAL EX¬
HIBIT.

A picturesque human exhibit that added greatly to the impressive¬
ness and interest of many and varied events of the Exposition was a
living miniature of the United States Army. It consisted in fact of
fifty- five officers, one thousand men, two hundred and twenty-five
horses and forty- four mules.

There were detachments of infantry, field artillery, cavalry, air
service, a heavy ordnance company, a platoon of light tanks and one
heavy tank, and a medical detachment, each with its distinctive uni¬
forms and equipment.

A model army camp, Camp Anthony Wayne, was maintained in
League Island Park on the Exposition grounds. This and the adja¬
cent parade ground were the scenes of brisk and colorful activity
from dawn until dark. Always a center of attraction to Exposition
visitors, with its routine of army camp life, guard duty, drills and
dress parade, Camp Anthony Wayne also sent troops in fatigue or
full dress uniforms to participate in many incidental celebrations.
Guards of honor were provided for guests on visits to Independence
Hall and the Liberty Bell. Light pursuit planes and heavy bombing
planes in the sky roared their welcome to the President of the United
States and members of his cabinet, a reigning monarch, princes and
princesses, ambassadors, governors and other distinguished visitors.

Multitudes of Exposition visitors expressed admiration for the
soldiers in camp and on special duty, and there were many expres¬
sions also of surprise from those who had held quite different ideas
of United States Army life. The excellent appearance and splendid
bearing, the courtesy of both officers and men at all times and upon
all occasions, was remarked by everyone.

Preparations for War Department participation in the Sesqui-
Centennial International Exposition were begun in December, 1925,
when Congress allocated $250,000 for the maintenance of the ex¬
hibit.

183

184 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

The troops selected were designated as the Sesqui-Centennial Ex¬
position Force, and Colonel Joseph W. Beacham, Jr., 12th Infantry,
was named as their leader. The troops consisted of the following
units :

Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 12th Infantry

Service Company, 12th Infantry

Third Battalion, 12th Infantry

Composite Air Corps Squadron

Battery “C,” 6th Field Artillery

Troop “G,” 3d Cavalry

First Platoon, 8th Tank Company

Medical Detachment

Veterinary Detachment

Ordnance Detachment

Quartermaster Detachment

These troops were given a dual mission — first, to do all in their
power to make the Exposition a success; second, to present to the
general public a favorable impression of the Regular Army. With
this end in view, all organizations made extensive preparations to
obtain new and superior clothing and equipment, and to so train
themselves that before arrival at the Exposition they would be per¬
fect in close order drills and ceremonies.

The following building and other construction work was required
to make a model camp: Headquarters building and officers’ mess;
kitchens and mess halls for the enlisted men; stables and storage
sheds; latrines, dispensary, post exchange, service club for enlisted
men, tents for senior and junior officers and enlisted men, and one
shop tent.

The tents were all framed, walled, floored and screened — the
buildings were all screened and electric lighted. There was a com¬
plete telephone service with camp exchange. Also water and sewer¬
age installation. Two macadam roads extending across the camp
were also built by Sesqui-Centennial authorities. No grading was
required on the camp site, but it was necessary to pave the corrals
surrounding the stables.

The Commanding General, 3d Corps Area, on May 18, designated
this camp as Camp Anthony Wayne, in commemoration of that dis¬
tinguished Pennsylvanian, the hero of Stony Point, Ticonderoga,
Brandywine, Germantown and Monmouth. The first unit to ar¬
rive was an advance detachment of the 12th Infantry from Fort
Howard, Maryland, on May 26. Before the opening of the Ex¬
position on May 31, practically all units had arrived.

During the month of July, Brigadier General Henry G. Learnard

MILITARY AND NAVAL DISPLAYS

185

was ordered to Camp Anthony Wayne, and on July 19 assumed
command of the Sesqui-Centennial Exposition Force, and remained
until the close of the Exposition on November 30.

The regular routine drills of the command during the morning
hours consisted of calisthenics, close order drill, formal guard
mounting three days a week, Butts Manual five days per week, with
music added, three days per week, and demonstration by the Air
Corps. The Ordnance Maintenance Detachment and the Tanks were
on display both morning and afternoon. On Tuesday and Thurs¬
day afternoons, at 4.00 P. M., a parade and review, including all
arms of the service, was presented to the public. This included the
following organizations, passing in review in the order designated :
12th Infantry Band
3d Battalion, 12th Infantry
1st Platoon, 8th Tank Company
Battery “C,” 6th Field Artillery
Troop “G,” 3d Cavalry
Composite Air Corps Squadron

The Air Corps, in flying formation, presented a beautiful picture
as it passed in review. The above was followed by an aerial demon¬
stration, and exhibition drills by the following organizations :
Company “L,” 12th Infantry
Battery “C,” 6th Field Artillery
Troop “G,” 3rd Cavalry
This program covered about one hour.

However, the above consumed only a portion of the time. It was
the escorts of honor, salutes and reviews for distinguished visitors
and programs for special occasions that proved to be the real mis¬
sion. From the ceremonies on opening day, May 31, till the close
of the Exposition, November 30, programs for turning out were
both frequent and interesting. The ceremonies were varied in nature,
consisting of parades from Twentieth Street and Parkway, south
on Broad Street through the Exposition grounds and terminating
at the Stadium; escorts of honor from the Luminous Liberty Bell
to various points in camp; ceremonies in the Forum of Founders;
ceremonies at Camp Anthony Wayne; ceremonies and dedication of
many buildings about the Exposition grounds. A great many of
the distinguished visitors during their official tour of the grounds
honored Camp Anthony Wayne with their presence and were ten¬
dered a review and drills, depending upon the length of time they
could spare at the camp.

Among the distinguished personages entertained at Camp An¬
thony Wayne were members of European Royal families, members

186 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

of the Cabinet, ambassadors and ministers from foreign countries,
governors of various states, generals of the Army and admirals of
the Navy. There were many more than one hundred ceremonial
parades and escorts of honor for distinguished visitors and special
occasions.

Among the highlights of the programs in which the Army par¬
ticipated were Opening Day exercises, May 31 ; review for the Crown
Prince of Sweden, June 2; Flag Day exercises, June 14; exercises
at Valley Forge, June 15; the visit of the President of the United
States, July 5; Government Day, September 14; Constitution Day,
September 18; Army Day Program for the benefit of the Ameri¬
can Legion, October 13; Pan-American Day, October 22; Armistice
Day Program, November 11; and Closing Day exercises, Novem¬
ber 30.

In several of these and other similar events, in addition to the
United States troops units of the National Guard of Pennsylvania,
New York and New Jersey participated. On Flag Day members of
the oldest military organizations in the United States, belonging to
the Centennial Legion, paraded with the other troops.

On June 24 and 27, the Army participated in the pageant, “Amer¬
ica,” in the Municipal Stadium, given under the auspices of the Phil¬
adelphia Music League. Besides playing an important role in three
events, Troop “G,” 3d Cavalry, gave an exhibition drill. This was
followed by a demonstration of an attack by an infantry platoon
with attack weapons. These features were witnessed by at least
100,000 people on June 27.

On October 13, a pageant depicting scenes from the American
Revolution was presented by the troops for the American Legion in
the Stadium. The opening number was Paul Revere’s ride, followed
by the Battle of Lexington, the Signing of the Declaration of In¬
dependence, a review of Washington’s Army at Valley Forge. This
was followed by a stirring battle scene from the World War, in
which practically every branch of the service was represented. This
demonstration, witnessed by thousands, brought back vivid pictures
of the recent war and was, without a doubt, one of the most thrilling
events of the Exposition.

During the month of September, the United States Army Band
from Washington, D. C., was an added attraction with the United
States troops. Outside of functioning with the troops, concerts were
played for the benefit of the public at the Sesqui-Centennial Audi¬
torium, Forum of the Founders and High Street.

The Model Army Camp, with its clean streets, well conducted
ceremonies and evening parades, was one of the outstanding at-

MILITARY AND NAVAL DISPLAYS

187

tractions of the Exposition, and no visitor to the grounds felt that
a tour was complete without witnessing some of the many features
of the camp. The many calls for the cooperation of the troops pro¬
vided added evidence of the importance of their place in the Exposi¬
tion. The soldiers left with a feeling of pride in a duty well per¬
formed, and of having aided materially in the success of the
Exposition.

The exhibits of the Department of the Navy transcended any¬
thing of the kind previously displayed in connection with an
exposition.

Broadly speaking, the entire Navy Yard at Philadelphia, immedi¬
ately adjacent to the Exposition grounds, with the ships at the docks,
and its historical exhibits, was the Navy’s contribution to the Govern¬
ment’s exhibits at the Sesqui-Centennial. Never before at an exposi¬
tion had there been such an excellent opportunity for comparing
accomplishments of the past century with those of the present. Ad¬
vantage was taken of this opportunity, and there was assembled at
the Sesqui-Centennial a naval exhibit of the greatest historic signifi¬
cance.

Outside the Navy Yard, but within the grounds of the Exposition,
was a model Marine Camp, Camp Samuel Nicholas. Here was a
replica of Tun Tavern in which were a number of paintings illustrat¬
ing stirring events in Marine Corps history, and in the Palace of
United States Government, Machinery and Transportation was an
aircraft display, its chief element and feature exhibit being the NC-4,
the first flying boat to cross the Atlantic. The Naval aircraft factory
within the yard was open to visitors, as were other shops, the dry
docks, the foundry and the Marine barracks. Daily drills by blue¬
jackets and Marines, band concerts by a Navy band, airplane flights
from land and water, and catapult shots of airplanes were among the
events that added interest to a visit to the Navy Yard.

Moored at the sea wall of the Reserve Basin near the entrance to
the Navy Yard were ships illustrating the change in type of men-of-
war since the Revolution. The old frigate “Constellation,” with her
spars towering far above her staunch wooden hull, carried the visitor
back to the early days of our national history; the “Cheyenne,” the
only remaining vessel of the monitor type on the Navy list, was a
monument to Ericson and to the momentous change in naval vessels
that came with the introduction of armor; Dewey’s famous “Olym¬
pia,” a veteran of the World War, as well as of the War with Spain
in 1898, showed the further development of the armored vessel.
Close by these were the destroyer and submarine types in commission
with the fleet, the submarine illustrating the type of ship used for sub-

188 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

surface warfare and the destroyer with its dual mission of protecting
its own capital ships from submarines and attacking with torpedoes
capital ships of an enemy.

Moored to piers along the Delaware River water front were vessels
of other types undergoing repairs or alterations. These were vessels
of the fleet and their presence was incidental to their normal employ¬
ment. The Naval Academy Practice Squadron, consisting of the
U. S. S. “Wyoming,” “Utah” and “New York,” were at Philadel¬
phia for ten days; the U. S. S. “Arkansas” was being modernized;
scout cruisers, destroyers, tenders, and survey ships were other
American men-of-war at the Navy Yard during parts of the six
months that the Exposition was open.

The building known as No. 29, which housed the Navy Historical
Exhibit, had been a storehouse in the Navy Yard. The stores were
removed and the interior of the building was renovated and re¬
modelled to make it suitable for installation of the exhibit. This work
was completed on May 24. The exhibit was installed by May 3 1 and
was ready for visitors on the opening of the Exposition on that date.

The exhibit was divided into historical and modern sections, with
the main entrance opening into the historical section. In this section
the floor space was divided into blocks so arranged as to enable the
visitors to see the exhibits in their historical sequence. These blocks
were the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, the Civil War and
the Spanish War periods. In addition a space was allotted for the
model of the Philadelphia Navy Yard, to scale, and a special case,
made to fit into one of the corners of the building, contained the
models, to scale, of all the famous ships from the “Bon Homme
Richard” to the new airplane carrier “Lexington.” A mezzanine gal¬
lery in this section contained a large collection of models of our ships
of the modern Navy.

The modern section of the exhibit was located on two floors. The
ground floor contained the Ordnance, Naval Observatory, Aeronau¬
tical, Engineering and Naval Academy blocks. On the mezzanine
floor were the U. S. Marine Corps exhibit, the medical and the hydro-
graphic exhibits.

The Model Camp of the Marine Corps was attractively situated in
the southwest portion of the Exposition grounds between the Coast
Guard Station and the Army Camp. Men and officers lived under
canvas ; a mess hall, galley and recreation room were constructed of
wood, well screened. Especial attention was paid to the beauty of the
arrangement, hedges and flowers were planted, and many favorable
comments from visitors resulted. In order to give a nautical touch to
camp, two 3 -pounder guns on cage mounts were placed in the com-

The old frigate “Constellation” moored to a Navy Yard
pier next to Dewey’s flagship “Olympia.”

A daily drill on the parade ground of Camp
Anthony Wayne.

IT' 1

MILITARY AND NAVAL DISPLAYS

189

pany street, a flag pole with yard-arm was erected, the ship’s bell
from the old “Minnesota” sounded the hours of the watch, and a
Navy cutter with one-pounder gun mounted in the bow was placed
nearby. Before the Company Commander’s tent was mounted a
silver and gold Marine Corps device, carved in laminated wood.

Camp Samuel Nicholas was open to visitors from 8 A.M. to
8 P.M. daily and Sunday; Tun Tavern from 10 A.M. to 10 P.M.
likewise. Sentries were stationed at each of the two exhibits, and a
sergeant was daily on duty at camp as a special host to guests. Every¬
thing in camp was open to inspection at all times during visiting
hours. The galley seemed to be the most interesting feature, and
many people were particularly interested in an exhibition of infantry
weapons, and trumpet calls from 1.30 to 2.10 P.M. Pistols, machine
guns, rifles, grenades, infantry pack, and entrenching tools were
spread out on a table in the company street, and a Roll of Honor,
bearing the names of the men of the company who had died in the
World War, and a tabulated list of the decorations and citations for
gallantry awarded to its members, was displayed where it readily
caught the eye.

The replica of Tun Tavern, hard by the camp, was constructed by
employees of the depot of supplies, and represented faithfully the
exterior of the famous inn that once stood on Water Street, Philadel¬
phia, where Captain Samuel Nicholas of the Marines recruited the
first men of the Corps during the American Revolution. His com¬
mission bears date of November 28, 1775, eighteen days after Con¬
gress had authorized the establishment of two battalions. The inte¬
rior was designed to contain eleven oil paintings, tracing significant
events in the history of the Marine Corps from the Revolution to the
World War. A searchlight, trained upon the building at night,
brought its interesting lines into bold relief.

CHAPTER XVI

NOTABLE CEREMONIES AND OCCASIONS

OPENING DAY — FLAG DAY EXERCISES — PRESIDENT’S DAY — SWEDISH ROYALTY AT COR¬
NERSTONE LAYING — CONSTITUTION DAY PROGRAM — VISIT OF QUEEN MARIE OF ROU-
MANIA — PAN-AMERICAN DAY — ARMISTICE DAY — CLOSING DAY.

From the opening day of the Exposition to its closing notable
events and days designated for special celebrations succeeded each
other in colorful variety. Some of these events and days were of
outstanding character either because of their inherent significance,
the elaborateness of the ceremonies and exercises, or the attention
they attracted. These are described in this chapter while many others,
a number of them hardly less important, are noted elsewhere in this
history.

More than mere schedule was involved in the opening of the
Sesqui-Centennial International Exposition on the date set long
in advance, May 31, 1926. It was notice to the nation and to the
world that Philadelphia had honored its obligation, self-assumed,
to create a fitting background for the celebration of a momentous
event. It was evidence that despite the tremendous difficulties that
might have warranted postponement the herculean tasks that had
been assumed in order to have the Exposition ready for the actual
anniversary were nearing accomplishment.

As the date approached, while an army of workers toiled night
and day in the grounds, a feeling of intense excitement pervaded the
city that saw the birth of the nation one hundred and fifty years
before. Flags and decorations gave a gala appearance to the prin¬
cipal business streets and in the residential sections. The railroad
stations were crowded with arriving visitors and the leading hotels
were filled to overflowing with guests from every state and from
foreign nations. More than a quarter of a million arrived in the city
from all parts of the country, including those bound for the Mystic
Shrine Convention concurrent with the first week of the Exposition.

Opening Day was a brilliant occasion. Two members of the Presi¬
dent’s cabinet, Secretary of State Kellogg and Secretary of Com¬
merce Hoover, both of whom were members of the National Sesqui-
Centennial Exhibition Commission, represented the national govern¬
ment.

The Exposition grounds presented a gala appearance. American
flags, the official emblem of the celebration, were flying from every

190

NOTABLE CEREMONIES AND OCCASIONS

191

building, while a profusion of tri-colored bunting was used in decora¬
tion. The bustle of activity which had accompanied the building
operations was stilled for the opening ceremonies.

The presence of detachments of the armed forces of the govern¬
ment — the Army, Navy and Marine Corps — added to the dignity of
the exercises. As the procession of automobiles bearing the repre¬
sentatives of foreign countries, state, city and government officials
entered the grounds, it passed through lines of service men, who were
stationed from the main Exposition gate to the Stadium. Aerial
maneuvers were executed overhead by a fleet of airplanes.

As the two Cabinet officers entered the Exposition area, a salute
of nineteen guns in accordance with their rank was fired by Bat¬
tery “C,” Sixth Field Artillery. This battery was selected to repre¬
sent the artillery of the Army because it had fired the first shot from
an American gun in the World War. The unit accorded salutes to
visiting dignitaries throughout the Exposition.

The dropping of flowers from the squadron of airplanes in mem¬
ory of the men who had died for the country in wars was one of the
features of the exercises.

Prior to the delivery of addresses units of the Army, Navy and
Marine Corps marched past the speakers’ stand in formation, salut¬
ing as they passed the distinguished guests.

In order to typify the international character of the Exposition,
flags of every nation participating were flown from standards sur¬
mounting the walls of the Stadium.

The official program was as follows:

10.30 A.M. Official party met in Mayor’s reception

room, City Hall.

11.00 A.M.-12.00 M. Concert in Stadium by 108th Field Artillery

Band, Lt. Joseph Frankel Conductor.

1. “Pomp and Circumstance” Elgar

2. Overture, “II Guarany” Gomez

3. “American Patrol” Meacham

4. “America for Me” Matthew

Sesqui-Centennial Festival Chorus

5. “Grand American Fantasia” Tobani

6. “Stars and Stripes Forever” Sousa

11.30 A.M. Official party with Mayor left City Hall for

Exposition. 150-gun salute in honor of

anniversary was fired, beginning 11.30
A. M.

192

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

12.00 M.

12.15 P.M.
12.25 P.M.
12.30 P.M.

12.38 P.M.
12.42 P.M.
12.45 P.M.

1.00 P.M.
1.15 P.M.

1.20 P.M.
1.35 P.M.

1.40 P.M.

1.42 P.M.

1.45 P.M.

2.00 P.M.
2.30-4.30 P.M.
3.00-5.00 P.M.

Official party reached gates of Exposition,
passing through lines of United States
troops. Nineteen-gun salute in honor of
Secretaries of State and Commerce.

Official party arrived in Stadium. Air squad¬
ron maneuvers over Stadium.

Secretaries Kellogg and Hoover and Mayor
Kendrick reviewed troops.

National salute of 21 guns each by Army,
Navy and National Guard of Pennsyl¬
vania.

“America” — Festival Chorus, Bruce A.
Carey, conductor, and massed bands.

Invocation — Rt. Rev. Thomas J. Garland,
D.D., Bishop of Pennsylvania.

One minute of silence in memory of the
heroic dead, from Lexington to World
War inclusive, while flowers were
dropped from Army, Navy and Marine
planes. Reading of President’s message
by Mayor Kendrick of Philadelphia, pres¬
ident of the Sesqui-Centennial Exhibi¬
tion Association, and formal opening of
the Exposition by the Mayor.

Address by the Hon. Frank B. Kellogg, Sec¬
retary of State.

“Unfold Ye Portals” from “The Redemp¬
tion,” by Festival Chorus and 108th Field
Artillery Band.

Address by the Hon. Herbert Hoover, Sec¬
retary of Commerce.

“Hallelujah” Chorus from “The Messiah”
by the Festival Chorus and 108th Field
Artillery Band.

Benediction by the Rt. Rev. Monsignor Jos.
A. Whitaker.

“The Star Spangled Banner” by audience
and massed bands.

Official party escorted to Auditorium.

Luncheon.

Concert by Conway’s Band in band shell.

Band concert in the Stadium.

Secretaries Kellogg and Hoover on Opening
Day. Mayor Kendrick is beside them and to
the rear, Bishop Garland, who delivered the
invocation.

NOTABLE CEREMONIES AND OCCASIONS

193

4.00 P.M.

Daylight pyrotechnic exhibition north of
Stadium.

Banquet.

Concert by Conway’s Band in band shell.
Inaugural Ball in Auditorium.

Night aerial exhibition by airplane squadron.
Pyrotechnic display north of Stadium.

Men prominent in national, state and city affairs were present
and forty-two foreign nations were represented by members of the
Diplomatic Corps.

Approximately 50,000 people occupied the Stadium on Opening
Day.

Swedish Day — June 6

6.30 P.M.
8.30-10.30 P.M.
9.00 P.M.

9.30 P.M.

10.00 P.M.

With the visit of the Crown Prince and Princess of Sweden to
the Exposition June 6 Swedish royalty paid homage a second time
to an anniversary celebration of the birth of the American republic,
as at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876 Prince
Oscar of Sweden was a visitor.

Prince Gustavus Adolphus and Princess Louise took part in two
ceremonies in which tribute was paid to the early Swedish settlers.
The dedication of a reproduction of the old Wicaco Block House,
erected under the auspices of the Swedish Colonial Society, pre¬
ceded the ceremonies incident to the laying of the cornerstone of
the John Morton Memorial Building, a permanent testimonial to the
only signer of the Declaration of Independence of Swedish
extraction.

The entrance of the royal party at the Exposition portals was
heralded by a salute of 21 guns. Troop G, Third United States
Cavalry, formed an escort and the procession moved south through
the main Exposition highway to Camp Anthony Wayne where the
battalion of the 12th Infantry was reviewed. The Navy Yard was
then visited and here naval honors were accorded to the Crown
Prince and Princess.

The dedicatory address at the block house ceremonies was made
by Dr. Howard Mclllvaine Morton of Minneapolis, a direct descen¬
dant of John Morton. Others taking part were Mayor Kendrick,
Secretary of Labor James J. Davis, Dr. Clyde King, Secretary of
the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Sir Esme Howard, British
Ambassador to the United States, Hon. William C. Sproul, former
Governor of Pennsylvania, and Dr. Amandus Johnson and Gregory
Keen of the Swedish- American Society and the Historical Society
of Pennsylvania, respectively.

194 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Flag Day — June 14

As the year 1926 marked the fiftieth anniversary of the forma¬
tion of the Centennial Legion composed of the historic military
commands of the Thirteen Original States which took part in the
July 4 celebration at the Centennial Exposition of 1876, it was
decided that the members of the old association should be invited to
hold their 1926 meeting in Philadelphia in conjunction with the
observance of Flag Day. As a result fifty-six historic military
commands, several of which antedate the Revolution, took part in
a colorful parade. Eleven of the thirteen governors of the original
states were present at the celebration. The two exceptions were
New Hampshire and Rhode Island, the chief executives of which
were ill at the time and unable to make the journey.

In addition to the governors of the eleven states, the adjutants-
general of the thirteen states, together with many members of the
governors’ staffs, were present. Nearly five thousand members of
the veteran commands paraded.

Mayor Kendrick issued a formal proclamation to the people of
the city calling for a general showing of the national colors in honor
of Flag Day with the result that the city had its greatest display
since the World War.

The program for the three days called for the parade of the
historic military commands on the afternoon of June 14; a formal
dinner to the governors and the commanding officers of the visiting
military commands in the evening at the Bellevue-Stratford; pil¬
grimage to Valley Forge, occupying most of the day of June 15;
military ball in the Auditorium of the Sesqui-Centennial on the
evening of that day; and the formal meeting of the Centennial
Legion at Independence Hall on June 16.

The Union League Club of Philadelphia through its president,
William C. Sproul, who was also chairman of the honorary com¬
mittee for the Flag Day celebration, tendered the banquet to the
governors and adjutants-general.

The parade of the historic commands started from the Parkway
at ten o’clock, and as it passed the Union League Club each gover¬
nor took his place in the column at the head of his state troop. At
the Exposition the parade was reviewed within the Stadium, where
many thousands of people had congregated despite threats of rain
and the intense heat of the day.

The celebration at Valley Forge on June 15, in honor of the
148th anniversary of the evacuation of the camp grounds by Wash¬
ington’s army, was the most spectacular historical celebration ever
held in Pennsylvania.

NOTABLE CEREMONIES AND OCCASIONS

195

All the visiting commands were taken to Valley Forge Park in
special trains, while the governors and distinguished guests jour¬
neyed from the Mayor’s office by automobile. The United States
Marine Band, which was detailed for the occasion bv the Navy
Department, was also transported to the park. At noon luncheon
was served to the distinguished guests in the rear of the Washing¬
ton Memorial Chapel, while the visiting military commands were
given luncheon to the right of the parade grounds.

Following the luncheon, in all parts of the parade grounds were
to be seen details of the Continental Army at drill, commemorating
the following historic commands :

Second New York Infantry, impersonated by detail of the 12th
United States Infantry from Camp Anthony Wayne.

First New Jersey Infantry, impersonated by detail of 12th
United States Infantry from Camp Anthony Wayne.

The Commander-in-Chief’s Guard, impersonated by Troop
“G,” Third United States Cavalry from Camp Anthony
Wayne.

Third Continental Artillery, impersonated by Battery “C,”
Sixth United States Field Artillery from Camp Anthony
Wayne, with original cannon loaned for this celebration by
the Chatham Artillery of Savannah, Ga., and the Bristol
Artillery, Bristol, R. I.

Fourteenth Massachusetts Infantry, impersonated by detail of
United States sailors from the Philadelphia Naval Station,
League Island.

Third New Hampshire Infantry, impersonated by detail of
United States Marines from the Philadelphia Naval Station,
League Island.

Fourth Pennsylvania Infantry, impersonated by Veterans
Guard, Company “H” of Chester, Pa., and Company “H” of
Swarthmore, Pa.

Continental Wagon Train. Men and horses from Battery “C”
107th Field Artillery, P.N.G., of Phcenixville, Pa., and
wagons through the courtesy of T. L. Bean, Esq., of Nor¬
ristown, Pa.

At two o’clock a formal ceremony was held at the Waterman mon¬
ument, the site of the only marked grave in the entire encampment
grounds. At this meeting, following the playing of “America” by the
United States Marine Band, prayer was offered by the Rev. W. Her¬
bert Burk, rector of the Washington Memorial Chapel, followed by
patriotic addresses by Mayor Kendrick and former Governor Wil¬
liam C. Sproul.

196

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

The ceremony concluded, a detail of about twenty of Washington’s
Continentals in historically correct uniforms crossed the camp
grounds to the music of an ancient fife and drum band. This detail
escorted “General Washington,” who on reaching the monument,
placed thereon a wreath in memory of the three thousand soldier
dead who are buried in the camp grounds.

There was then seen crossing the field as if coming from Philadel¬
phia on horse back, a rider impersonating George Roberts, a Phila¬
delphian who rode from Philadelphia to Valley Forge to tell Wash¬
ington that the British had evacuated Philadelphia. Upon the receipt
of the news there was heard a call to arms and the Continental Army
began an immediate departure from the camp grounds, re-enacting
the beginning of the memorable march that ten days later resulted in
the battle of Monmouth, the turning point of the Revolution.

The various commands of the Continental Army, numbering about
900 men, with their ancient arms and ancient artillery, some of which
was actually used by General Washington at Valley Forge and later
at Yorktown, reassembled on the field directly in front of a review¬
ing stand. On their left were the members of the visiting historic
military organizations.

After all of the commands were brought up in line formation on
the field, extending a distance of approximately half a mile, the color
guard of each command was brought to the front and Mayor Ken¬
drick presented to each a copy of Washington’s Headquarters Flag.
The color guards returned to their commands and the review fol¬
lowed.

In the evening of June 15 in the Auditorium of the Sesqui-Cen-
tennial Exposition, which was specially decorated for the occasion,
and to the music of the United States Marine Band, the largest mili¬
tary ball ever witnessed in Philadelphia was given. Fully 10,000 men
and women with all the visiting military commands in their full dress
uniforms attended. The grand march, in which several thousand
participated, was one of the most colorful ever witnessed in any
American city.

On June 16 the representatives of all the visiting military com¬
mands held a meeting in Independence Hall, where officers of the
Centennial Legion were elected for the following year, bringing to
a close the three days’ celebration.

Among the many incidents of the Flag Day celebration worthy of
note was the participation of more than six thousand public school
children in a drill in the Stadium on the afternoon of June 14.

NOTABLE CEREMONIES AND OCCASIONS

197

President’s Day — July 5

Monday, July 5, when President Coolidge visited the Exposition,
opened with threatening weather, resulting in rain beginning about
noon, with severe storms marking the close of the day. This cut
down the attendance at the Exposition considerably. The crowd in
the Stadium during the hour when the President spoke was variously
estimated at between 40,000 and 50,000.

The day’s celebration was formally opened at sunrise by the firing
of a salute of 150 guns by the 108th Field Artillery.

The President arrived at Broad Street Station accompanied by
Mrs. Coolidge and a small party about eleven o’clock in the morning
and was met by Mayor and Mrs. Kendrick, Mr. and Mrs. E. T.
Stotesbury and a reception committee. On Broad Street the First
Troop, Philadelphia City Cavalry, was waiting to act as military
escort.

President and Mrs. Coolidge rode in the first automobile in the
procession to the Exposition grounds. Mayor and Mrs. Kendrick
were in the second car. The route down Broad Street was between
open ranks of National Guardsmen and city police to the main gate
of the Sesqui-Centennial, at which point Mayor Kendrick took a seat
with the President in his car. Troop “G,” Third United States Cav¬
alry, was in waiting inside the main gate.

From the main gate, the route followed by the President led
directly in front of the Auditorium, then past the thirteen memorial
columns, dedicated to the memory of the signers of the Declaration
of Independence from the Thirteen Original States. At the west of
the thirteen columns, Battery “C,” Sixth Field Artillery, fired a
national salute of twenty-one guns as the President entered the
grounds.

After passing the Pennsylvania Building the procession crossed
Pattison Avenue and proceeded to the eastern entrance to Pligh
Street, through which the presidential party passed without leaving
the automobiles. When the President’s car reached the Washington
House, it stopped and Mrs. J. Willis Martin, president of the
Women’s Committee of the Sesqui-Centennial, was presented to the
President and handed him a memento of his visit to High Street and
a bouquet to Mrs. Coolidge. Mrs. Martin was then invited to join
the official party and rode in the car of Mr. Stotesbury.

The party then proceeded to the western end of High Street, turn¬
ing left, passing the Japanese Village, the Palace of Fine Arts, and
westward around Camp Anthony Wayne ; then eastward, passing the
Tun Tavern, the Ohio, Illinois and New Jersey buildings. During
that part of the tour, the President rode between the open ranks of

198

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

officers and men of the Twelfth Infantry. On reaching Broad Street,
several hundred Marines under command of Colonel Charles H. Hill,
Commandant of the Marines at League Island, formed the standing
parade of honor. Just outside the Stadium, several hundred blue¬
jackets from League Island formed the open lane through which the
President rode.

Inside the Stadium, the 43rd Company of Marines from Camp
Nicholas in the Sesqui-Centennial grounds, with other details from
the Army, Navy and Marine Corps, and one company from the In¬
fantry Corps, State Fencibles of Philadelphia, together with several
hundred Philadelphia policemen, guarded the field and all the en¬
trances and exits.

As the President entered the Stadium the entire assemblage arose
and remained standing until after the President had taken his seat
in the tribune. Arrangements were made for a national broadcast of
his address, which was the official feature of the 150th anniversary
of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence. Seated directly
to the left of the President’s tribune was the Sesqui-Centennial Fes¬
tival Chorus of 5000 voices.

Shortly after the noon hour, the meeting was called to order by
Mayor Kendrick, who, as presiding officer, after reviewing the pur¬
pose for which the Exposition was planned, presented the President
of the United States to the assemblage and, through the radio, to the
people of the United States.

The President spoke for forty minutes, during which time rain
started to fall. At the conclusion of the President’s address the Fes¬
tival Chorus brought the meeting to an end by singing the national
anthem.

The automobiles for the Presidential party were then driven to
the President’s tribune and the journey northward to the Bellevue-
Stratford Hotel was started. On Broad Street, the National Guards¬
men remained on duty until after the passage of the President’s
party. At the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel, many thousands of citizens
stood in the drizzling rain to cheer the President as he entered the
hotel.

Inside the hotel, a group of Girl Scouts presented to Mrs. Coolidge
a bouquet of flowers. The President was the guest of honor at a
luncheon in the ballroom, at which covers were laid for about five
hundred.

Shortly before three o’clock the luncheon was ended and the
Mayor escorted the President and his party to the waiting automo¬
biles for a continuation of the tour. The route, through lanes of
soldiers, was north on Broad to Chestnut, to Independence Hall,

NOTABLE CEREMONIES AND OCCASIONS

199

where the President and his party entered that historic shrine to see
the Liberty Bell and inspect the Declaration Chamber. After auto¬
graphing the register, the President returned to his automobile and
with the First Troop, Philadelphia City Cavalry, again as escort, the
procession moved eastward on Chestnut Street, passing slowly in
front of Carpenters’ Hall to Second Street and thence north to his¬
toric Christ Church. There the President and his party alighted and
entered the church, where a brief service of commemoration was con¬
ducted by the rector, the Rev. Dr. Louis N. Washburn.

From Christ Church the Presidential party, still moving through
open lanes of Pennsylvania National Guardsmen, proceeded to the
Delaware River Bridge. To the middle of the bridge were stationed
Pennsylvania Guardsmen. At that point the military standing parade
was made up by the officers and men of the 114th Infantry, National
Guard of New Jersey, who formed open ranks to a point in Camden
where the President officiated at the planting of a memorial tree.

The procession was then resumed back to Philadelphia, still
through open ranks of soldiers, to Broad Street Station, which point
was reached shortly before five o’clock in the afternoon. The Mayor
and his reception committee remained in the station until the Presi¬
dential train moved out.

Constitution Day Celebration — September 17-18

The two-day program for the observance of Constitution Day,
September 17, the one hundred and thirty-ninth anniversary of the
adoption of the Constitution of the United States of America, was
arranged in cooperation with the Women’s Committee of the Sesqui-
Centennial, and with a special committee, composed of Colonel Clar¬
ence P. Franklin; Walter Gabell, of the Sons of the American Rev¬
olution; Major Gardner; Benjamin H. Ludlow and several others.

The exercises began with the official dedication of Mustin Air
Field at the Philadelphia Navy Yard on September 17.

At 4 P.M. special commemorative exercises were held in High
Street under the direction of the Women’s Committee in which a
detail of one hundred men who figured in the pageant “Freedom”
represented Colonial troops and re-enacted the first Federal proces¬
sion in High Street, July 4, 1788, in commemoration of the adoption
of the Constitution. In this procession were a number of Colonial
flags and the state coach of General Washington. It included several
hundred members of the Women’s Committee in the costume of
Colonial days.

In the evening exercises were held in the Declaration Chamber,
Independence Hall. Charles H. Grakelow, Director of Public Wei-

200

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

fare, presided and presented the speaker, Stanwood Menken, former
president of the National Security League, who spoke on “The Con¬
stitution.”

The second day’s exercises on September 18 began in the morn¬
ing in the Court of Honor when the national colors were officially
raised, with a detachment of troops present from Camp Anthony
Wayne and Camp Samuel Nicholas.

Beginning shortly after noon there was a parade of troops from
Camp Anthony Wayne, Marines from Camp Samuel Nicholas and
Marines and sailors from the Navy Yard and details from the Na¬
tional Guards of Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware, all under
command of Colonel J. W. Beacham, Jr. The parade formed on
Oregon Avenue, thence moved to Broad Street and south to the Ex¬
position grounds. It was reviewed by Major-General Douglas Mac-
Arthur, Commander of the 3rd Corps, and also witnessed by the
Chilean Ambassador and other distinguished guests. As the parade
passed the stand, the band fell out and formed to the west to take
part in the unveiling of a statue of George Washington. Prior to
the unveiling ceremony, the Chilean Ambassador had been the guest
of honor at a luncheon given by E. T. Stotesbury at the Russian
Pavilion.

At 2.15 P.M. the unveiling took place. Walter Gabell, president
of the Philadelphia Chapter, Sons of the American Revolution, pre¬
sided. After the band played “America” the Rev. L. C. Washburn
delivered an invocation, followed by addresses by Mr. Gabell, Mayor
Kendrick and Benjamin H. Ludlow, the latter of whom spoke on
“Washington, the Citizen.” Upon the completion of the addresses
Mrs. Kendrick unveiled the statue while the band played “The Star-
Spangled Banner.”

Following this part of the program official exercises celebrating
the one hundred and thirty-ninth anniversary of the adoption of the
Constitution of the United States were held in the Auditorium.

The order of exercises follows :

Selection by the band, “America”

Invocation by the Rev. L. C. Washburn, Rector of Christ Church

Introduction of Hampton L. Carson, Honorary Chairman, Con¬
stitution Day Exercises

Selection by Sesqui-Centennial Chorus

Constitution Day oration by Josiah Marvel, President, Delaware
State Bar Association

Selection by band concluding with “The Star-Spangled Banner”
by the Festival Chorus and band

NOTABLE CEREMONIES AND OCCASIONS

201

Queen Marie Day — October 21

The preliminary preparation for the visit of Queen Marie of Rou-
mania to the Exposition embraced reconstruction of the Auditorium ;
the building of a royal box, a box to the left of the proscenium, and
two rows of elevated boxes, one on either side, capable of holding
nearly four hundred persons.

As the Queen desired to meet the women war workers of Phila¬
delphia, the Stratford Room in the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel was se¬
cured for that reception, which was held immediately after the Queen
arrived. The First Troop, Philadelphia City Cavalry, volunteered its
services to Mayor Kendrick to act as the Queen’s escort in the city.

Three days prior to the Queen’s arrival, it was arranged that the
National Guard of Pennsylvania from Philadelphia and vicinity
should assist the city police in lining the streets through which the
royal party was to pass. Colonel Robert Morris, chief-of-staff of the
28th Division, National Guard of Pennsylvania, offered his aid in
getting the members of the guard out, with the result that more than
2000 men volunteered for that duty.

The Queen arrived at Twenty-fourth and Chestnut Streets shortly
before four o’clock. She was received by E. T. Stotesbury, John
Frederick Lewis and other members of the reception committee and,
escorted by the First City Troop, proceeded down Chestnut Street to
Broad Street to the City Hall, where the royal party was received in
the Mayor’s office. Crowds lined the sidewalks wherever she went.

In City Hall the Mayor presented to the Queen a golden key, em¬
blematic of the enthusiastic welcome given to her by the citizens of
Philadelphia.

As the Queen desired to visit the Greek Cathedral at Third and
Brown Streets, the First City Troop escorted the royal party there
and thence to the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel.

There Mrs. J. Willis Martin was in waiting with about 400 of the
women war workers of Philadelphia. From the curb of Broad Street
to the Stratford Room, a company from the Infantry Corps, State
Fencibles, was on escort duty.

Following the reception, the Queen went to her apartments and
shortly after seven o’clock to a state banquet in the hotel, passing
through open ranks of members of the Old Guard, State Fencibles.
These Old Guard members remained on duty until the Queen left
for the Exposition. Mayor Kendrick presided at the dinner. A spe¬
cial souvenir menu program was prepared for this affair, containing
an etching of Queen Marie, a tribute to Her Majesty in a page
article, the whole in a handsome cover on which were emblazoned
the seals of the United States, Roumania and the city of Philadel¬
phia, together with the flags of the two nations.

202

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

The Auditorium was well filled by nine o’clock when the Queen
arrived. Following an elaborate ballet performance, the Queen re¬
mained for about half an hour, during which time an impromptu
reception was given her while she occupied the royal box.

At 11.10 P.M. the royal party, escorted by the Mayor, Mr. Lewis
and ladies proceeded under police escort to the Palace of Fine Arts,
where the Queen inspected the various exhibits.

From there she was driven through the Exposition grounds and,
escorted by city police, returned to her special train at Twenty-fourth
and Chestnut Streets, leaving Philadelphia for New York.

Pan-American Day — October 22

In the arrangements for Pan-American Day it was decided to
make every effort to have the chiefs of mission of the twenty-one
Pan-American nations, including the United States, accept invita¬
tions to participate.

After conferences with L. S. Rowe, Director General of the Pan-
American Union, and Franklin Adams, its Counselor, the following
program was adopted:

Reception to the members of the union on their arrival in Phila¬
delphia.

Official luncheon to the visitors at the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel.

Raising of the flags of the 21 countries represented in the union
at the Court of Honor.

Visits to the Cuban, Spanish and Argentine buildings, concluding
with an official visit to the Government Building.

The program called for the erection of twenty-one flagpoles in the
Court of Honor and the erection of a platform for the distinguished
visitors. Arrangements were made with the Philadelphia Navy Yard
for regulation twelve- foot flags of the twenty-one countries for the
official flag raising.

It was also arranged through the office of Major-General William
G. Price, Jr., commanding the 28th Division, National Guard of
Pennsylvania, for a special escort of two troops of Pennsylvania
Cavalry, the Second Troop, Philadelphia City Cavalry, and the Key¬
stone Troop (Troop “C,” 103rd Cavalry) to act as the official escort
to the diplomatic party.

Secretary of War Dwight M. Davis was asked that the United
States Army Band be permitted to accompany the diplomats from
Washington and, after playing at the official luncheon and in the
Court of Honor, to present a patriotic concert in the Auditorium in
the evening in honor of Pan-American Day. Secretary Davis
granted this request.

NOTABLE CEREMONIES AND OCCASIONS

203

Through James H. Bell, president of the Quaker City Concourse
Association, 1485 homing pigeons were secured from among the
fanciers of Philadelphia and vicinity. These were released at the
conclusion of the Court of Honor meeting with indescribably beau¬
tiful effect.

About 9 o’clock the diplomats with Hon. Joseph C. Crew, Under¬
secretary of State, representing Secretary Kellogg, who was detained
in Washington by reason of a cabinet meeting, assembled in the
President’s room of the Union Station at Washington and with the
Army Band boarded a special train for Philadelphia.

At 12.35 o’clock the train reached Broad Street Station, where
Mayor Kendrick and about thirty members of his reception commit¬
tee, headed by former Governor William C. Sproul, representatives
of all the consular offices in Philadelphia, and twenty-two military
aides assigned for the occasion by Major-General Price, greeted
the diplomats.

On Broad Street a platoon of police and the Second City Troop,
Philadelphia City Cavalry, and Troop “C,” 103rd Cavalry, National
Guard of Pennsylvania, in their full dress uniforms, awaited the
arrival of the dignitaries. About thirty automobiles, those for the
diplomats being draped with the national flag and the flag of the
country of the diplomat, were in waiting. A crowd estimated at ten
thousand was also congregated. Mayor Kendrick rode in the first
automobile with the Undersecretary of State.

From the station the members of the party proceeded by way of
Broad and Chestnut Streets to Independence Hall, where a wreath of
autumn leaves was placed on the Liberty Bell, and then into State
House Square, where the visiting officials assisted in planting a red
oak tree in commemoration of the visit.

The foreign representatives were tendered a formal luncheon
attended by the members of City Council, Exposition officials, the
Mayor’s reception committee and military aides. The United States
Army Band furnished the music. A very attractive souvenir menu
card was prepared for the occasion. Mayor Kendrick presided and
the only other speakers were the Undersecretary of State, Joseph C.
Grew, and the Minister of Guatemala, Senor Don Francisco Sanchez
Latour.

At 3 o’clock, the party in automobiles, escorted by motorcycle
police, visited the Exposition and at the main gate was met by Troop
“G,” 3rd United States Cavalry, and escorted to the Court of Honor.

At this point former Governor Sproul took charge of the cere¬
monies and presented the Rev. L. N. Washburn to deliver the invo¬
cation. Immediately following the prayer, all of the diplomatic pajty

204

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

left the stand, each one walking direct to the flagpole assigned to his
country. After all the diplomats had reached their stations, Governor
Sproul, attended by Major-General Price and three aides, stepped
forward to the first pole, that of Argentine, and handed the halyards
to the ambassador, who raised the flag to the top of the mast while
the band played the national anthem of that country. All the flags
were raised in like manner, with that of the United States last. As
each flag was raised there was one gun fired by Battery “C,” 6th
Field Artillery. After the rendition of “The Star-Spangled Banner”
there were released from the top of the Court of Honor the great
flock of pigeons, emblematic of doves of peace. Rt. Rev. Monsignor
Whitaker then brought the ceremonies to a close with a benediction.

The diplomatic party was escorted to the eastern end of High
Street, where the distinguished visitors were received at Washing¬
ton’s House by Mrs. J. Willis Martin, chairman of the Women’s
Committee.

After passing through High Street the party visited in turn the
Cuban, Spanish and Argentine buildings and finally entered the
Government Building, where Rear-Admiral H. O. Stickney, U. S.
Commissioner, extended an official welcome and personally con¬
ducted the visitors through the building. At 6.30 P.M. the visitors
went to the West Philadelphia Station, whence they left for Wash¬
ington. Dinner was served on the train.

The following were the chiefs of mission who were the guests of
the City of Philadelphia and the Sesqui-Centennial on Pan-American
Day :

His Excellency, The Ambassador of Peru, Dr. Hernan Velarde

His Excellency, The Ambassador of Brazil, S. Gurgel do
Amaral

His Excellency, The Ambassador of Chile, Senor Don Miguel
Cruchaga Tocornal

His Excellency, The Minister of Uruguay, Dr. Jacobo Varela

His Excellency, The Minister of Guatemala, Senor Don Fran¬
cisco Sanchez Latour

His Excellency, The Minister of Colombia, Dr. Enrique Olaya

His Excellency, The Minister of Costa Rica, Senor Don J.
Rafael Oreamuno

His Excellency, The Minister of Panama, Senor Dr. Don
Ricardo J. Alfaro

His Excellency, The Minister of Bolivia, Senor Dr. Don
Ricardo Jaimes Freyre

His Excellency, The Minister of Haiti, Mr. Hannibal Price

NOTABLE CEREMONIES AND OCCASIONS

205

His Excellency, The Minister of Honduras, Senor Don Luis
Bogran

His Excellency, The Minister of Nicaragua, Senor Dr. Don
Salvador Castrillo

His Excellency, The Minister of the Dominican Republic, Senor
Angel Morales

His Excellency, The Minister of Venezuela, Senor Dr. Don
Carlos F. Grisanti

Senor Don Jose T. Baron, Charge d’Affaires of Cuba

Mr. Felipe A. Espil, Charge d’Affaires of Argentina

Senor Dr. Don Antonio Castro-Leal, Charge d’Affaires of
Mexico

Dr. Don Hector David Castro, Charge d’Affaires of Salvador

Senor Don Juan Barberis, Charge d’Affaires of Ecuador

Dr. Juan V. Ramirez, Charge d’Affaires of Paraguay

Armistice Day — November 11

Major-General William G. Price, Jr., commanding the National
Guard of Pennsylvania, directed that Lieutenant-Colonel Robert
Morris, Assistant Chief-of-Staff, cooperate with the Sesqui-Centen-
nial Exposition officials in arranging for the participation of the
National Guard of Pennsylvania in the celebration of Armistice Day.

Mayor Kendrick on Friday, September 5, issued a proclamation
to the public calling for an official observance of Armistice Day, ask¬
ing that all the people of the city should stand in silence for one
minute at 11 o’clock in the morning in memory of the Americans
who gave their lives during the World War.

The formal program for the day provided for a military parade
from Twentieth Street and the Parkway to the Exposition, with a
grand review in the Stadium.

At 11 o’clock in the morning buglers from the various commands
of the National Guard of Pennsylvania were stationed at the four
entrances of City Hall, where they sounded the “Roll Call,” followed
after a minute of silence with “Taps.”

The American War Mothers, through Mrs. Adelaide G. Marshall,
national chairman of that organization, had given to the Mayor and
to the Sesqui-Centennial officials the use of forty-eight national
service flags, each flag four feet by six feet, bearing a blue star show¬
ing the number of men from each state in the World War, and a
gold star, with numerals indicating the number of dead from that
state during the period of the war.

The parade, which was led by Major-General Price as chief mar¬
shal, was composed of the following units :

206

sesqui-centennial international exposition

First Brigade — Col. Joseph C. Beacham, Jr., Commanding

Third Batttalion, 12th Infantry, U. S. A.

Troop “G,” 3rd Cavalry, U. S. A.

Battery “C,” 6th Field Artillery, U. S. A.

Second Brigade — Brigadier-General E. C. Shannon, Commanding

Special Troops, 28th Division, N. G. P.

103rd Observation Squadron, N. G. P.

108th Engineers, N. G. P.

111th Infantry, N. G. P.

103rd Collecting Co., N. G. P.

Third Brigade — Brigadier-General R. M. Brookfield, Commanding

Headquarters Troop, 52nd Cavalry Brigade,

N. G. P.

103rd Cavalry, N. G. P.

Battery “C,” 107th Field Artillery, N. G. P.

108th Field Artillery, N. G. P.

28th Tank Company, N. G. P.

Immediately following General Price was a detail of United States
Marines carrying the forty-eight state service flags. This was the
first public display of these flags, all of which were made up with
official figures furnished by the United States Government.

The head of the column reached the Stadium at 12.20 P.M. In
the reviewing box at the west side of the Stadium were Mayor Ken¬
drick, Brigadier-General H. G. Learnard, U. S. A. ; Rear-Admiral
T. P. Magruder, U. S. N. ; Colonel Harold Snyder, U. S. M. C. ;
many other distinguished army and navy officers, officials of the
City of Philadelphia and the Exposition, and Mrs. Marshall. Di¬
rectly behind the reviewing box were about seven hundred War
Mothers, each carrying her service flag.

The review inside the Stadium required nearly an hour, after
which the Mayor and his guests and the War Mothers were escorted
to High Street directly in front of the Little Wooden House where
a national service flag bearing the numerals showing the total num¬
ber of men and women in the American forces during the World
War and a gold star with numerals indicating the total number of
those who made the supreme sacrifice was raised by Mrs. Martin at
the request of the War Mothers. After the flag raising an address
commemorative of the occasion was made by Mayor Kendrick, the
observance being then brought to a close by the band playing the
national anthem.

The evening of the day was set aside for a military ball in the
Auditorium. On the stage was the 108th Field Artillery Band, which
provided the concert and dance music. From eight o’clock to nine

NOTABLE CEREMONIES AND OCCASIONS

207

o’clock a band concert was given, with dancing from nine to ten
o’clock. At that hour the grand march was led by Mayor Kendrick
and General Price and their ladies. Dancing was then resumed and
continued until the close. More than 3000 were in attendance during
the evening, including representatives from a number of the city’s
old military organizations.

Closing Day — November 30

The program of activities and events for Closing Day, November
30, began at 9.00 A.M., at which time a committee consisting of the
Mayor’s military aides and representatives of the director-in-chief
met the Governor of Connecticut, John H. Trumbull, his staff and
official family at the Broad Street Station when he arrived from
Connecticut. The day had been selected for the official presentation
of the state flag of Connecticut to the collection of state flags in
High Street.

The party was escorted in automobiles by motorcycle police to the
Mayor’s office. Here the governor, with various members of the
party, was presented to the Mayor and a reception was held.

Following this reception a visit was made to the Sesqui-Centen-
nial Exposition. Just north of the Luminous Liberty Bell the party
was halted, while appropriate honors were rendered by Troop “G,”
Third United States Cavalry, which had taken position at that point.
Upon the completion of this ceremony, Director-in-Chief Austin
joined the party and the procession continued to the Exposition.

Upon arrival at Camp Anthony Wayne a salute of nineteen guns
was fired in honor of the governor. The party alighted in front of
headquarters at Camp Anthony Wayne and proceeded through lines
of cavalry to Brigadier-General Learnard’s headquarters.

After the reception a tour of the grounds and of the Navy
Yard was made. This terminated at the Russian Pavilion, where the
governor entertained at luncheon. State of Connecticut commemora¬
tive bronze medals were given to each member of the luncheon party
by G. S. Godard, State Librarian of Connecticut, who was also chair¬
man of the Connecticut Sesqui-Centennial Commission and in charge
of the Connecticut state building at the Exposition.

Following the luncheon the members of the Connecticut party
returned to the Connecticut Building where at 2.30 P.M. Mayor
Kendrick accompanied by Mr. Austin and military aides preceded by
the 12th Infantry band and a Guard of Honor of the Old Guard of
State Fencibles, Major Emanuel Furth, commanding, arrived to
return the governor’s call.

Shortly thereafter the party proceeded from the Connecticut Build-

208

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

ing to Slate Roof House in High Street. Here the party was re¬
ceived by Mrs. George Horace Lorimer, the ladies of her committee
and of the Women’s Committee of High Street. The party passed
to the yard in the rear of the Slate Roof House where a speech was
made by Mayor Kendrick, who introduced Governor Trumbull.

Governor Trumbull in his address paid tribute to the Sesqui-Cen-
tennial Exposition and the events it commemorated and, through
Miss Marion C. Godard, presented the Connecticut state flag to Mrs.
Lorimer for the collection of state flags which were later to be pre¬
sented to Independence Hall. After Mrs. Lorimer had accepted the
gift, the Mayor in turn presented her with a beautiful silken United
States flag to add to her set of state flags.

Immediately following this the 12th Infantry Band played “The
Star-Spangled Banner,” completing the ceremonies.

Tea was then served to the official party in the Slate Roof House
by Mrs. Lorimer and her aides after which the party left High Street
and proceeded by automobiles to a stand on the east side of Broad
Street opposite the Pennsylvania Building, where a review of troops
from Camp Anthony Wayne and marines and sailors from the Navy
Yard was held in honor of Mayor Kendrick.

Upon the completion of the review, the party and guests proceeded
on foot to the Court of Honor for “Colors.”

A stand and roped-off space for the party had been provided and
the troops after the review were massed in the Court of Honor in
front of the official party and surrounding the flagstaff.

Promptly at 4.35 P.M. and preceded by one gun, the sunset signal,
the bugler played “Colors,” which was followed by a national salute
of twenty-one guns and the playing of the national anthem.

At 6 P.M. the official party from Connecticut and many other
distinguished military and civilian guests together with practically
all of the Sesqui-Centennial personnel and many foreign representa¬
tives and exhibitors assembled at the Alpine Haus for a last supper.
Colonel G. J. Siedler presided at the dinner, which was in honor
of the director-in-chief, E. L. Austin.

For the evening there was arranged in the Auditorium a program
of ceremonies formally closing the activities of the Exposition. This
program consisted of a concert by the orthophonic Victrola of the
Victor Talking Machine Company between the hours of 8.00 and
8.45 P.M. ; concert by the 12th Infantry Band lasting until 9.10;
singing by the Festival Chorus and Matinee Musical Club Chorus;
concert by the Sesqui-Centennial Harmonica Band ; and speeches
by Mayor Kendrick, Governor Trumbull, and the U. S. Government
Commissioner, Rear-Admiral H. O. Stickney ; followed by dancing

The end of the Exposition. (Bclozv) — Gov¬
ernor Trumbull and the official party on Clos¬
ing Day. (Above) — Mrs. George Horace Lari¬
mer on behalf of the States Committee pre¬
sents to the city of Philadelphia the state
flags , the exercises taking place in Indepen¬
dence Hall.

NOTABLE CEREMONIES AND OCCASIONS

209

lasting until 1.30 A.M., music being supplied by Lieutenant Joseph
Frankel’s Band.

Governor Trumbull presented to U. S. Commissioner Stickney a
gold commemorative medal struck oft* by the State of Connecticut
commemorating the 150th Anniversary of American Independence.
He also presented to Mayor Kendrick a silver commemorative medal.

Official ceremonies closing the Exposition were completed at about
12 P.M; in the presence of several thousand persons, including many
members of the Exposition organization. With the playing of “The
Star-Spangled Banner” on the stroke of midnight the Sesqui-Cen-
tennial Exposition came to an end.

CHAPTER XVII

MUSIC AND MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS

By Herbert J. Tily
Chairman of the Music Committee

AMERICAN MUSIC AT HEIGHT OF ITS DEVELOPMENT — MAJOR EVENTS — PERSONNEL OF
MUSIC COMMITTEE — ORCHESTRAL CONCERTS — THE FESTIVAL CHORUS AND “AMER¬
ICA^— -CHORAL CONCERTS — ASSOCIATED GLEE CLUBS OF AMERICA — BANDS — INTER¬
NATIONAL MUSICAL PRIZE CONTEST — SESQU1-CENTENNIAL ORGAN — NATIONAL IN¬
TERSTATE STUDENTS’ CONTEST — PHILADELPHIA ORCHESTRA.

From the moment music activities first came under consideration
until the moment they had reached their remarkably successful con¬
clusion, it had always been the thought of those in charge of the
Exposition that the program must be worthy of the occasion, espe¬
cially since it was projected in a city where musical standards and
whose record of accomplishment in music are second to none. The
task of putting on a series of music events of the first magnitude was
facilitated by the resources in this art which Philadelphia had ready
at hand and others which could easily be drawn upon in this section
of the East.

The broadest possible viewpoint was therefore always evident in
the musical activities of the Exposition. The purpose of those who
framed its detailed program was to schedule a series of events which
should be thoroughly representative of American music at the height
of its development — and they were not unmindful of the tremendous
strides that had been made since the last international exposition.

The result was that before the Exposition closed its gates there
had been presented what may fairly be called one of the greatest
musical festivals ever presented in this country under one responsi¬
bility, greatest in diversity of offering, in number of events, and in
the uniformly high standard maintained.

Its major events included a series of symphony orchestra concerts
twice a week by one of the world’s greatest orchestras, the Philadel¬
phia Orchestra, conducted by the world’s leading conductors ; twenty
choral concerts of large proportions ; daily organ recitals on a great
organ built to special specifications and played by leading organists
from coast to coast; outdoor pageants and special festivals where
music played a significant part; a competition for original compo¬
sitions in many forms, including operatic and symphonic, whose
entrants included internationally famous composers; a series of daily

band concerts by leading organizations in that field; the formation

210

MUSIC AND MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS

211

of a mixed chorus of 5000 voices which participated in various con¬
certs and programs; and a series of miscellaneous events of smaller
proportions but not less significant in their class.

It is obvious that the task of organizing a program of such ex¬
tended scope was no light one, especially in view of the comparatively
short time available for preparation.

When the present writer was asked to take charge of the musical
activities early in 1925 he saw that the only possibility of success lay
in securing the immediate cooperation of musical Philadelphia. He
is happy to say that cooperation was heartily offered.

The first step was to organize a Music Committee which should be
truly representative of all the city’s interests in the art, both profes¬
sional and amateur. Sub-committees of specialists in their respec¬
tive fields were also appointed. Many meetings were held and nu¬
merous luncheons were arranged. To those who attended the plans
that had been devised were submitted for criticism and suggestion.
They were finally crystallized into the program that was adopted.

The general Music Committee was composed as follows :

Herbert J. Tily, Chairman
W. O. Miller, Vice-Chairman
Craig King, Executive Secretary

Mrs. Frederick W. Abbott
Perley Dunn Aldrich
Frederick Anne
Clarence K. Bawden
Miss Minerva Bennett
Mrs. Helen M. Bentz
William P. Bentz
George D. Bevers
Charles Bond
Bruce A. Carey
Mrs. Esther Caudill
Mrs. Frances E. Clark
Gilbert Raynolds Combs
Horatio Connell
C. Bentley Collins
James Francis Cooke
Airs. Samuel W. Cooper
C. Victor Dealy
Miss Helen Dillingham
Carl Diton
Nicholas Douty
H. N. Eccelston
Edward F. Ertell
Airs. Gertrude H. Fernley
Henry S. Fry
Dr. Adam Geibel
Anthony M. Gilbert
John H. Glover
Philip H. Goepp
George A. Gress
Charles S. Halsall
Dr. J. Marvin Hanna

George C. Hartel
James Hartzell
Frederick W. Haussmann
H. M. Hippel
Dr. Charles S. Hirsch
Henry Hotz

Airs. Charles N. Howson
Albert N. Hoxie
Airs. Helen Pulaski Innes
Arthur E. I. Jackson
C. L. Johnson
Arthur Judson
Ralph Kinder
Walter S. Knodle
Dr. Andrew Knox
Rev. Dr. Hugh L. Lamb
Ednyfed Lewis
George L. Lindsay
T. L. MacKenzie
Aliss Anne McDonough
Rollo Maitland
Aliss Alilberta M. Alaize
Charles H. Alartin
Joseph A. Martin
Alrs.B. F. Maschall
Alexander Alatthews
Frederick Alaxson
Nicola A. Alontani
Charlton L. Alurphy
Rev. William S. Alurphy
George E. Nitzsche
Carl W. Nocka

N. Lindsay Norden
Rev. J. Al. O’Hara
Albert H. Ohler
Airs. Humbert Borton
Powell

J. P. Redmond
Thaddeus Rich
Dr. Alexander Russell
Alme. Olga Samaroff
Karl J. Schneider
S. Wesley Sears
Airs. Bessie K. Slaugh
Alexander Smallens
Gilbert Smith
Joseph Smith
John L. Snyder
Aliss Alarion G. Spangler
William L. Stamper
Leopold Stokowski
Henry Gordon Thunder
Airs. Henry Al. Tracy
Emil F. Ulrich
Alexander Van Rensselear
Dr. John M’E. Ward
Airs. Edwin A. Watrous
George Alexander A. West
Fred Lyman Wheeler
Orin Wilson
Aliss Frances A. Wister
Rabbi Louis Wolsey
Arthur D. Woodruff
John R. Yost

212

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

The chairmen of the special sub-committees were the following :

Mrs. Frederick W. Abbott, pageants

James Francis Cooke, composition

Dr. Charles S. Hirsch, orchestras

Alexander Smallens, opera

N. Lindsay Norden, choral

Henry S. Fry, organ

Mrs. Helen Pulaski Innes, soloists

Albert N. Hoxie, bands

George L. Lindsay, public schools

Bruce A. Carey, private schools

Rev. Dr. Hugh L. Lamb, parochial schools

Gilbert Raynolds Combs, conservatories

Nicholas Douty, teachers

Nicola A. Montani, churches

The Orchestral Concerts

The outstanding feature of the music program perhaps was the
symphonic orchestral series given twice weekly and led by some
of the world’s most renowned conductors. The Philadelphia Orches¬
tra was the official orchestra of the Exposition, playing from June
8 to September 25. Leopold Stokowski, its conductor, was director
of the Exposition orchestra program. The best of orchestral reper¬
toire was given, including works produced for the first time any¬
where and several numbers heard for the first time in Philadelphia.

The first of the series of thirty-two concerts which were given by
the Philadelphia Orchestra under the direction of guest conductors
took place on the night of June 8 with Willem Van Hoogstraten as
conductor and Harold Bauer, pianist, as soloist. The Sixth Sym¬
phony (“Pathetique”) by Tschaikowsky featured the concert, which
also included works of Wagner and Beethoven. Each conductor
directed four concerts and Mr. Van Hoogstraten’s second offering
on the night of June 12 embraced the Fifth Symphony of Beethoven,
with selections by Weber, Debussy and Schelling. Mr. Van Hoog¬
straten’s program for his third concert on the night of June 16 was
made up of the First Symphony of Brahms; “Rosamunde” Over¬
ture of Schubert and the Tschaikowsky Concerto for violin and
orchestra. His final program on the night of June 18 consisted of
the Fourth Symphony by Tschaikowsky and compositions of Bee¬
thoven, Debussy and Wagner.

Nikolai Sokoloff, conductor of the Cleveland Symphony Orches¬
tra, made his debut as guest conductor on the night of June 25 with
a program that, in addition to the D Minor Symphony by Cesar
Franck, included works of Beethoven, Respighi and Borodin. The
second of his four concerts on the night of June 26 was divided
between Wagner and Tschaikowsky. The Rachmaninoff Symphony
in E Minor was the feature of his third concert on the night of June

The Auditorium, where most of the important
musical events took place. It contained the
Exposition organ and accommodated 10,000.

MUSIC AND MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS

213

29. In his final concert on July 3, he presented Beryl Rubinstein as
soloist in two numbers. The compositions were Vincent D’ Indy’s
“Symphony on a French Mountain Song” for piano and orchestra
and Loeffier’s “A Pagan Poem” for orchestra, piano, English horn
and three trumpets obbligato.

The first of the concerts conducted by Dr. Henry K. Hadley, asso¬
ciate conductor of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra, took place
on July 6 and in presenting as soloist John Powell, who played Mac-
Dowell’s D Minor Concerto, Dr. Hadley offered a combination of
an American soloist and an American conductor performing together
on an important American composition. Works of Brahms and
Liszt were played in addition to the piano number. In his second
concert Dr. Hadley offered his own Symphony No. 3 in B Minor.
This concert was given July 10 and also included the “Nut Cracker"
Suite by Tschaikowsky and “Don Juan” by Strauss. Dvorak’s sym¬
phony, “From the New World,’’ featured the third of Dr. Hadley’s
concerts, which was given July 13 and included offerings of Liszt and
Wagner. In the final program on July 17 Dr. Hadley presented a
concert entirely of the works of Wagner.

On the evening of July 21, Alexander Smallens, musical director
of the Philadelphia Civic Opera Company, opened with the first of
a series of four concerts. The presence of the Exposition’s great
organ permitted the performance for the first time in Philadelphia
of Saint Saens’ Third Symphony with its part for the pipe organ
as a member of the ensemble and not a solo part. Henry S. Fry,
organist at St. Clement’s Church and one of the designers of the
organ, played the instrument. The rest of the program embraced
numbers from Dvorak, Brahms and Dukas. The second concert on
the night of July 23 presented an all-Tschaikowsky program, opening
with the Polonaise from “Eugen Onegin” and closing with the Fifth
Symphony, with the fairy tale suite from the “Sleeping Beauty"
ballet included. Three numbers which bore the notation, “First Time
in Philadelphia,” made up the final half of the program of Mr.
Smallens’ third concert on the night of July 28. These three num¬
bers were Spendiarov’s “Three Palms;” Persian Dances from
“Khovantschina" by Moussorgsky as orchestrated by Rimsky-Kor-
sakoff ; and “Thamar,” a tone-poem by Balakirew. His final appear¬
ance as conductor was on July 30 when he offered the initial produc¬
tion of Emerson Whithorne’s suite “New York Days and Nights.”

Walter H. Rothwell, conductor of the Philharmonic Orchestra of
Los Angeles, made his first appearance on August 4 at a concert
whose program featured Brahms’ C Minor Symphony. In his second
appearance, which was on August 7, he opened with Beethoven’s

214

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Fifth Symphony and the Scherzo from “A Midsummer Night’s
Dream” by Mendelssohn, with the symphonic poem, “Till Eulen-
spiegel,” by Strauss were also offered. The oppressive heat of the
day of Mr. Rothwell’s third concert on August 11 caused him to
offer a brief concert which was known as a “symphony program
without a symphony.” Miss Clara Rabinovitch was the soloist in
Chopin’s Concerto in F Minor for piano and orchestra. For the
night of his final concert on August 13, Mr. Rothwell’s program
featured Tschaikowsky’s “Symphony Pathetique.”

For the opening concert of Dr. Artur Rodzinski on the night of
August 18, the conductor selected a program consisting of Gold¬
mark’s “In the Spring;” the “Romeo and Juliette” Overture by
Tschaikowsky ; two Polish dances of Maniuszko; and Respighi’s
“Pines of Rome.” “Vltava,” a symphonic poem by Smetana, fea¬
tured his second concert on the night of August 20. For his third
concert on the night of August 24 Dr. Rodzinski chose a work
seldom heard in this country, Kalinnikow’s “Symphonie in C
Minor,” as the principal number, while in his final concert on August
27 he presented Schelling’s “A Victory Ball” as the chief novelty.

A special concert of Italian music was played by the Orchestra on
August 28 under the direction of Maestro Fulgenzio Guerrieri, con¬
ductor of the Philadelphia Opera Company.

On the night of August 31, Frederick Stock, conductor of the
Chicago Symphony Orchestra, began his series of concerts with
Goldmark’s “In the Spring” and included also two nocturnes by
Debussy. His second concert on September 2 was known as a Theo¬
dore Thomas memorial concert in memory of Mr. Thomas’ work
as conductor of the orchestral concerts at the Centennial Exposition
in Philadelphia in 1876. The numbers chosen were the same as
those played by Mr. Thomas in the Centennial Exposition, the pro¬
gram consisting of the “Mignon” Overture by Ambroise Thomas;
Beethoven’s “Fifth Symphony;” Liszt’s “Plungarian Rhapsody
No. 2;” Schubert’s “Serenade;” Schumann’s “Traumerei” (orches¬
trated by Mr. Thomas) ; the “Blue Danube” Waltz by Strauss and
the “March Racoczky” by Berlioz. At the third concert on the night
of September 7, Beethoven’s “Eroica” Symphony was played, to¬
gether with Brahms’ violin concerto with Miss Sylvia Lent of Chi¬
cago as soloist. Mr. Stock’s selections for the final concert on Sep¬
tember 11 included the First Symphony of Brahms; “Chorale and
Fugue” of Bach- Albert; three numbers from “Tristan and Isolde,”
including “Isolde’s Love Death,” by Wagner; closing with “The
Pines of the Appian Way” by Respighi.

MUSIC AND MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS

215

After the visits of these guest conductors, Leopold Stokowski
assumed the role of conductor in the four final concerts beginning
on the night of September 14. “Scheherezade” by Rimsky-Korsa-
koff was performed in response to requests, as this work had not
been played before at these concerts. The rest of the program was
made up of the “Carneval Romain” by Berlioz ;• “L’apres-midi d’un
faun’’ by Debussy and the Overture and Venusbergmusik from
Wagner’s “Tannhauser.” Dr. Stokowski opened his second concert
on the night of September 18 with the tone poem, “Finlandia,’’ and
the numbers included the Symphony, “From the New World,’’ by
Dvorak. The third program on the night of September 21 had con¬
trasting numbers from Bach, Debussy and Wagner in addition to
Beethoven’s Symphony No. 7. For his farewell concert on the night
of September 25, Dr. Stokowski presented numbers often heard in
the orchestra’s regular series at the Academy of Music.

The Philharmonic Orchestra of New York came to the Audi¬
torium, giving the final symphonic concert on October 13. Those
fortunate in being present enjoyed the characteristic Mengelberg
conducting and particularly the opportunity of hearing the first
American performance of Howard Hanson’s “Pan and the Priest,”
conducted by the composer. The rest of the program consisted of
Beethoven’s Eighth Symphony; Bach’s Sinfonia Overture from
“Lucio Lillia” (the Bach in question is John Christian, the eleventh
son of the mighty Sebastian) and three movements from Berlioz’s
“Damnation de Faust.”

The Festival Chorus and “America”

In January, 1926, the first steps were taken toward the formation
of a great people’s chorus for the Sesqui-Centennial celebration. The
impetus was given through the need felt by the Philadelphia Music
League for choral support of the great festival pageant “America.”
The choral committee, consisting of Messrs. Norden, Matthews,
Thunder, Montani, Carey and Bawden, agreed that it was necessary
to form a special festival chorus, not only for “America” but to serve
the music committee of the Exposition on special occasions. Mr.
Carey offered to train such a chorus and his offer was accepted.

Mrs. Frederick W. Abbott, Director of the Philadelphia Music
League, called upon the service clubs of the city for support. Thomas
E. Coale, representing the Rotary Club, secured the interest of
Arthur E. I. Jackson and Arthur L. Church with their influence and
support. Upon the suggestion of George E. Nitzsche, W. O. Miller
of the University of Pennsylvania was induced to accept the chair¬
manship of the chorus committee. Robert H. Durbin undertook the

216

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

publicity campaign. A mass meeting of all interested was held in
the Mayor's reception room on March 15 and the suggestion made
by Arthur Jackson to send out a call for 5000 singers was accepted
and acted upon, with ultimate accomplishment.

The first appearance of the chorus was on Opening Day, with Mr.
Carey conducting and the 108th Artillery Band accompanying. The
second appearance of the chorus was in “America.”

The Sesqui-Centennial Festival Chorus led directly to the forma¬
tion of the Chorus of States. The Mayor and the Chamber of
Commerce sent letters to 1200 cities in the United States asking
that singers be sent to Philadelphia for the Independence Day cele¬
bration from every state to join in one chorus in songs of glorifica¬
tion of peace, of praise and of patriotic fervor in honor of the foun¬
ders of the Republic. These singers were added to the great chorus
of 5000 and presented the most important feature next to the Presi¬
dent’s address on July 5. The chorus was led by Dr. Henry K.
Hadley, associate conductor of the New York Philharmonic Orches¬
tra. On August 19 a concert was given in the Auditorium by the
Festival Chorus under the direction of Henry Gordon Thunder.

But perhaps we have anticipated ourselves by continuing the story
of the Sesqui-Centennial Festival Chorus beyond the point of its
appearance in “America” during the first month of the Exposition.
The idea of giving a patriotic musical festival on a large scale in the
Municipal Stadium during the Exposition grew out of the open air
music pageant given in June, 1925, at Franklin Field.

The writer urged the Poor Richard Club to consider a similar
festival as the musical feature of the entertainment of the Associated
Advertising Clubs of the World, which were to be the guests of the
Poor Richard Club in Philadelphia from June 19 to 26. The Poor
Richard Club cooperated in every way and guaranteed the purchase
of from five to seven thousand tickets for such an event to be given
on June 23 as part of their program. Mayor Kendrick endorsed the
project and asked that the festival be given in the new Municipal
Stadium as part of the Sesqui-Centennial celebration and he reserved
the Stadium for this purpose, asking that it be produced two nights
instead of one.

Several Philadelphians were invited to submit a scenario, that of
Craig King being selected. It embraced a comprehensive outline of
the history of America interpreted through music, tableaux, pagean¬
try and dancing. The scenario covered four historical periods. The
first act was pre- American and with music, tableau and ballet, repre¬
sented the gorgeous court of Queen Isabella when she pledged her
jewels to Columbus for the voyage of discovery. The second act

MUSIC AND MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS

217

covered American history from the landing of the Pilgrims through
the Revolutionary War, depicting important historical events such
as the treaty of Penn with the Indians and the making of the first
flag by Betsy Ross. The third act covered the period of history from
1800 to 1876 and illustrated events from the writing of the “Star-
Spangled Banner” at Fort McHenry to the signing of the Emanci¬
pation Proclamation by Lincoln. The fourth period extended from
the Centennial Exposition of 1876 to the Sesqui-Centennial of 1926
and covered scenes in the Spanish-American War, the World War,
and significant historical events following it such as Armistice Day
and the peace conference at Locarno.

The following working organization was formed: Mrs. Frederick
W. Abbott, festival manager; George E. Nitzsche, acting in an ad¬
visory capacity; Mrs. Helen Pulaski Innes, business manager; Alex¬
ander Smallens, chairman of orchestra; Albert N. Hoxie, chairman
of bands; Charles S. Morgan, Jr., stage director; Col. Joseph Klapp
Nicholls, chairman of military episodes; Caroline Littlefield, ballet
director; Robert H. Durbin, publicity. The Choral committee con¬
sisted of N. Lindsay Norden, Henry Gordon Thunder, H. Alexander
Matthews, Nicola A. Montani, Clarence K. Bawden and Bruce A.
Carey.

Rain caused the postponement of the performance on June 23
and it was announced through the newspapers and over the radio
that the following plan would be carried out in an effort to take care
of the Wednesday, June 23, subscribers of the festival : All ticket
holders were to be given seats in the $1.00 sections with a refund up
to the value of their tickets. A special booth was erected in the City
Flail court yard to assist in the refunding.

The weather on Thursday was still uncertain. At five o’clock a
steady drizzle made it questionable whether any participants or
ticket-holders would appear in the Stadium. In spite of the rain,
however, virtually all of the 15,000 participants as well as 60,000
spectators were in attendance. The Festival was late in starting but
the chorus procession marched across the damp field to the seats of
honor above the tribune box. When they were halfway across the
field the rain fell heavily, but at 9.30 the performance was resumed
and was concluded with a delay of only half an hour. The Festival
was so successful and thrilling in its demonstration of loyalty and
patriotism that Director-in-Chief Austin officially invited the Phila¬
delphia Music League to reproduce it the following Sunday night,
with reserved sections for all ticket holders for both Wednesday and
Thursday nights and the balance of the Stadium to be turned over
free to the public.

218

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Sunday night was clear and, with the exception of a few of the
field events, the performance was presented as originally planned.
The Stadium was filled and the traffic authorities reported that
100,000 were unable to secure admission. This was one of the larg¬
est crowds ever assembled to witness any musical event and was a
triumph and a vindication for those who worked so hard to make the
great festival a success.

The Cpioral Concerts

During the course of the music activities twenty major choral
concerts were given by organizations of Philadelphia and other
cities. The programs included “The Messiah,” “Elijah,” “Hymn of
Praise,” “Fall of Babylon,” Verdi’s “Requiem,” and the Bach B
Minor Mass. The Saengerfest of the German singing societies was
given before one of the largest audiences that gathered in the Audi¬
torium during the Exposition. The Liederkranz of New York and
the Junger Maennerchor contributed to the musical program concerts
of great interest. One of the most important musical events was the
concert by the Associated Glee Clubs of America. On Saturday
evening, November 27, some 2600 glee club men from seven states,
the District of Columbia and Canada, assembled in the Auditorium
under the direction of Dr. Daniel Protheroe and gave the best and
biggest concert since the organization’s inception in 1924. Ap¬
proximately 10,000 persons attended and their enthusiasm was an
inspiration to the singers.

The choral events began early in June and had the good fortune
to be led off by one of the most extraordinary choral concerts ever
given in this city, the Catholic Choirs’ Festival, in which more than
1200 massed voices joined in the Auditorium on the night of June 9.

The great stage presented an impressive sight as different choirs
from the Catholic churches of the city, dressed in contrasting cos¬
tumes, took part in the various numbers. The climax of the occasion
was Nicola A. Montani’s magnificent “Missa Festiva,” which was
given its first performance anywhere. Mr. Montani’s work was
recognized as highly original and was written for four- and eight-
part chorus with organ and orchestra. It was impressively sung
under the direction of the composer. The rest of the program in¬
cluded a Gregorian chant, the Mass of the Blessed Virgin Mary,
motets by Palestrina and Vittoria, motets and Masses by modern
composers and Bossi’s oratorio, “Paradise Lost.”

On June 10 Handel’s oratorio, “The Messiah,” was given under
the direction of Henry Gordon Thunder. The chorus was made up
of 700 singers and included the Philadelphia Choral Society, the

MUSIC AND MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS

219

Fortnightly Club, the Phoenixville Choral Society, the Norristown
Choral Society, the Snellenburg Chorus and the Tioga Choral Soci¬
ety. The soloists were Mme. Helen Stanley, soprano; Marie Stone
Langston, contralto; Royal P. MacLellan, tenor; and Arthur Mid¬
dleton, bass.

On June 17 the “Hymn of Praise” by Mendelssohn was given.
It was a fine performance sung by the Mendelssohn Club, the Straw-
bridge & Clothier Chorus of Philadelphia and the Choral Society of
Reading. N. Lindsay Norden, the leader of the Mendelssohn Club
and the Reading society, conducted.

The Liederkranz Society of New York gave a concert in the Audi¬
torium on Saturday evening, June 19. The chorus consisted of about
175 men under the direction of Richard Fuchs-Jerin. The Lieder¬
kranz Orchestra was conducted by Hugo Steinbruch. The soloist of
the evening was Anna Case.

The twenty-sixth national Saengerfest of the Northeastern Saen-
gerbund was held in the Auditorium on June 21 and 22. The con¬
certs were given by local and visiting singers. Those who partici¬
pated had been rehearsing for months and the local organizations
made every effort to make the occasion notable. Approximately
10,000 persons heard this massed chorus of 3000 male voices under
the direction of Emil F. Ulrich. On the night of June 21, the Ger¬
man Ambassador and the Minister of Austria were seated in places
of honor on the stage. The massed male chorus was reinforced by
two soloists, Elsa Alsen, soprano, and Henri Scott, bass.

The Bethlehem Bach Choir came to the Sesqui-Centennial Audi¬
torium on the night of July 8. It was a most impressive perform¬
ance. Almost the full force of the Bach Choir, numbering nearly
300 singers, under the direction of Dr. J. Fred Wolle, sang music
of Bach in excerpts from the great B Minor Mass. The soloists were
both Philadelphians : Emily Stokes Hagar, soprano ; Nicholas Douty,
tenor.

On Friday evening, August 6, Verdi’s “Requiem” was impres¬
sively presented in the Auditorium by the New York University
Chorus of more than 300 singers under the direction of Dr. Hollis
Dann, with the Philadelphia Orchestra and the huge organ assisting.
The soloists were Paul Althouse, tenor; Frederic Patton, bass; Ruth
Rogers, soprano; and Marie Stone Langston, contralto. The last
time Verdi’s “Requiem” was sung in Philadelphia was about forty
years before in the Academy of Music by the old Philadelphia Fes¬
tival Chorus with the late Dr. W. W. Gilchrist conducting.

On Wednesday afternoon, August 11, seven string band organi¬
zations delighted visitors with a lively program in the Stadium. With

220

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

their many-hued costumes shimmering beneath the sun, several hun¬
dred members of Philadelphia string bands transformed the Sesqui-
Centennial grounds into a Mardi Gras scene. They marched down
Broad Street, pausing at the Forum of the Founders for a moment
to play and then proceeded to the Stadium. Once inside the big
horseshoe the men drilled back and fprth, offering varied melodies
to the Exposition visitors. Those participating were the Ferko,
Hegeman, Kensington, Steubing, Trixie, Wildwood and Woodland
String Bands. The massed program was presented under the direc¬
tion of Alexander Smallens, conductor of the Philadelphia Civic
Opera Company.

Chester’s Day at the Sesqui-Centennial on September 9 was
marked by a pretentious musical program in the Auditorium. The
concert included offerings by the Chester Chorus of about 175 voices,
numbers by the Philadelphia Orchestra under the direction of Alex¬
ander Smallens, operatic excerpts, dances and solo numbers. Carl
Nocka was general director.

The Junger Maennerchor under the leadership of Charles H. Mar¬
tin gave an interesting concert on September 16. The principal fea¬
ture was the work of the chorus, which was a well-trained and well-
balanced organization of about 100 voices.

Six hundred voices gave the rarely heard oratorio, “Fall of Baby¬
lon,” by Spohr on September 24. The chorus consisted of eight com¬
bined choral societies under the direction of James Hartzell, who is
the director of several of the organizations. The choral societies
participating were the Germantown, Tioga, Main Line, Delaware
County Music Club, Old York Road, Octave Club, Haydn Club
Chorus and the Falls of Schuylkill Male Chorus.

On Friday evening, October 7, the oratorio “Elijah” was given
by combined choruses including the Fortnightly Club of Philadel¬
phia, the Choral Society of Philadelphia, the Phcenixville Choral
Society, the Snellenburg Chorus, the Norristown Choral Society and
the Choral Society of Tioga. Henry Gordon Thunder directed.

On October 8 the Sesqui Jubilee Chorus gave a concert in the
Auditorium after a series of rehearsals that had been held each week
since the previous June. This chorus was an ensemble made up of
seven societies : Baptist Temple Chorus, the Temple Glee Club, Mem¬
bers of the Shrine Choir, the First Baptist Choral Society, the West
Philadelphia Musical Association, Lit Brothers’ Chorus and Gimbel
Brothers’ Chorus.

The Associated Glee Clubs of America

In the spring of 1926 the Music Committee issued an invitation
to the Associated Glee Clubs of America to meet in Philadelphia at

The pageant “America" is performed in the
Stadium. The Testiz'al Chorus in white in
the rear.

The Festival Chorus and Matinee Musical
Club Chorus in the Auditorium in the final
exercises of Closing Day.

MUSIC AND MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS

221

the Sesqui-Centennial Auditorium in a great massed chorus concert.
The response was immediate and enthusiastic. Preparing for this
huge chorus was a large undertaking. Arrangements were made to
take care of 2650 glee club men. Special stands augmenting the stage
of the Auditorium were erected with a capacity of 3000. On Novem¬
ber 27, the night of the concert, the Auditorium was crowded to
capacity.

The complete program was as follows :

Part I. Viking Song

Where’er You Walk
Songs My Mother Taught Me
Bedouin Song

Solos : Ah ! Love But a Day

The Catbird

Ethyl Hayden, Soprano
Charles Gilbert Spross, Accompanist

Coleridge-T aylor
Handel-Spross
Dvorak-Smith
Arthur Foote
Mrs. Beach
Clokey

Part II. Hymn Before Action
Sylvia

Swing Low, Sweet Chariot
Prayer of Thanksgiving

Baldwin

Speaks-Gaines

Reddick

Kremser

Part III. Finale to the Gondoliers
Sweet and Low
The Peacemaker
The Bells of St. Mary’s
Solos: Phyllis Has Such Charming

Grace

Jewel Song from Faust
Ethyl Hayden, Soprano

Sullivan-Davison
Barnby-Dressler
Herbert J. Tily
Adams-Lucas

Lane Wilson
Gounod

Charles Gilbert Spross, Accompanist

Part IV. The Lost Chord
Winter Song
Autumn Sea
Adeste Fidelis

Sullivan-Brewer

Bullard

Gericke

Arranged by Baldwin

The chairman of the Music Committee provided the organ ac¬
companiment for the chorus and conducted the singing of his own
composition, “The Peacemaker,” in which he set to music the well-
known poem of Joyce Kilmer, the soldier-poet who was killed in
the late war. The program was conducted by Dr. Daniel Protheroe
of Chicago, the famous trainer and conductor of men’s choirs. Sixty
clubs from all over the northeastern states, including one from
Canada and one from the District of Columbia, took part.

222

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Bands

Free daily band concerts were given during the Exposition by
some of the leading bands of the country. From May 31 to June 19,
Patrick Conway and his band gave concerts afternoon and evening
which were notable for their excellence in rendition and tasteful ar¬
rangement. Following Mr. Conway came Thaviu’s band, playing
daily in the Palace of Liberal Arts in the afternoons and in the band
stand in the evenings from June 21 to July 17. Mr. Thaviu cooper¬
ated with the music committee in every way and played in the festival
“America” as part of the regular schedule. He brought a larger
number of soloists with him than did the other conductors, which
made his programs diversified. On July 19 Creatore and his band
came to the Exposition to play until August 14. Like his predeces¬
sor he played daily in the Liberal Arts Palace in the afternoon and
in the band stand at night. The last of the visiting bands to play a
series of concerts in the Exposition grounds was Wheelock and his
Indian Band. This band played from August 11 to September 16.
Other bands which played intermittently were Frankel’s 108th Field
Artillery Band, the United States Army Band and Sanso’s Band.

International Musical Prize Contest

Early in 1925 the sum of $9500 was appropriated by the Sesqui-
Centennial Association to provide for prizes to be offered for the
best musical works submitted as follows : $3000 for an opera ; $2000
for a symphonic work; $2000 for a choral cantata; $2000 for a
ballet pageant or masque ; and $500 for an a cappella suite.

A committee was appointed consisting of John Francis Cooke,
chairman; Philip H. Goepp, H. Alexander Matthews, Nicola Mon-
tani, N. Lindsay Norden, Thaddeus Rich, Alexander Smallens and
Henry S. Fry, executive secretary. Announcement was made of the
competition and wide publicity was given the matter, with the result
that over two hundred compositions were submitted. The judges
were as follows : Alexander Smallens and Richard Hageman, for the
opera; Leopold Stokowski, Henry K. Hadley and Sigmund Stojow-
ski, for the symphonic work; Kurt Schindler, Nicola Montani and
Clarence Dickinson, for the choral cantata; Preston Ware Orem,
Nicholas Douty and Philip H. Goepp, for the ballet pageant or
masque; T. Tertius Noble, H. Alexander Matthews and Herbert J.
Tily for the a cappella suite.

After a careful examination by the judges of the works submitted,
the prizes were awarded as follows :

Opera— “ Toni.” $3000. Karl Seibeck, Brunn a Gelle, near Vi¬
enna, Austria.

MUSIC AND MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS

223

Symphonic Work — Prize divided.

“Symphonic Fantasie,” Gustave Strube, Baltimore, Md., $1000.

“Passacaglia et fuge,” Herman Erdlen, Atl. Rahstedt b. Ham¬
burg Haus, Freude, Germany, $1000.

Choral Cantata — Prize divided.

“Mirtel in Arcady,” Henry K. Hadley, $1000.

“Evening in Palestine,” Professor Jacob Weinberg, Conserva¬
tory Classes, Jerusalem, $1000.

Ballet Pageantry or Masque — No award was made by the judges.

A Cappella Suite — $500. “Historical Suite,” T. Frederick H.

Candlyn, Albany, N. Y.

The Sesqui-Centennial Organ

In the fall of 1925 a committee was appointed to consider the mat¬
ter of an organ for the Sesqui-Centennial celebration. The commit¬
tee consisted of Henry S. Fry, president of the National Association
of Organists, dean Pennsylvania Chapter American Organists’
Guild, chairman; Dr. J. M’E. Ward, president American Organ
Players Club; Rollo F. Maitland, sub-dean Pennsylvania Chapter
American Organists’ Guild; Frederick K. Maxson, member execu¬
tive committee Pennsylvania Chapter American Organists’ Guild ;
George Alexander A. West, former dean and member of the execu¬
tive committee of the Pennsylvania Chapter of American Organists’
Guild; S. Wesley Sears, former sub-dean Pennsylvania Chapter
American Organists’ Guild; Dr. Alexander Russell, director of
music, Princeton University; Walter St. Clare Knodle, organist,
Arch Street M. E. Church, Philadelphia ; Mrs. E. Phillip Linch,
private organist to Mr. and Mrs. E. T. Stotesbury and organist,
Bethlehem Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia.

The sub-committee consisting of Messrs. Fry, Ward, Maitland,
Maxson and Sears prepared specifications for a proposed organ suit¬
able for the Sesqui-Centennial Auditorium. These specifications
were submitted to four of the leading builders in the country and at
a meeting of the general music committee held in December, 1925,
the report of the organ committee recommending the acceptance of
the proposal made by the Austin Organ Company of Hartford,
Connecticut, was approved. The contract for the installation was
awarded to this firm in January, 1926. On May 31 the organ was
used publicly for the first time, when it was played by the chairman
of the committee in the presence of Mayor Kendrick and many other
notables. While the instrument was not finished, a large part was
available and it was at once a subject of much favorable comment.
Daily recitals were played by leading organists from all parts of the

224

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

country until early in October. During that month recitals were dis¬
continued for the remaining period of the Exposition on account of
lack of heating facilities in the Auditorium.

In addition to the daily recitals the organ was used for many other
affairs, including a recital for the Associated Advertising Clubs, the
Interdenominational Sunday meetings, the concert of the Associated
Glee Clubs and a performance of Saint Saens’ Third Symphony,
when the instrument was used for the organ part of the symphony,
which was played by the Philadelphia Orchestra.

National Interstate Students’ Contest
November 1 to 3, 1926

The National Interstate Students’ Contest was one of the out¬
standing events of the musical program of the Exposition, present¬
ing a new idea in the stimulation of young American musicians
along patriotic lines. This contest, therefore, was a fitting part of
the great patriotic idea underlying the Sesqui-Centennial celebration
and, further, it brought about the cooperation of the great educa¬
tional institutions in a combined action for the benefit of the Ameri¬
can student of music. This was the first event of its kind ever held
and it was not only successful but outstanding in the widespread
interest it created. State and district contests under the general su¬
pervision of William E. A. Wilcox, National Contest Chairman, pre¬
ceded the national and final contest when seventy-five district win¬
ners competed at Philadelphia in eight musical classes : piano, violin,
baritone, tenor, cello, soprano, contralto and organ. An award
of $500 in each class was given by the Sesqui-Centennial Exhibition
Association.

The representatives of the National Federation of Music Clubs
were : Mrs. Edgar Stillman Kelley, President, National Federation
of Music Clubs ; Mrs. Edward A. Deeds, Chairman, American Music
Department, National Federation of Music Clubs; E. H. Wilcox,
Chairman, Young Artists’ Contest Department of National Federa¬
tion of Music Clubs.

Those representing the Exposition were : Herbert J. Tily, Chair¬
man, Music Committee; Gilbert Raynolds Combs, Chairman, sub¬
committee on conservatories ; Craig King, Executive Secretary,
Music Committee. Mrs. Frederick W. Abbott, Director of the
Philadelphia Music League and an active member of the Sesqui-
Centennial Music Committee, acted as chairman. E. H. Wilcox,
Chairman for the National Federation of Music Clubs, compiled the
bulletins, the ballots for the judges, and selected the contest num¬
bers. He was unable to be present, however, and the contest was

MUSIC AND MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS

225

conducted under the auspices of the Philadelphia Music League with
Mrs. Frederick W. Abbott, Director of the League, as acting chair¬
man of the contest.

Mrs. Edgar Stillman Kelley interested the Juilliard Musical Foun¬
dation in providing four judges and the Damrosch Musical Institute
in providing one. Mrs. Abbott secured the interest of the Curtis
Institute of Music in providing four judges and the Philadelphia
Music League provided three. The American Guild of Organists
and the American Organ Players Club provided the judges for the
organ contest.

Mrs. Kelley planned a publicity campaign which brought satisfy¬
ing material to the state and district contests. Helen Pulaski Innes
of the Philadelphia Music League conducted the local publicity. In
accepting contestants there was no minimum age limit and twenty-
four was the maximum.

At the solicitation of Mrs. Abbott, hospitality was provided
through the generosity of the Presser Foundation, James Francis
Cooke, president, securing an underwriting of $1000 from the
Foundation for the entertainment of the contestants during the four
days they were in the city. Sixty- four contestants reached Philadel¬
phia on October 30 and 31. Many of them brought their teachers,
relatives and accompanists. From the beginning the Sesqui-Centen-
nial Women’s Committee proved cooperative regarding the enter¬
tainment of the young contestants and until the Presser Foundation
promised the underwriting for the hospitality, the committee stood
ready to shoulder this responsibility. Mrs. William H. Hubbard,
the hostess appointed by the Music League, was much interested in
the comfort of the contestants, who were entertained at hotels con¬
veniently located to the places of audition and to the office of the
Music League.

Below is the list of winners :

Piano: 1, Irene Peckham, 404 W. 149th Street, New York City,
Liberty district; 2, Hazel Hallett, 18 Redfield Street, Neponset,
Mass., Plymouth district; 3, Louise Huffman, 2019 North Street,
Logansport, Ind., Great Lakes district.

Violin: 1, Helen Berlin, 5836 Pemberton Street, Philadelphia,
Liberty district; 2, Allan Farnham, 53 Hereford Street, Boston,
Mass., Plymouth district; 3, Frances Wiener, 3631 Seventeenth
Street, San Francisco, Calif., Pacific Coast district.

Baritone: 1, Frank Dinhaupt, 1763 High Street, Denver, Col.,
Lone Star district; 2, Harold C. Wright, 18 N. 30th Street, Cam¬
den, N. J., Liberty district; 3, Paul Feddersen, Belle Plains, Iowa,
Central district.

226

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Tenor: 1, Charles A. Cline, 1832 Green Street, Philadelphia,
Liberty district; 2, Francis W. Slightam, 427 W. Wilson Street,
Madison, Wis., Central district; 3, James A. Hatton, 4641 N. Capi¬
tol Avenue, Indianapolis, Ind., Great Lakes district.

Cello: 1, Julian Kahn, 130 E. 82d Street, New York City, Liberty
district; 2, Flora Swabay, c/o Mrs. M. D. Silver, 48 Marston Ave¬
nue, Detroit, Mich., Great Lakes district; 3, Walter Franklin Potter,
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, Central district.

Soprano: 1, Ina Rains, 964 Logan Avenue, Denver, Colo., Lone
Star district; 2, Marion Palmer, 850 Maryland Avenue, Syracuse,
N. Y., Liberty district; 3, Dorothy Cressy, 16 Monroe Avenue,
Grand Rapids, Mich., Great Lakes district.

Contralto: 1, Virginia D. Kendrick, 3137 Castlegate Avenue,
Pittsburgh, Pa., Liberty district; 2, Nell Esslinger, 1430 Phelan
Street, Birmingham, La., Dixie district; 3, Elizabeth Stucker, Ot¬
tawa, Kan., Southwest district.

Organ: 1, Porter W. Heaps, 2135 Ridge Avenue, Evanston, Ill.,
Central district; 2, George K. Ogden, A. C. C. House, Granville,
Ohio, Great Lakes district; 3, Marion Janet Clayton, 37 Jefferson
Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y., Liberty district.

The auditions or trials were held November 1, 2 and 3 in Calvary
Presbyterian Church, the Academy of Music and the Matinee Musi¬
cal Club, which resulted in the winners being selected, a prize of $500
being presented in each class.

The members of the Philadelphia Orchestra, which took so promi¬
nent a part in the musical activities of the Sesqui-Centennial, were :

Alfred Lorenz
Alexander J. Thiede

First Violins
Jacob Simkin

George Beimel
Victor Bay

H. H. Weinberg
Israel Siekierka
Henry Czaplinski
Harry Aleinikoff

Boris Koutzen
Henry Schmidt
Pasqual Fabris
Yasha Kayaloff

Otto Bueller
Joel Belov

Kalman Reve

Second Violins

David Dubinsky
Emil Kresse

David Cohen
Andre Gallot
S. Dabrowski

M. Roth
Louis Fishzohn
Louis Gesensway
J. Savitt

Irving Bancroft
John W. Molloy
A. Gorodetzsky

Schima Kaufman
Max Zalstein

Violas

Samuel Lifschey
Rudolph Engel
Sam Rosen
Gustave A. Loeben

Henry Elkan
Amedee Vergnaud
David Epstein
Maurice Kaplan

Edward Murray
Philip Neeter
Gordon Kahn
Wm. S. Greenberg

MUSIC AND MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS

227

Cellos

Hanss Pick

Emil Folgmann

B. Gusilkoff

Bernard Argiewicz

Adrian Siegel

Milton Prinz

John H. Frazer

Daniel Saidenberg
Sam Belenko
Stephen Deak

Anton Torello

Heinrich Wiemann

A. Hase

Basses

Fabien Koussewitsky
Vincent Lazzaro, Jr.
Louis Boehse

Mario Garaffoni

S. Siani

W. M. Kincaid

Joseph La Menaca

Flutes

John A. Fischer

Hans Schlegel

Marcel Tabuteau
Edward Rabe

Oboes

Louis Di Fulvio

W. J. Adams

Daniel Bonade

Lucien Caillet

Clarinets

Jules J. Serpentini

L. Norris

Walter Guetter

John Fisnar

Bassoons

F. Del Negro

Plerman Mueller

Anton Horner

Otto Henneberg

Horns

Albert Riese

John D’Orio

George P. J. Mardle
B. Gertz

Sol Cohen

Sigmund Hering

Trumpets
(Rudolph Engel)

Plarold W. Rehrig

Gardell Simons

Trombones

Paul P. Lotz

R. O. Elst

Tuba

Philip A. Donatelli

Harp

F. Nicoletta

F. Lapitino

Tympani

Oscar Schwar

Battery

Benjamin Podemski
James Valerio

Baggageman

Marshall Betz

Librarian
Harry A. Wiegand

Annotator Personnel Manager

Samuel L. Laciar David Dubinsky

CHAPTER XVIII

IN THE PALACE OF FINE ARTS

PLANS OF JOHN E. D. TRASK, CHIEF OF DEPARTMENT OF FINE ARTS — HIS DEATH —
ALEXANDER BOWER APPOINTED DIRECTOR OF FINE ARTS — DESCRIPTION OF EXHIBI¬
TION PALACE — EMINENT ARTISTS ON ADVISORY COMMITTEES — SELECTION AND IN¬
STALLATION — JURY MEMBERS — MEDAL WINNERS IN PAINTING, SCULPTURE, WATER
COLORS, MINIATURES, GRAPHIC ARTS — EXHIBITS VALUED AT APPROXIMATELY
$8,000,000 — KING OF SAXONY'S TAPESTRIES — WORLD ART PANORAMA — MOHAMME¬
DAN ART — MODERN ART — RODIN COLLECTION — JAPANESE EXHIBIT — UNITED STATES
SECTION.

The collection of paintings, sculpture, prints and art objects which
was assembled for the Exposition and exhibited in a most fortunate
setting in the Palace of Fine Arts was by common consent of author¬
ities the largest and most representative of the field of international
art ever installed in so short a time. The story of its upbuilding is
one of absorbing interest.

On December 29, 1925, approximately five months before the
Exposition was to open, John E. D. Trask was appointed Chief of
the Department of Fine Arts. Mr. Trask had been former manager
of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts; United States Com¬
missioner General, Exposicion Internacional de Arte del Centenario,
Buenos Aires, 1910; chief of the Department of Fine Arts, Panama-
Pacific Exposition, San Francisco, 1915, and director of fine arts,
San Diego Exposition, 1916.

Mr. Trask at once made certain plans and commitments, including
appointments of regional advisory committees and certain expert
assistants in special fields of artistic exhibition, among whom were
Alexander Bower, who was appointed assistant director to Mr.
Trask.

Shortly after Mr. Trask’s sudden and lamentable death on April
16, 1926, Mr. Bower was appointed Director of Fine Arts, the ap¬
pointment dating as of May 3, 1926. As his association with Mr.
Trask had been of the most intimate nature and as he was fully con¬
versant with all Mr. Trask’s tentative plans to assemble a truly in¬
ternational exhibition of the fine arts, Mr. Bower endeavored, as far
as possible, to carry Mr. Trask’s plans to as full a completion as
the various exigencies of the necessity for speed permitted.

Most of these plans, because of Mr. Trask’s sudden death, were
still in a very nebulous state and had not gone far enough for definite
action by him. The department was able, however, to carry out his
intent, if not in all cases his full purpose.

The exhibition was housed in the Palace of Fine Arts, facing the

228

(Above) — The main en¬
trance hall of the Palace
of Fine Arts. (Below) —
Statuary and pool at en¬
trance of the same build¬
ing.

IN THE PALACE OF FINE ARTS

229

Russian Pavilion on Edgewater Lake. It was a semi-fireproof
structure built around a central open court 120 feet square which
had a cloister on the side facing the main entrance. The building
approximated a T-shape in plan and was designed with a view’ to
providing the best possible lighting and the best possible ventilation
in the space allotted. The main entrance was approached by land¬
scaped w’alks with an ornamental pool. Sculpture was displayed out¬
doors on the approaches as wrell as in the central court, adding con¬
siderably to the effectiveness of the building from the visual aspect.

Except for the ornamental treatment of the approaches, the Palace
of Fine Arts as a w’hole was severely simple in effect. Its only orna¬
ment wras a sculptural frieze on the main facade over the entrances,
archaic in design and harmonizing admirably with the simple exte¬
rior. The frieze was the work of Raphael Sabatini.

The display occupied about 68,000 square feet of space, divided
into forty-eight galleries with about a mile and a quarter of wall area.
All of the galleries had a top light screened through a Valeria of
cheese-cloth. The lighting wras particularly successful both day and
night. Comments of the many museum directors and artists who
made visits during the period of exhibition were unanimous in their
appreciation of the success of what is one of the most important
things in an exhibition of this character.

Great care was exercised to minimize the maladv knowm as “mu-

seum fatigue.” The physical arrangement of the rooms w^as such as
to afford a genuine pleasure trip to those who toured the exhibits and
there wrere innumerable places where visitors might rest and sit and
ponder the exhibits at their leisure. The intent was to have the entire
atmosphere physically restful, but artistically and emotionally stimu¬
lating. Four of the most important galleries and the foyer were fin¬
ished in imitation travertine, and soft-toned natural burlap wras used
for the mural background of the other galleries.

While the erection of the Palace of Fine Arts had been going for¬
ward in the early months of 1926, Mr. Trask and subsequently Mr.
Bower had been busy with the task of assembling a collection that
wrould be truly representative of international art, both from a con¬
temporary and from a historical perspective. One of the first acts
w’as to appoint regional advisory committees in Boston, New York,
Chicago, Washington and one for the West, in addition to that
formed in Philadelphia. The following eminent artists served on
these committees :

Boston — Philip L. Hale, chairman; Carl G. Cutler, Frederick G.
Hall, Charles Hopkinson, Leslie P. Thompson.

230

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Chicago — George Oberteuffer, chairman; Ralph Clarkson, John
W. Norton, Ralph Fletcher Seymour, Albin Polasek.

New York — Gari Melchers, chairman; Gifford Beal, A. Stirling
Calder, Frank V. DuMond, Joseph Pennell (deceased).

Philadelphia — Edward W. Redfield, chairman; Adolphe Borie,
Charles Grafly, George Harding, Thornton Oakley.

Washington — Edmund C. Tarbell, chairman, Everett L. Bryant.

The West — Arthur F. Mathews, chairman; F. Tolies Chamberlin,
Walter Ufer, Birger Sven Sandzen, Edmond H. Wuerpel.

Dr. Christian Brinton was appointed Special Deputy for Foreign
Art. Dr. Phyllis Ackerman was appointed Special Assistant for
Antique Art, and later Victor Egbert was appointed assistant direc¬
tor of the Department and curator of the Print Section. A docent
service was organized and Mrs. Rose V. S. Berry was put in charge.
Miss Anna Bach was secretary of the Department.

The various juries of selection met in their designated cities, in
each case the director of the department acting as chairman of the
jury. This was deemed necessary, though unusual, because of the
need for prompt co-ordination. These juries examined and passed
upon over four thousand works in the United States submitted for
their decision, of which they selected about two hundred works. The
necessary factor of speed in the short time permitted for the making
of the exhibition forced the Director and his special assistants to
gather by special invitation without jury action more than is ordi¬
narily done in exhibitions of this magnitude. Most of the exhibits
were held some time in the various cities where they were collected
pending the completion of the building. As soon as it became possible
to begin the work of installation and hanging, John Bateman and
Edmund Winterbottom were appointed assistants in installation of
sculpture and the very able services of Edward W. Redfield and the
hanging committee were enlisted in the work of hanging and placing
the pictures in cooperation with the Director.

At the same time Dr. Phyllis Ackerman, Dr. Arthur Upham Pope
and Dr. Christian Brinton were installing the exhibits in the various
sections of the Palace of Fine Arts that were under their immediate
supervision. The Japanese Commission and Albert Rosenthal, for
the Mastbaum Collection, were at the same time at work in their vari¬
ous sections, so that by the close cooperation and co-ordination of
these various factors the Department of Fine Arts was enabled to
present and open to the public an exhibition that, for its scope and
magnitude, has never been equalled in time of installation. This did,
however, have its unfortunate side as it prevented a complete catalog¬
ing before the opening of the exhibition to the public. This, how-

IN THE PALACE OF FINE ARTS

231

ever, was soon corrected and a full and complete illustrated catalog
was put on sale at a price of fifty cents.

The Department received the heartiest cooperation and unsel¬
fish service from the following eminent sculptors, painters, illustra¬
tors, and etchers as members of juries and the hanging committee.

Jury of Selection — Adolphe Borie, Philip L. Hale, Edward W.
Redfield, Edmund C. Tarbell, Gifford Beal, Gari Melchers, Charles
Grafly and the Director of the Department; in Chicago, George
Oberteuffer, Ralph Clarkson, Albin Polasek, John W. Norton and
the Director of the Department.

Drawing and Print Jury — Ernest D. Roth, E. Kent K. Wetherill,
Eugene Higgins, Wallace Morgan, Walter Jack Duncan, Thornton
Oakley and the Director of the Department.

Hanging Committee — Edward W. Redfield, George Harding,
Thornton Oakley and the Director of the Department.

Jury of Award — Daniel Garber, Edmund C. Tarbell, Edward W.
Redfield, George Oberteuffer, George Harding, Alexander Archi¬
penko, Charles Grafly, George Walter Dawson and the Director of
the Department.

The Jury of Award met in Philadelphia and, after careful con¬
sideration of the many exhibits in the Palace of Fine Arts, made the
following awards :

Painting

Gold Medal — H. Anglada-Camarasa, Boris Anisfeld, Emil Carl-
sen, Lawren Harris, Childe Hassam, Charles W. Hawthorne, Gari
Melchers, Joseph T. Pearson, Jr., Takeuchi Seiho, Leopold Seyffert,
Robert Spencer, Marijan Trepse.

Silver Medal — Wayman Adams, Ernest L. Blumenschein, Adolphe
Borie, Frank Carmichael, John R. Conner, Valentin de Zubiaurre,
Nicolai Fechin, W. Wallace Gilchrist, Jr., Kawai Gyokudo, Charles
Hopkinson, Eric Hudson, John C. Johansen, Joza Kljakovic, Rich¬
ard S. Meryman, Mariano Miguel, Maurice Molarsky, Sviatoslav
Roerich, W. Elmer Schofield, Leslie P. Thompson, E. Kent K.
Wetherill, Jose Ramon Zaragoza.

Bronze Medal — Antonio Sanchez Araujo, Burtis Baker, R. Sloan
Bredin, John E. Costigan, Alejandro Ortiz Echague, John F. Folins-
bee, Howard Giles, Walter Goltz, Clarence R. Johnson, Hayley
Lever, Joel J. Levitt, Antonio P. Martino, Marie Dan forth Page,
Henry B. Pancoast, Jr., Ivan Radovic, Wellington J. Reynolds,
A. H. Robinson, Alice Kent Stoddard, Theodore Van Soelen,
Charles J. Taylor.

232

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Sculpture

Gold Medal — Miquel Blay, Gleb W. Deruj insky, Albert Laessle,
Paul Manship, Ivan Mestrovic.

Silver Medal — A. Stirling Calder, Leo Friedlander, Masatoshi
Iwai, Sergei T. Konenkov, Albin Polasek.

Bronze Medal — Beatrice Fenton, Frederic V. Guinzburg, Yoshida
Homei, Benjamin T. Kurtz, Katherine W. Lane.

Water Colors

Gold Medal — Frank W. Benson.

Silver Medal — Walter Beck, Charles Demuth, Paul L. Gill.
Bronze Medal — Preston Dickinson, John Wenger, M. W. Zim¬
merman.

Miniatures
Gold Medal — Annie Hulburt Jackson.
Silver Medal — Margaret Foote Hawley.
Bronze Medal — Eda Nemoede Casterton.

Grappiic Arts

Gold Medal — Rockwell Kent, John Sloan.

Silver Medal — Frederick G. Hall, Allen Lewis, Herbert Pullinger.

Bronze Medal — Peggy Bacon, B. J. O. Nordfeldt, John C. Von-
drous, Lowell L. Balcom, Rudolph Ruzicka, George O. Hart, Birger
S. Sandzen, Harry Wickey.

While complete attendance records were not kept for the entire
period of the exhibition, an hourly record with hand counting ma¬
chines was kept for the entire months of September, October and
November and this totaled 1,377,920. The period covered from
Saturday noon until Monday night, Labor Day, registered over 52,-
000 people.

A careful and conservative estimate of the value of the exhibits in
the entire Department of Fine Arts places it at between $7,500,000
and $8,000,000: The entire exhibit was returned to its various
owners, packed and shipped, by the Department and its own em¬
ployes, a very small force indeed for so tremendous a task, in a little
over two months and a half from the final closing of the Depart¬
ment’s exhibition.

It was deemed best for the Department to organize its own guard
service. This was done and its adequacy may be understood from
the fact that with all this value on public exhibition, only a loss of
$65.00 was sustained. The same guard service took care of the
counting of visitors and the checking of umbrellas, canes, and other

IN THE PALACE OF FINE ARTS

233

objects likely to cause damage to exhibits, following regular museum
practice.

It remains now to describe the exhibits as the public saw them.
Entering the main entrance hall, with its glimpse of the charming
open court through doorways at its rear, the eye was caught first by
four tapestries loaned to the Department by Margraf and Company
of Berlin. These tapestries were specially made for the famous
August the Strong, King of Poland and of Saxony, and came directly
from the palace of the King of Saxony in Dresden, where they have
hung since 1710. The sculpture in the entrance hall was all by Paul
Manship, gold medalist in many expositions in this country and
abroad, and the recipient of a gold medal in this exposition.

To the right of the main entrance hall started a great panorama of
world art, beginning with the United States and its contemporary
painting and sculpture, progressing through a series of galleries of
the work of the American painters of today and the painters of
France, Russia, Germany, Canada, Spain, Jugoslavia, to the art of
the Orient, Japan, China, and Mohammedan art, the art of Persia,
with many individual units of surpassing interest. On the left of the
main entrance hall was displayed one of the greatest exhibitions of
Mohammedan art, arranged with a collateral exhibition at the Penn¬
sylvania Museum in Fairmount Park under the supervision of Dr.
Arthur Upham Pope of the Persian Commission and the National
Art Commission of Persia, ranking authority on Mohammedan art
in this country. The Mohammedan art exhibit included rugs of
priceless value, the famous Ardebil Mosque Rug loaned to the De¬
partment by Sir Joseph Duveen; and the most beautiful Polonaise
rugs in existence loaned by Mrs. John D. Rockefeller, Jr. ; examples
from the collection of George Hewitt Myers of Washington, D. C. ;
Persian miniature paintings from the Claude Anet Collection of
Paris; the only perfect specimen of Rhages blue jar in existence,
loaned by Demotte of New York and Paris ; many examples of Per¬
sian textiles loaned by Dikran G. Kelekian and H. Kevorkian, both
of New York and Paris, I. Beghian of London, and Nazare-Aga of
Paris; ancient carved doors loaned by Joseph Brummer of New
York; a great collection of ancient ceramics from the collection of
Parish Watson; and many other items that it would lengthen this
account too much to enumerate.

The two adjoining galleries were devoted to the exhibition of
Gothic and Renaissance tapestries, furniture, ceramics, sculpture and
paintings. The famous Magdalene by Veronese and examples of
Sodoma, Spinelli Aretino, Dirk Bouts, Roger van der Weyden
loaned by some of the foremost dealers of the United States and

234

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Europe; for a time fine examples of medieval armor loaned by Clar¬
ence W. Mackay; and the oldest piece of tapestry in the world,
merely a fragment, but of surpassing interest, and generously loaned
by Mrs. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., were in this section.

As it was impossible to keep all these things for the entire period
of the Exposition, about the fifteenth of October, some of them hav¬
ing been returned to their owners, the Exposition was able to take
one gallery and devote it to an exhibition of the works of Miss Ling
Fo Yang, foremost contemporary Chinese artist, who was in this
country with her work which, under the auspices of the Chinese
Commission, was hung accompanied by a series of ancient Chinese
paintings of great and surpassing beauty.

The Japanese exhibit was installed by the Japanese Commission
and comprised works of contemporary Japanese painters and many
objects of painting and sculpture from the Imperial Household col¬
lections in Japan. Their exhibition of cloisonne, embroidered
screens, modern Japanese painting and sculpture gave a small, but
definite, representation of what is being done in artistic production
in Japan of today.

Through the courteous and helpful efforts of the Society Anonyme
in New York the Exposition was able to present a comprehensive
gallery of the modern art of Germany.

The Russian Section was made up largely of the works of exiled
painters who were working in this country, with the addition of some
obtained by the Department from Paris.

Messrs. Durand-Ruel and Company of New York and Paris
loaned a very beautiful group of paintings by Renoir, Monet, Degas,
Pissaro and Sisley. This, with the adjoining gallery of modern
French art selected by Walter Pach in Paris, showing the works of
Mattise, Braque, Denis and others, presented a well arranged, even
though unofficial, view of contemporary French painting.

One gallery was devoted to the exhibition of a group of antique
tapestries loaned by the government of Belgium. The loan of these
tapestries was made through the very kind offices of the Hon. James
M. Beck.

One of the large galleries contained a group of paintings by the
leading contemporary painters of Spain, men like Anglada, Bilbao,
the Brothers Zubiarre and others. In this same gallery was placed
the work in marble, bronze and wood of Spain’s foremost sculptors,
Miquel Blay, Bonome and others of equal fame.

One room was given to the first exhibition in this country of a
group of Canadian painters, the same group that was one of the sen¬
sations of the Wembley Exhibition.

IN THE PALACE OF FINE ARTS

235

In the United States section there was one gallery devoted to the
work of the late Thomas Eakins, probably the most potent figure in
the art of this country in the last fifty years. There were examples
and groups of works by some of the most pre-eminent painters that
this country has known : Thomas P. Anshutz, George Bellows, Max
Bohm, Mary Cassatt, William M. Chase, Willard Metcalf, Thomas
Moran, Albert F. Ryder, John Singer Sargent, and J. Alden Weir
of the men no longer living. Among the contemporary men repre¬
sented were, to mention but a few, Emil Carlsen, Arthur B. Davies,
F. C. Frieseke, Philip L. Hale, Childe Hassam, Charles W. Haw¬
thorne, Robert Henri, Jonas Lie, George Luks, Gari Melchers, Wil¬
liam M. Paxton, Joseph T. Pearson, Edward W. Redfield, W. Elmer
Schofield, Leopold Seyffert, John Sloan, Carrol Tyson, Robert Von-
noh, H. O. Tanner, Edmund C. Tarbell, Horatio Walker, Frederick
J. Waugh and Charles W. Woodbury. The exhibition included more
than one thousand paintings, numbering among them many of the
pictures winning the highest awards in the United States during the
preceding ten years.

Over four hundred pieces of sculpture included some of the finest
work, not only of the foremost American sculptors, but those of
Jugoslavia, France, Japan and Spain as well. There was shown for
the first time in Philadelphia works of Ivan Mestrovic, one of
the leading sculptors of the present time. Others represented were
Miquel Blay of Spain, Sergei Konenkov of Russia, and all the promi¬
nent sculptors of America like Robert Aitken, John Bateman, Ches¬
ter Beach, A. Stirling Calder, Jo Davidson, Beatrice Fenton, Harriet
W. Frishmuth and Sherry Fry. One entire room was devoted to the
work of Charles Grafly, another to the work of Albert Laessle, and
the great entrance hall to the work of Paul Manship. The sculpture
was displayed throughout the galleries and in the court.

An outstanding feature was the almost complete collection of
Rodin sculpture loaned through the generosity of the late Jules E.
Mastbaum, this collection being the finest collection of Rodin ever
shown outside of Paris. In this room was shown the Sargent por¬
trait of Rodin loaned to the late Mr. Mastbaum for this exhibition
by the government of France.

The Mayor and Council of Portland, Oregon, permitted the De¬
partment to exhibit an heroic size bronze of George Washington by
Pompeo Coppini, sculptor. This was done through the kind offices
of Dr. Henry Waldo Coe, the donor of the statue to the city of Port¬
land. This was unveiled by Mrs. W. Freeland Kendrick on Consti¬
tution Day with appropriate exercises under the auspices of the Sons
of the American Revolution.

236

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

A series of galleries was devoted to water colors, decorative paint¬
ings and miniatures. In these galleries were exhibited groups of
water colors by Frank W. Benson, Charles Demuth, Fred Harer,
George Walter Dawson, Preston Dickinson, Dodge MacKnight and
many others of equal standing in this method of artistic expression.
One entire wall was devoted to an exhibition of miniatures selected
in collaboration with the Pennsylvania Society of Miniature
Painters, which kindly loaned its display cases usually used at the
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and in its traveling exhibi¬
tions.

In these galleries, too, were shown decorative paintings and screens
by Robert W. Chanler, John Wenger, Barry Faulkner and Nicola
D’Ascenzo. In these same galleries was a selected group of twelve
representative water colors by Indians of the Plopi and Rio Grande
Pueblos, thoroughly striking examples of pure American art. These
were loaned to the Exposition by the Eastern Society on Indian
Affairs.

The print section contained over 2000 etchings, 265 block prints,
and 213 lithographs, etchers of the United States, England, Italy,
France, Belgium, Japan, India, Hawaii, Jugoslavia and Czechoslo¬
vakia all contributing to this section, many having never before ex¬
hibited in this country. In it was the work of every prominent maker
of prints in the United States, Clifford Addams, John Taylor Arms,
George Bellows, Frederick G. Hall, Ernest Haskell, Eugene Higgins,
Allen Lewis, Joseph Pennell, Ernest D. Roth, Birger Sandzen, John
Sloan, Charles H. Woodbury, E. Kent K. Wetherill and in all the
work of 830 artists. The exhibition was changed from time to time
and the prints not on the wall could always be studied or viewed by
the print lover and student upon request to the Curator of Prints.

Not only was the finest spirit of cooperation shown by practically
all the prominent painters, sculptors, and etchers in loaning their
most representative work to the Department without it, in most
cases, being covered by insurance, but there was also this same spirit
of cooperation expressed by the directors of the leading art museums
of this country and Canada and the foremost dealers in the United
States and Europe.

A docent service was organized under the very able administration
of Mrs. Rose V. S. Berry, chairwoman of the Committee on Art of
the National Federation of Women’s Clubs, with her two assistants,
one in the Oriental, Gothic, and Renaissance section and the other in
charge of the Rodin Collection. Many talks of an educational and
informative nature were given to thousands of visitors. The De¬
partment sent invitations to clubs and societies in Delaware, Penn-

(Above) — Patio of the Pal¬
ace of Fine Arts with out¬
door display of sculpture.
(Right) — A glimpse of the
Rodin collection of the late
Jules Mastbaum. (Belozv) —
A corner of one of the
forty-eight galleries.

IN THE PALACE OF FINE ARTS

237

sylvania and New Jersey, tendering the services of the docent service
for gallery talks. This was taken advantage of by many clubs, which
attended these talks on designated days assigned to them. The De¬
partment received many letters of appreciation from the officers of
these various clubs and felt that this was of a very definite service
in aesthetic education.

On Monday, November first, the College Art Association of
America held one of the sessions of its Oriental Conference, in fact
the first Oriental conference in America, in the Palace of Fine Arts.
The conference was addressed by Gaston Migeon of the Louvre,
Lawrence Binyon of the British Museum, Dr. Ernest Kuehnel of the
Kaiser Friedrich Museum, Joseph Breck of the Metropolitan Mu¬
seum, Horace H. F. Jayne of the Pennsylvania Museum, Dr. Arthur
Upham Pope, R. M. Riefstahl of New York University and the
Director of the Department.

Shortly after this the Department was favored with a visit from
the entire art faculty of the Princeton University, headed by Dr.
Frank Jewett Mather. Designated days were devoted to the art insti¬
tutions and societies of Philadelphia, such as the Fellowship of the
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, etc.

CHAPTER XIX

PAGEANTRY, DRAMA AND SPECTACLE
By William W. Matos
Chairman of the Department of Pageantry

PLANS FOR HISTORICAL PAGEANT — AVAILABILITY OF MUNICIPAL STADIUM — SELECTION
OF R. H. BURNSIDE AS DIRECTOR OF PAGEANTRY — CHANGES IN STADIUM — “FREE¬
DOM” — RECORD OF PERFORMANCES — UNPRECEDENTED WEATHER CONDITIONS —
“ITALIA” — “LOYALTY’S GIFT” — AHEPA FESTIVAL — “HECUBA” — “ETHIOPIA” — FIRE¬
WORKS.

Early in the year 1925, when the final plans for the Sesqui-Cen-
tennial International Exposition were being studied and approved by
the Directors of the Exposition, many suggestions were received,
not only from Philadelphians, but from men and women in all parts
of the country, recommending that some special effort should be
made to depict in pageant form the world’s struggle for Civilization,
Freedom, Liberty and Independence from the earliest ages to the time
of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence and the Birth of
the United States of America.

With the thought that the Exposition itself was to be a World’s
Fair participated in by the Federal Government, all the States of the
Union, and many foreign governments in commemoration of the
one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the adoption of the Declara¬
tion of Independence, the President of the Sesqui-Centennial Exhi¬
bition Association, Hon. W. Freeland Kendrick, and the Directors of
the Exposition favored the idea of portraying in pageantry the his¬
torical episodes which led to the adoption of the Declaration of Inde¬
pendence and the Birth of the Nation.

It was then firmly believed that in addition to the countless displays
showing the development of civilization, the spread of education and
the march of industry to be exhibited in all the Exposition’s build¬
ings, that a vivid portrayal of all the events which led up to the adop¬
tion of the Declaration would, in itself, be one of the far-reaching
and impressive features of the entire Exposition.

Although the Philadelphia Municipal Stadium, one of the largest
in the United States, was then in course of construction on a part of
the land set apart for the Exposition, no thought was given at that
time to the use of the Stadium for such a pageant.

During the summer and fall of 1925, and well on throughout the
following winter months, a thorough study of the subject was made

by a special committee. In the meantime, the question of pageantry

238

PAGEANTRY, DRAMA AND SPECTACLE

239

was favorably commented upon by the press of the country and in
addition was strongly endorsed by patriotic, historical and educa¬
tional societies everywhere.

In studying the question of an historical pageant reviewing those
important events in history which led up to the adoption of the
Declaration, the Committee was directed to recommend whether such
a pageant should take the form of a street parade, or whether it
should be presented in the new Municipal Stadium.

One of the finest, most beautiful and instructive street pageants
ever held in any American City was that presented in Philadelphia
on Friday, October 9, 1908, in commemoration of the two hundred
and twenty-fifth Anniversary of the Founding of Philadelphia. In
that street pageant, which was descriptive of the history of Philadel¬
phia from the time of the first Swedish and Dutch settlements, about
forty magnificent floats and nearly five thousand men and women in
costume participated.

Two exhaustive reports upon the subject were presented. It was
shown that a one-day street parade, similar in arrangement to the
Founder’s Week Celebration pageant, could be presented at a cost of
approximately $150,000, or that a series of performances of an his¬
torical pageant could be given in the Stadium at a cost of about
$650,000.

After the reports were considered by Mayor Kendrick, as Presi¬
dent of the Exhibition Association, and his advisors, it was the con¬
sensus that a pageant in the Stadium would be a most fitting feature
of the entire Exposition program, and that it could be profitably pre¬
sented on a number of evenings during the Exposition period.

Prior to the organization of the Department of Pageantry, the
Mayor and other Exposition officials were in communication, both
personally and by correspondence, with many of the country's best
known and most successful pageant directors. Of all those consid¬
ered, it was agreed that the one producer who could successfully carry
out any plan decided upon was R. H. Burnside, of New York, for¬
merly in charge of the New York Hippodrome, and who successfully
staged a number of outdoor pageants in the United States and
abroad.

Mr. Burnside was not unknown to the Mayor and his advisors.
Nearly a year previously, he had been invited to visit Philadelphia to
discuss pageantry in connection with the Exposition, but it was not
until the spring of 1926 that he was asked to accept a contract to
stage this celebration feature for the Exposition.

After fully studying the situation, Mr. Burnside reported that with
the short time remaining before the official opening of the Exposition

240

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

on May 31, a pageant could be prepared so that its initial perform¬
ance could be given on Saturday evening, July 3. In his report show¬
ing cost and revenue, Mr. Burnside held the opinion that with fair
weather, about twelve weeks of pageantry, with performances three
nights each week, could be given for about $650,000, including the
cost of scenery, costumes and compensation for about 1200 indi¬
viduals in the cast and organization. With good weather and an
average attendance of 25,000 at each performance, with admission
tickets at 50 cents and $1.00, and box seats at $2.50, it was believed
that the bulk of the expense would be met.

At the time of the organization of the Department of Pageantry,
the opinion was generally accepted by all those who were interested in
the success of the Exposition that if the proposed pageant did not
produce through its own admissions sufficient revenue to pay all the
expense involved, it would in a great measure be a commanding rea¬
son for many thousands of visitors to come to Philadelphia and the
Exposition, and in that way the Exposition would not be the loser.

Immediately upon the retention of Mr. Burnside to stage the
pageant, which was given the name “Freedom,” the Department of
Pageantry was formed with William W. Matos as Director, which
title was subsequently changed to Chairman so as not to conflict with
the title of Director of the Pageant for Mr. Burnside.

At no time during the year 1925 or early in 1926 when the ques¬
tion of pageantry was being studied and discussed was any thought
given to the possibility of the year 1926 being the wettest in the
history of the Philadelphia Weather Bureau. No one ever suspected
that weather alone would have prevented more than half of the
regularly scheduled performances, and that on many of the nights
when the performances were started, the weather would be so threat¬
ening as to prevent any considerable number of spectators. On sev¬
eral nights after performances were started, sudden rain storms
quickly stopped further presentation.

When it was finally decided to present the pageant in the Stadium,
added expenses were made necessary by the building of a stage, and
particularly, the construction of dressing and property rooms under¬
neath the Stadium. That structure was not designed to provide
dressing rooms for so many men and women as a pageant called for.

As the Stadium had not been officially turned over to the Exposi¬
tion officials by the City Government, the plans for the building of a
stage and the necessary dressing rooms were taken up with Director
George H. Biles, of the Department of Public Works of Philadel¬
phia. Upon his suggestion, and to hasten the completion of the
Stadium, Messrs. Simon and Simon, the Stadium architects, were
retained to design and supervise the erection of the stage.

PAGEANTRY, DRAMA AND SPECTACLE

241

With the approval of the architects, Peter Clark, of New York, a
noted stage builder, was called in to give technical advice, to outline
the type of stage required and particularly the cyclorama arrange¬
ment. Mr. Clark made a number of visits to the Stadium and built a
working model of the proposed stage. By working day and night,
the stage, with the many dressing rooms, was made ready for a final
week of rehearsal just prior to the initial performance scheduled for
July 3.

The arrangement of the Stadium did not easily lend itself to the
requirements of “Freedom,” and it was deemed necessary to cut wide
gates in the side walls and to introduce considerable additional plumb¬
ing and electrical work. On the stage itself, a large switchboard had
to be installed to care for the many necessary lighting effects during
each performance.

Immediately after accepting the contract to stage the pageant, Mr.
Burnside started to build up the cast, all the members of which were
drafted from many theatrical companies. Six weeks prior to the first
scheduled performance, rehearsals were started in New York, and
later were continued, day and night, in Philadelphia. Outdoor re¬
hearsals were held in the Stadium on the five nights prior to July 3,
when a record attendance was expected. To that performance the
leading newspapers from all parts of the country had sent to the
Exposition their dramatic critics to describe the pageant, which was
the largest of its kind ever attempted in the country.

Happily was the name “Freedom” given to the pageant, and
throughout its many episodes was carried that thought so appropri¬
ately expressed in the words of the hymn “America:”

Our fathers’ God, to Thee
Author of Liberty,

To Thee we sing;

Long may our land be bright
With Freedom’s holy light ;

Protect us by Thy might,

Great God, our King.

The pageant itself was in three parts, each subdivided into many
colorful episodes.

In Part One were presented the following features :

1. The Stone Age. The beginning of freedom.

2. Egyptian Period. 1388-1322 B. C.

242

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

3. Fall of Nineveh. 606 B. C. Freedom from bloodthirsty rule.

4. The Grecian Period. Alexander the Great, 356-323 B. C.

5. Bethlehem. Birth of Christianity.

6. The Roman Era. Death of Julius Caesar; a blow to freedom.

7. Charlemagne. 742-814. The greatest figure in the Middle
Ages, who did much for civilization and freedom’s course.

8. Alfred the Great. England in the Middle Ages.

9. King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table. After
the Romans had withdrawn from England.

10. Richard the Lion Hearted. One of the leaders of the Third
Crusade in its effort to capture Jerusalem, 1190-1192.

11. Robin Hood. The English legendary hero.

12. The Magna Charta. Great Charter, signed by King John,
June 15, 1215, guaranteeing liberty and freedom to the Eng¬
lish people.

13. Joan of Arc, the Maid of Orleans. The French peasant girl
who became the commander of armies, the winner of battles
and the deliverer of freedom to a nation. 1429-1431.

14. Martin Luther. 1483-1546 A. D. The great advocate of
religious freedom.

15. William Tell. The famous legend connected with the inde¬
pendence of Switzerland in the early Middle Ages.

16. Queen Elizabeth, “Good Queen Bess.” 1558-1603. She
established the freedom of the seas.

17. Charles the First. 1625-1649.

18. Oliver Cromwell, who became one of the greatest leaders in
freedom’s cause.

19. The Fall of the Bastille. June 14, 1789. End of the feudal
oppression in France and the dawn of liberty and freedom.

Part Two presented the following historical episodes :

1. The Discovery of America. October 12, 1492.

2. Peter Stuyvesant. Depicting the surrender of New Amster¬
dam, August 29, 1664.

3. Penn’s’ Treaty with the Indians. Philadelphia, 1682. After
the famous painting by Benjamin West.

4. The Philadelphia Tea Party. October 16, 1773. In State
House (Independence) Square, Philadelphia, twenty days
prior to the famous Boston Tea Party.

5. Patrick Henry. March, 1775.

6. Paul Revere’s Ride. April 18, 1775.

7. Lexington. April 19, 1775. The beginning of the Revolu¬
tionary War.

8. Concord. April 19, 1775.

PAGEANTRY, DRAMA AND SPECTACLE

243

9. Washington named Commander-in-Chief, Philadelphia, June
16, 1775.

10. Battle of Bunker Hill, Boston, June 17, 1775.

11. Washington Takes Command. Cambridge, Mass., July 3,
1775.

12. The Adoption of the Declaration of Independence. State
House, Philadelphia, July 4, 1776.

13. Independence Hall, Philadelphia.

14. Nathan Hale, whose only regret was that he had but one life
to give for his country.

15. Betsy Ross. Philadelphia, 1777.

16. Washington Crossing the Delaware. December 25, 1776.
Battle of Trenton.

17. Washington and Lafayette. First meeting, August 1, 1777.

18. Valley Forge. December 19, 1777-June 19, 1778.

19. The Meschianza. Philadelphia, May 18, 1778.

20. Battle of Monmouth, N. J., June 18, 1778.

21. Yorktown. October 19, 1781. Struggle for freedom crowned
with success.

22. Mt. Vernon. Washington leaves his home April 16, 1789, to
become the first President of the United States.

23. Philadelphia and Trenton. Triumphal journey of Washing¬
ton from Mt. Vernon to New York.

24. Federal Hall, New York. April 30, 1789. Inauguration of
first President of the United States.

Part Three was in itself a grand finale dedicated to Peace, which
was preceded by two elaborate tableaux, one depicting the Martyred
President, Abraham Lincoln, and the other, President Theodore
Roosevelt as the modern champion of Freedom. In the grand finale
which took place on the mammoth stage and in all parts of the
Stadium field, every participant in the cast took part in the Marches
of the Allied Nations and in a military review and tattoo, terminating
with a brilliant field spectacle displaying electrically the Invincible
Eagle and the Star-Spangled Banner.

The total number of participants in the pageant was about 1500.
In all parts of the great Stadium, the words of the pageant, the sing-
ing by the soloists and choruses, the music by the large orchestra and
band were distinctly heard, especially designed loud speakers having
been installed for that purpose.

Unfortunately for the first performance of “Freedom” on Satur¬
day, July 3, for which a large number of spectators had secured seats
in the Stadium, with many visitors from New York, Washington,
Chicago, St. Louis and other large cities, rain threatened every

244 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

minute. The performance was started at 8.30 o’clock with an address
by Mayor Kendrick, but at 9.30, before the first part was two-thirds
completed, one of the worst rains in the history of Philadelphia sud¬
denly swept the field, terminating the performance. So terrific was
the storm that thousands were unable to get away from the Stadium
until well past the midnight hour. In all parts of Philadelphia several
thousand automobiles were stalled by the storm.

The second scheduled performance of “Freedom,” one which was
also expected to bring a record-breaking attendance, was on Monday
evening, July 5, the day when President Coolidge visited the Expo¬
sition. Rain started shortly before one o’clock on the afternoon of
that day, while the President was speaking in the Stadium to an
audience estimated at more than 60,000 people. The rain continued
all afternoon and evening, causing the performance of “Freedom”
to be abandoned.

The original program for the pageant was to continue it on Tues¬
day, Thursday and Saturday evenings until Saturday, October 2.
During the early part of September, after many disappointments
caused by the frequent rain storms, and also because it conflicted with
other Stadium features, the last performance was given on Saturday
night, September 11.

The total number of spectators who witnessed the few perform- .
ances which were given on clear nights is not known, due largely to
the fact that after the first week of “Freedom,” the Exposition man¬
agement opened the pageant to all Exposition visitors, charging only
for reserved and box seats. That the pageant did accomplish much
for those who witnessed it was clearly shown by a large number of
letters received, not only by the Mayor of Philadelphia, but by the
Exposition officials to the effect that the pageant was much appreci¬
ated; that it taught more history through its picture form of educa¬
tion than any text books, and that every spectator who witnessed it
went out of the spectacle feeling proud that he or she was an Ameri¬
can.

The schedule of performances, showing those held and those pre¬
vented or interrupted by weather conditions follow :

1 — July 3. First performance. Started at 9 o’clock and closed
before 10 o’clock due to heaviest rain for many years.

2 — July 5. Rain. No performance. Orchestra and band gave
patriotic concert in the Auditorium.

3 — July 6. Rain. No performance.

4— — July 8. First full performance. United States Service Men’s

Night.

5 — July 10. Heavy storm ended performance during first act.

Part of the cast of the stupendous pageant
“Freedom” performed in the Stadium. Dc
Wolf Hopper in center.

The Fall of the Bastilc — reenacted as an epi¬
sode of the pageant “Freedom” on a stage
200 feet square.

PAGEANTRY, DRAMA AND SPECTACLE

245

6 — July 13. Rain stopped performance during first act.

7 — July 15. Rain. No performance.

8 — July 17. Too windy to use stage curtains. United States
Naval Academy Night, in honor of battalion of Cadets from
the Naval Academy at Annapolis.

9 — July 20. Grand Army Night. In honor of the Civil War
Veterans. Full performance.

10 — July 22. Full performance.

11 — July 24. W. Freeland Kendrick Night. Full performance.

12 — July 27. Full performance.

13 — July 29. Rain. No performance.

14 — August 1. Sunday. Free performance. Stadium well filled.

15 — August 3. United States Army Night. Full performance.

16 — August 5. Pen and Pencil Club Night. In honor of the press
of the country. Full performance.

17 — August 7. Rain. No performance.

18 — August 10. Very cloudy, and threatening rain throughout
entire performance.

19 — August 12. Full performance, with rain threatening entire
evening. Performance ended at 11 o’clock. Five minutes
later a terrific rain storm swept over the entire city, delaying
traffic for hours.

20 — x\ugust 14. Heavy rain. No performance.

21 — August 17. Rain. No performance.

22 — August 19. Full performance.

23 — August 21. Rain. No performance.

24 — August 24. Rain. No performance.

25 — August 26. Full performance.

26 — August 28. Full performance.

27 — August 31. Full performance. Cold weather.

28 — September 2. Rain. No performance.

29 — September 4. Full performance. Rain threatened all evening.
Gertrude Ederle Night.

30 — September 6. Labor Day. Rain. No performance.

31 — September 7. Full performance.

32 — September 9. Rain. No performance.

33 — September 11. Final performance. In excess of 50,000 spec¬
tators present.

On those evenings when rain prevented performances in the Sta¬
dium, all the principals in the cast, including the orchestra and the
military band, numbering more than five hundred men and women,
participated in special concerts which were given in the Auditorium.
These performances were attended by many thousands.

246

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

The stage for the pageant was about 200 feet square and occupied
the entire northern end of the Stadium. All of the scenery used had
to be specially painted for the occasion and while the stage acts only
lasted from two to five minutes each, the scenery was so realistic that
it invariably brought rounds of applause. The scenes showing Inde¬
pendence Hall, Mt. Vernon, Federal Hall, were all about 150 feet in
width and 40 feet in height. In all there were about twenty impres¬
sive animated scenes shown on the stage, while the immense grass
enclosure of the Stadium was used for the remaining episodes. Fre¬
quently one thousand characters were shown at one time in action.

“Italia” — June 19

The dramatic musical spectacle “Italia” was presented in the Sta¬
dium on June 19. This was the first effort in spectacular attractions
and brought to the Exposition an audience of about 20,000 people.
The play was sponsored by an Italian committee headed by Eugene
V. Alessandroni and Chevalier C. C. A. Baldi and was produced
under the direction of Langdon West. The story was written by
Craig King and the music was under the direction of Cav. Fulgenzio
Guerrieri.

More than 2000 people took part in the various scenes. The musi¬
cal program was arranged with Giovanni Martinelli and Dusolina
Gianinni of the Metropolitan Opera Company as outstanding stars.
The first scene of “Italia” represented Venice, “Queen of the Adri¬
atic,” at the pinnacle of her commercial supremacy; the second, Flor¬
ence, center of literature and art ; the third, Rome, the Eternal City,
and the homage rendered a returning conqueror. The fourth scene
showed the unification of Italy through the efforts of Garibaldi and
his red-shirted battalions.

The epilogue of “Italia” — “Bond of Friendship” — indicated the
motive and the object of the production, America, long a champion
of truth, justice and unity, as friend and comrade of her sister na¬
tion, Italy.

“Loyalty’s Gift” — July 12

Negro participation in the Sesqui-Centennial Exposition reached
its climax in the production of the pageant, “Loyalty’s Gift,” in the
Auditorium on July 12. Every detail of this great production was
the work of Negroes.

It was the creation of Dora Cole Norman, dramatic specialist of
the Playground and Recreation Association of America. It was a
highly dramatic picture of the development of the Negro race and
in many ways unlike any other ever produced. Gorgeous costuming,
tableaux and scenic effects were employed.

PAGEANTRY, DRAMA AND SPECTACLE

247

The celebrated Hampton Quartet and the Fiske Quintet were fea¬
tures of the pageant and augmented a chorus of 500 voices in music
that included the famous Negro spirituals. These spirituals are rec¬
ognized as American folk songs. Prominent among the stars was
Mrs. Marion Anderson, a famed contralto soloist.

This pageant drew one of the largest Auditorium audiences of the
Exposition.

Ahepa — September 4

A parade float pageant arranged in connection with the program
of the selected day at the Exposition devoted to the Ahepa Fraternal
Society was of special appeal to several thousand Greeks and people
of Greek ancestry who had assembled for the convention of the
society. The society is educational in its character, having for its
principal object, however, the Americanization of Greeks. This
movement had the endorsement of the Greek government at Athens.

“Hecuba” — September 15-16

On September 15-16 Holy Cross College of Worcester, Mass., in
conjunction with St. Joseph’s College, Philadelphia, presented the
Greek play “Hecuba” in the Stadium. The patrons of the drama
included President and Mrs. Calvin Coolidge, five cardinals, seven
archbishops, twenty-eight bishops, more than one hundred mon¬
signori and other ecclesiastics; and the governors of Massachusetts
and New York. The play was produced under the direction of the
Rev. Matthew L. Fortier, S. J., and the Rev. John X. Murphy, S.J.,
of Holy Cross College.

The basic idea in the presentation of “Hecuba” was to foster a
love and appreciation of the classics and a better understanding of
the fundamental philosophy of cultural life in its relation to the
spiritual progress of the race.

“Ethiopia” — September 23

On the night of September 23, “Ethiopia,” a play and pageant was
staged in the Auditorium.

The play was produced under the direction of Mrs. Lillian White
McCoo and was given as a part of the program of the National
Negro Bankers’ Association convention. It was the original inten¬
tion to produce the play on September 22 in honor of the anniversary
of the signing of the provisional emancipation proclamation by Abra¬
ham Lincoln, as much of the performance related to the freeing of
the Negro by the Great Emancipator.

Firefighter’s Week — October 5, 6, 7

On October 5, 6 and 7, the Pennsylvania State Firemen's Associa¬
tion, comprising thousands of firemen from every part of the state,

248

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

gathered for their annual convention in Philadelphia and for three
days carried out a varied and interesting program in the Exposition.

The outstanding features of the celebration were a great parade of
between 8000 and 10,000 firemen on Broad Street into the Stadium ;
rescues by firemen wearing gas and smoke masks and battling the
flames in a 40-foot building especially erected for fire tests; contests
for speed and efficiency in laying hose lines, erecting ladders for ser¬
vice at burning buildings, etc. In addition to the events provided by
the firefighters themselves, the military units stationed at the Expo¬
sition gave exhibition drills and the aviation units performed aerial
stunts. The members of the U. S. Coast Guards on duty at the Expo¬
sition also staged a Coast Guard drill in honor of the visitors and
demonstrated life saving at sea. The firemen’s ball was given in the
Auditorium on the night of October 6.

Fireworks and Spectacles

The program planned for night and day pyrotechnics at the Expo¬
sition was an elaborate one and based on the assumption of a large
attendance at the Exposition. Contracts were entered into with the
three largest fireworks companies in the United States, The Gordon
Fireworks Company, the Thearle-Duffield Company of Chicago and
the Victory Sparkler Company of Elkton, Maryland. These con¬
tracts were very much modified, however, owing to the almost con¬
tinuous bad weather which prevented outdoor displays.

The Gordon Fireworks Company opened on the night of May 31
with a brilliant display and continued three nights a week for two
weeks. The Thearle-Duffield Company followed for a similar period.

CHAPTER XX

EDUCATION AND SOCIAL ECONOMY
By Joseph R. Wilson, LL.B.

Director of Education and Social Economy

DESCRIPTION OF BUILDING — MEDITATION CHAPEL — NEW METHODS AND SYSTEMS IN
EDUCATION — EDUCATIONAL COMMITTEE PERSONNEL — PUBLIC SCHOOL EXHIBIT —
PAROCHIAL SCHOOL EXHIBIT — UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA AND OTHER INSTI¬
TUTIONS OF HIGHER LEARNING PARTICIPATE — FOREIGN AND STATE EXHIBITS.

The Palace of Education and Social Economy unfolded a wealth
of exhibits embodying the educational and social economy features
of modern civilization. Here one saw the revolutionizing and benefi¬
cent changes of past years in the allied fields of education and prac¬
tical economy, lifting the world to higher and nobler standards.

The splendid structure which was 524 feet long and 208 feet
wide, with a floor area of about 100,000 square feet, was traversed
by stately aisles. It was located on Pattison Avenue west of the
Broad Street axis. The plan of the building embodied a handsome
court at the main entrance, 112 feet wide and 60 feet deep, flanked
on the right by an auditorium and on the left by Meditation Chapel,
both of which were 34 feet wide and 56 feet deep. In the center of
the court were beds of beautiful flowers in artistic designs, pointed
with evergreens.

On the wall at the left of the main entrance was the inscription
“Knowledge is Power, but Faith in God is Victory.” At the right:
“This Building is Dedicated to the Service of Mankind.”

A part of the educational and social economy exhibit at the Expo¬
sition was located in the superb Pennsylvania Building, that State’s
fine contribution covering almost every field. In the vast United
States Government Building were also comprehensive educational
exhibits from many of the Government departments. Never in the
world’s history has an exposition presented such a complete survey.

The writer assumed the office of Director of Education and Social
Economy of the Sesqui-Centennial International Exposition on June
22, 1925, on the nomination of Dr. Josiah H. Penniman, Provost of
the University of Pennsylvania and chairman of the Educational
Committee of the Exposition. The Exposition opened May 31, 1926.
Though he began at once to arrange for exhibits, it was not until
April 16, 1926, or six weeks before the opening of the Exposition,
that the contract was awarded for the Palace of Education and Social

249

250 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Economy. It nevertheless rose to completion and became a conspicu¬
ous feature, triumphing over many difficulties and obstacles.

Two of the outstanding attractions of the Educational Building
were Meditation Chapel and the auditorium. In the latter were
shown daily motion-pictures of the educational systems and methods
of the United States and many foreign countries, also motion-pic¬
tures of such great world economic measures as the education of the
deaf, the dumb, the blind, the feeble-minded, the tubercular and the
deformed. The exhibit of Medicine and Allied Sciences showed
pictures on the screen dealing with almost every phase of the most
modern corrective methods for the arrest of disease and the pro¬
longation of life.

Among the organizations which took advantage of this auditorium
was the American Federation of Labor, which showed its efforts and
accomplishments through the balopticon and motion-picture projec-.
tor. “Friendship Between Nations,” sponsored by the peace organi¬
zations of the world, here showed a highly educational film for the
propagation of world peace. Each day lectures were delivered cover¬
ing many subjects. Many vitally interesting events took place in this
auditorium.

Meditation Chapel will long be remembered. It has left a devout
and exquisite memory in the hearts and minds of the thousands who
visited it. The purpose of this chapel was to provide a sanctuary at
the Exposition dedicated by all religions to the one God, and it
achieved its object. All denominational symbols of religion were ex¬
cluded save the altar. The altar stood for sacrifice, and was the sym¬
bol of all religions. Being for meditation only, the chapel contained
neither pulpit, lectern nor reading desk.

The beauty of the chapel lay largely in its subdued lighting, pro¬
duced in a most unusual and artistic way by filtering the light through
concealed blue glass windows in the roof onto the north wall against
which stood the altar. From this wall the light was thrown back,
flooding the chapel like a benediction.

Set into the altar wall were three beautiful Tiffany stained glass
windows, lighted by the deflected rays of searchlights playing on the
wall in the rear of them, so that they gleamed like jeweled pictures.
At the rear of the chapel was another large jeweled Tiffany window
and on the side walls were rich mural decorations occupying six
panels, each 15 feet high and 3 feet, 6 inches wide. These panels, exe¬
cuted with artistic skill and in keeping with the nonsectarian charac¬
ter of the chapel, typified Government, Labor, Education, Health,
Peace and Liberty. Above either door to the chapel hung tapestries
blending into the beauty of the scene. Over all was an impressive

EDUCATION AND SOCIAL ECONOMY

251

heavy wood-beamed ceiling with ancient chandeliers and painted
panels tinted with the blue of the sky and encrusted with silver stars.

Mr. Louis C. Tiffany contributed to Meditation Chapel the four
beautiful stained glass windows and the jewel-encrusted altar. The
general design of the interior of the chapel and the lighting effects
were all contributions by Mr. Tiffany, carried out on his behalf by
Mr. G. B. St. John. Throughout the Exposition this chapel was
used by visitors of all denominations as a place of spiritual com¬
munion and uplift.

Both the educational and social economy exhibits at the Exposition
showed that the march of progress in each had kept pace with the
inventive genius of man. Many methods and systems presented as
recently as the Panama-Pacific Exposition at San Francisco in 1915
were shown to be obsolete. Solutions of old-time problems took on a
new light, revealing with striking distinctiveness that the educational
sociology" of the present day constitutes an epoch in history. “The
power of the school system over the child” was shown with clarity
by all attainable “high peaks’’ of modern education and through new
methods of saving time and energy. In point of service and value to
humanity these exhibits were of incomparable value.

The contribution of education and social economy to the celebra¬
tion of the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of American Inde¬
pendence will bear fruit in many lands, to many peoples, to whom
the seeds of service have already been carried by the visitors to the
Exposition — seeds of the noble and unselfish service that man has
rendered and is rendering to his fellowman.

The Educational Committee of the Exposition was as follows :

Dr. Josiah H. Penniman, Chairman
Provost, the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia

Adler, Dr. Cyrus,

President of Dropsie College, Phila¬
delphia.

Alexander, Hon. Chas. Beatty,
President, Society of the Cincinnati,
New York.

Andrews, Prof. Charles ML,

Department of History, Yale Uni¬
versity, New Haven, Conn.

Angier, Prof. Roswell Parker,
Department of Psychology, Yale
University.

Ashhurst, Dr. John,

Librarian, Free Library of Philadel¬
phia.

Aydelotte, Dr. Frank,

President, Swarthmore College,
Swarthmore, Pa.

Ballou, Dr. Frank,

Superintendent of Public Schools,
Washington, D. C.

Beury, Dr. Charles E.,

President, Temple University, Phila¬
delphia.

Beveridge, Dr. John Harris,
Supertendent of Schools, Omaha,
Nebraska.

Bondurant, Prof. Alexander L.,
Department of Latin and Greek,
University of Mississippi, Oxford,
Miss.

Bowman, Dr. John Gabbert,

Chancellor of University of Pitts¬
burgh, Pittsburgh, Pa.

252 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Bradford, Dr. Mary C. C.,

State Superintendent of Public In¬
struction, Denver, Colorado.

Broome, Dr. Edwin C.,

Superintendent of Schools, Philadel¬
phia.

Butler, Dr. Nicholas Murray,

President, Columbia University, New
York City.

Butterfield, Dr. E. W.,

State Supt. of Schools, Concord,
New Hampshire.

Caldwell, Dr. Otis W.,

Director, Institute of School Experi¬
mentation, Teachers College, Co¬
lumbia University.

Carnell, Dr. Laura H.,

Vice-President and Dean, Temple
University, Philadelphia.

Charters, Dr. W. W.,

Department of Education, Univer¬
sity of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.

Cheyney, Dr. Edward P.,

Department of History, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

Coffman, Dr. Lotus Delta,

President of University of Minne¬
sota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Comfort, Dr. William Wistar,
President, Ha^verford College, Hav-
erford, Pa.

Cooke, Dr. Flora J.,

Principal of Francis W. Parker
School, Chicago.

Courtis, Dr. Stuart A.,

Department of Education, University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Crawford, Prof. J. P. W.,

Department of Romanic Languages,
University of Pennsylvania.

Cubberly, Dr. Elwood P.,

Department of Education, Leland
Stanford, Jr. University, California.

Dick, William,

Secretary, Board of Education, Phil¬
adelphia.

Durkee, Dr. J. Stanley,

President, Howard University,
Washington, D. C.

Goodnow, Dr. Frank J.,

President, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Md.

Graves, Dr. Frank P.,

Commissioner of Education, Albany,
N. Y.

Gray, Miss Jessie,

(Former President, State Educa¬
tional Association), Philadelphia.

Gwinn, Dr. Joseph Marr,

City Superintendent of Schools, San
Francisco, Calif.

Haas, Dr. Francis B.,

State Supt. of Education, Dept, of
Public Instruction, Harrisburg, Pa.,
also Vice-President, National Edu¬
cation Association.

Herrick, Dr. Cheesman A.,

President, Girard College, Philadel¬
phia.

Horn, Dr. Ernest,

Department of Education, Iowa Uni¬
versity, Iowa City, Iowa.

Jernegan, Dr. Marcus W.,

Department of History, University
of Chicago.

Jessup, Dr. Walter A.,

President of Iowa University, Iowa
City.

Jordan, Dr. David Starr,

President Emeritus, Leland Stanford
Jr. University, California.

Kelly, Dr. Frederick J.,

Dean of Administration, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn.

Koch, Dr. C. D.,

Pennsylvania Department of Educa¬
tion, Harrisburg, Pa.

Lindley, Dr. Ernest H.,

Chancellor, University of Kansas,
Lawrence, Kansas.

Lingelbach, Mrs. Wm. E.

Board of Education, Philadelphia.

Mann, Dr. Charles R.,

Director of American Council on
Education, Washington, D. C.

Matheson, Dr. Kenneth G.,

President, Drexel Institute, Philadel¬
phia.

McAndrew, Dr. William,

City Superintendent of Education,
Chicago.

McClung, Dr. Clarence F.,

Department of Zoology, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

McMaster, Prof. John Bach,

Department of History, University
of Pennsylvania.

McSkimmon, Miss Mary,

President, National Education As¬
sociation, Washington, D. C.

Monroe, Dr. Paul,

Department of Education, Columbia
University, New York City.

Montgomery, Dr. Thomas L.,

Librarian of the Historical Society
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

Newlon, Dr. Jesse H.,

City Superintendent, Denver Public
Schools, Denver, Colorado.

O’Hara, Rev. Joseph M.,

Superintendent of Parish Schools,
Philadelphia.

Park, Dr. Marion Edwards,

President of Bryn Mawr College,
Bryn Mawr.

5 ?

Palace of Educaiion and Social Economy,
showing the main entrance and court flanked
by an auditorium and “ Meditation Chapel /’
dedicated as a place of spiritual communion
and uplift.

Altar of “Meditation Chapel'' in the Palace
of Education and Social Economy.

EDUCATION AND SOCIAL ECONOMY

253

Parkhurst, Dr. Helen H.,

Principal of the University School,
New York City.

Pendleton, Dr. Ellen F.,

President of Wellesley College,
Wellesley, Mass.

Rowe, Dr. L. S.,

Director General, Pan American Un¬
ion, Washington, D. C.

Rowen, William,

President, Board of Education, Phil¬
adelphia.

Russell, Dr. James E.,

Dean, of Teachers College, Colum¬
bia University, New York City.
Shahan, Rt. Rev. Thomas J.,

Rector, The Catholic University of
America, Washington, D. C.

Smith, Dr. Eugene R.,

Principal of Beaver County Day
School, Boston, Mass.

Smith, Dr. Payson,

Commissioner of Education, Boston,
Mass.

Snook, Prof. George Alvin,

Principal of Frankford High School,
Philadelphia.

Spaulding, Dr. Frank E.,

Department of Education, Yale Uni¬
versity.

Suzzallo, Dr. Henry,

President of Washington State Uni¬
versity, Seattle, Washington.

Shorey, Prof. Paul,

Dept, of Greek, University of Chi¬
cago, Chicago, Ill.

Sullivan, Dr. Mortimer A.,

President, Villa Nova College, Villa
Nova, Pa.

Van Tyne, Prof. Claude H.,

Department of American History,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
Mich.

Washburne, Dr. Carleton W.,

City Superintendent of Education,
Winnetka, Ill.

Weet, Dr. Herbert Seeley,

City Superintendent of Education,
Rochester, N. Y.

Wilson, Dr. Lucy L. W.,

Principal of the South Philadelphia
High School for Girls, Philadelphia.

Wood, Dr. Will C.,

California State Superintendent of
Education, Sacramento, Calif.

To describe the educational and social economy exhibits in detail
is not possible in this brief space, but an endeavor will be made to
give in the following pages a summary that will reveal their compre¬
hensive character.

Public School Exhibit

As the public school is fundamental in national education, let us
begin with a description of its exhibit which covered 9000 square
feet and showed the scope of a modern public school from the kinder¬
garten to the senior high school. It revealed not only the development
in system and methods but also in buildings from “the little red
school house” of the long ago, to the great and stately high schools,
the architectural triumphs of the present day. This exhibit included
summer schools, evening classes, trade school for girls, special
schools and classes for physically and mentally handicapped chil¬
dren and for those retarded by reason of unfortunate home or other
conditions, continuation schools and classes for employed children,
normal schools and other schools of observation and practice in the
preparation of young men and women teaching in the public schools.

Drawings and paintings, showing the developing originality of the
child from interesting little designs and illustrations of the primary
grades to the skillfully drawn and exquisite color products of the
senior high school students, were displayed. Accomplishments in
industrial art, home economics, physical and health education, com-

254 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

mercial education, music, civics, academic studies, medical inspection
and school nurse service, were exhibited in the most attractive and
fascinating form.

The kindergarten display represented the product of minds and
hands of little tots of four and five years of age just setting sail on
their long journeys of exploration into the mysterious “beyonds” of
life. Clay models, dolls, toys, booklets and pictures expressed better
than words can tell the delight they have found in their initial discov¬
eries.

The industrial arts display showed dolls, houses, furniture, and
dresses of the first two grades, and the substantial and useful stools,
book-racks, trays and bird houses made by boys of grades five and
six, evidencing both inventive genius and careful handwork. Then
there were typical samples of the work done by the pupils of the
junior and senior high schools in mechanical arts, a continuation and
enlargement of the industrial arts of lower grades. The “co-operative
plan” whereby the senior high school and industrial establishments
worked together in providing the senior students with practical expe¬
rience on the job to supplement the instruction of classroom and
school shop was explained by means of photographs and charts.

The academic studies exhibit showed that new viewpoints were
evident everywhere, new content, new methods, which have vitalized
these subjects. Mathematics presented a study of every-day life prob¬
lems and their solution; history was no longer a record of dates and
names; English had burst the confines of formal grammar; and the
entire perspective and limitations of geography were changed, so that
these studies bore little resemblance to the corresponding subjects
of a generation ago.

Educators from every state and many foreign countries visited
this exhibit which exceeded anything that they had anticipated. It
was assembled and installed by Dr. Edwin C. Broome, Superin¬
tendent of Schools of the City of Philadelphia, and Dr. Oliver P.
Cornman, Assistant Superintendent. Their knowledge, high stand¬
ards, experience and judgment in presenting a public school exhibit
so completely up-to-date in all its details won for it the Medal of
Honor of the Exposition.

Parochial School Exhibit

Immediately adjoining the public school exhibit was the exhibit of
the parochial schools, which occupied a booth sixty by twenty- four
feet. The plan of the booth reproduced the effect of a Gothic struc¬
ture with openings on the sides in the form of cathedral windows.

The outside was beautifully decorated with the art work, music

EDUCATION AND SOCIAL ECONOMY

scores, charts, maps and civic posters made by the children of the
various grades. Specimens of language work, history, penmanship,
mathematics, health education and home economics were artistically
placed around the interior. The material was skillfully arranged to
show the gradual development from the simpler forms and princi¬
ples of the beginners to the more intricate and elaborate work of the
advanced classes. The exhibit represented the work of over two
hundred and forty parochial schools of the Archdiocese of Philadel¬
phia.

The parochial school exhibit was one of the most interesting and
highly instructive of those installed in the Palace of Education. It
was awarded the Gold Medal by the Jury of Awards.

To further the work of the exhibit a series of demonstrations and
lectures portraying the teaching methods and systems employed in
the parochial schools was conducted in the auditorium of the Educa¬
tional Building by the Christian Brothers and by Sisters of the vari¬
ous teaching orders. The attendance at these demonstrations taxed
the auditorium to its greatest capacity.

The following elements were particularly stressed : the formation
of certain ideals of conduct — intellectual honesty, self-reliance, cour¬
age, self-respect and self-control, courtesy or fair play, thrift and
industry, loyalty to democracy; definite knowledge of the civic and
social principles upon which the American democracy is founded —
nature of the State, form of government, basis of American govern¬
ment, functions of national, state and local governments, purpose of
American government, principles of the American government, fair
dealing with other nations, sympathy with distress and suffering, pro¬
tection from oppression, arbitration, a broad, sound, generous patri¬
otism.

Art instruction in the elementary grades was shown by sketches
representing the various objects connected with the dwelling house,
furniture, utensils and local industries. Drawing was presented as a
practical every-day art, an indispensable mode of expression in mod¬
ern industry, a writing down of material forms, with nature as its
inspiration. The Christian Brothers’ new system of drawing was ex¬
hibited for the first time at the Sesqui-Centennial.

The home economics exhibit illustrated the teaching in the paro¬
chial schools to effect an improvement in the general health of the
community and to raise the standards of living.

Installation of this fine exhibit was under the direction of Brother
Francis de Sales, of the Christian Brothers, and the Rev. John J.
Bonner, Superintendent of Parish Schools, Archdiocese of Philadel¬
phia.

256 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

University of Pennsylvania

The exhibit of the University of Pennsylvania was replete with
educational and historical material, including relics of Benjamin
Franklin, and was a constant attraction to visitors in all walks of
life.

George E. Nitzsche, the Recorder of the University, assembled and
installed the exhibit. It told the story of higher education in America
from 1740 to the present time. More than 15,000 objects were used
in the installation of this great exhibit and under Mr. Nitzsche’s
skillful hand much of the historical material used was treated in a
decorative way. Among the exhibits was a reproduction of the
Declaration of Independence with the names of the ten University of
Pennsylvania signers underlined in red ink. Documents of famous
men, including those of Benjamin Franklin, George Washington,
James Wilson, William Smith, John Morgan, Thomas Mifflin,
Robert Morris and many others of Colonial times were on view.

Benjamin Franklin’s original Leyden jars, globe electric machine,
vacuum pump, discharging rod, and glass tube with wooden ends
were shown. There were forty-nine objects connected with the
early history of the telephone and electric light, which were first
exhibited at the Centennial in 1876. Also the first X-ray tubes in
America, made by Dr. Arthur Goodspeed of the University; an
exhibit of the experiments of Edward Muybridge, which resulted
in modern motion pictures. Relics were shown of Joseph Priestley,
the discoverer of oxygen; Robert Hare, who invented the blow
pipe; and Dr. Edgar Fahs Smith’s experiments with Tungsten,
which made the modern electric light possible. There were also
twenty-seven original Babylonian clay tablets dating back to before
the time of Moses.

The Law School of the University contributed an original charter
granted by Richard III of England in 1388; an English Court roll
of 1609; also Statham’s Abridgment, printed before 1500.

There was also a page from the famous Gutenberg Bible, the
first book printed in Europe from movable type. The work was
finished about 1455, and is considered by many authorities to be the
most valuable book in the world. There were geological speci¬
mens, one said to be a hundred million years old and another fifty
millions.

The exhibit of the School of Education showed its growth from
its beginnings to the present day. The Penniman Library of Edu¬
cation contributed some very rare books. The Memorial Library
exhibit, made up of publications of the University of Pennsylvania
and her sons, included 15,000 books and pamphlets collected by Mr.
Nitzsche since 1907.

Exhibits in Palace of Education and Social
Economy. (Upper) — Structure housing the ex¬
hibits of the University of Pennsylvania.
(Lower) — The Needlework Guild of America
Inc.

EDUCATION AND SOCIAL ECONOMY

257

All departments of the University were represented and many of
its student organizations, like the Mask and Wig Club, the Musical
Club of the University, etc.

Temple University

Temple University’s exhibit, the installation of which was per¬
sonally supervised by Dr. Charles E. Reury, president of the Uni¬
versity, was housed in a stately and beautiful temple, 34 feet long
and 14 feet wide, with Corinthian columns in ivory white, sur¬
mounted by an appropriate freize and a triangular pediment over
each end bearing the inscription “temple university.” On
the west wall was a painting of Russell H. Conwell, founder of the
University, and under the painting in a mahogany case was the
famous sword owned by Dr. Conwell as a captain in the Civil War
— the sword saved by a little drummer boy, Johnny Ring, who gave
his life to save it. This sword always hung over Dr. Conwell’s bed
in memory of Johnny Ring. Near this sword was the death mask
of Dr. Conwell. Along the east side of the Temple was the inscrip¬
tion “An Institution for Strong Men and Women who can labor
with both Mind and Body.”

The exhibit showed that in 1884 Temple College, as it was known
then, had an enrolment of seven students, and in 1926 Temple Uni¬
versity had 9958 students. The panels in the exhibit illustrated the
CTniversity’s work in Liberal Arts and Sciences, Teachers’ College,
School of Commerce, Theology, Law, Medicine, Dentistry, Phar¬
macy and Music. Also the connection with the University of a
Training School for Nurses and the Samaritan, Garretson and
Greatheart Hospitals. A striking exhibit in the Temple University
booth was a model of the new University to be erected at a cost
of $20,000,000.

No booth in the Educational Building exceeded that of Temple
University in dignity and beauty.

Bryn Mawr College

The exhibit of Bryn Mawr College illustrated its activities and
achievements in various academic departments. There were pho¬
tographs of the college buildings; photographs of the Thorne School
and samples of the work done by its pupils; charts and photographs
of the Summer School for Women Workers in Industry; a list of
the publications of Bryn Mawr alumnae and former students, and
copies of these publications; medals awarded at various expositions
to Bryn Mawr College ; and the model of Goodhart Hall, the new
auditorium and students’ building then in process of erection. The
exhibit also included photographs of President Marion Edwards

258 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL exposition

Park and of President Emeritus M. Carey Thomas. A moving pic¬
ture machine with reels of Bryn Mawr College activities was part
of the exhibit.

Bucknell University

Bucknell had a striking booth designed to resemble the central
portion of “Old Main,” the largest college building on the Bucknell
campus, which was designed by the architect who built the National
Capitol at Washington. Five beautiful color transparencies gave
visitors an idea of the magnitude and dignity of the campus. In
this booth were shown the work of the bacteriological laboratory
and the engineering school.

The College of the City of New York

The exhibit of the College of the City of New York was planned
to illustrate not only the origin and growth of the first city-sup-
ported institution of higher learning in the United States, but also
the distinct service which a City College can render its community.

The Department of Chemistry supplied two interesting exhibits.
One was a series of specimens of crude materials, semi-finished, and
finished commercial chemicals, the production and refining of
which are carried out on a semi-commercial scale in the course of
instruction. The other was an explanation of the “kit” system of
laboratory supplies, whereby each student is provided, at the begin¬
ning of the semester, with an outfit of apparatus and chemicals suf¬
ficient for his requirements for the entire time. Students working
during their off hours prepare the kits for approximately fifteen
hundred classmates.

University of Delaware

The University of Delaware was represented by a miniature
model of the University, publications of the University of Dela¬
ware Press and copies of the Declaration of Independence and the
Constitution.

Haverford College

Haver ford College illustrated its entire educational curriculum by
charts, photographs, models, etc. Among exhibits was a collection of
Haverfordiana, including a library of publications of members of
the Haverford faculty, trophies, and curios expressing the tradi¬
tions of the college.

Lafayette College

Lafayette College showed photographs and views of the college
grounds and buildings, publications by members of the faculty; scien¬
tific apparatus developed by members of Lafayette faculty, and
Lafayette relics.

EDUCATION AND SOCIAL ECONOMY

259

Purdue University

Purdue’s exhibit showed the practical results of its agricultural
extension activities. Prize fruit, corn and wheat were displayed to
demonstrate the best practices and methods. The exhibit was in
charge of Professor W. O. Fitch and Professor Walter V. Kell.

Syracuse University

Syracuse University was notably represented on “University
Aisle.” The principal exhibit was by the Art Department of the
College of Fine Arts of the University. It was thought that as
the College of Fine Arts is somewhat of a departure from the
usual university schools, it might be considered as typical of the
newer outlook in the educational field. The exhibit showed several
marked advantages in the establishment of a well-equipped Art
School in a University, which perhaps might not occur to those
accustomed to the separation of such schools from general education.
One of these advantages is in requiring certain academic subjects
to be completed at specified times, and in classes with students of
the other colleges.

The exhibit further showed that art design is of vital importance
to industry, and that it is a matter of concern that all art schools
should stimulate their students to creative thought and originality of
outlook.

Elmira College

This oldest college for women in the United States and the first
to confer degrees for courses equivalent to those offered in colleges
for men had as special features a copy of the first catalogue, 1855—
1856, showing the required course of study which was modeled after
that of Yale University; also a framed copy of the first diploma.

Ursinus College

The exhibit structure of Ursinus College was a miniature replica
of the Alumni Memorial Library. Herein were displayed books
and other publications representing in part the literary and scientific
contribution which Ursinus College has made in many fields of
human endeavor through her graduates.

Pennsylvania State College

Pennsylvania State College erected an exhibit structure decorated
in the college colors, blue and white, and by means of the balopti-
con, charts, photographs and models it showed its up-to-date methods
of training in the Schools of Agriculture, Chemistry and Physics,
Education, Engineering, Liberal Arts, Mines and Metallurgy, and

260 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

in its Graduate School and Summer Sessions. Service to the people
of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania was the keynote of the ex¬
hibit. Industrial and agricultural displays were featured.

The visitor’s attention was first attracted to the Penn State ex¬
hibit by a clay model of the fertilizer experiment plots located on
the College Farms adjacent to the campus of the institution on the
limestone soil of Centre County. The experiments are the oldest
of their kind in America, and the second oldest in the world. In
the forty-five years that tests of various fertilizers have been con¬
ducted on these experimental plots much valuable information has
been made available for the farmers of the State and distributed
through the bulletin service of the Experiment Station and through
the large and efficient Agricultural Extension Service of the college.

An intricate machine that proved a great attraction, especially to
farmers and scientists, was a model of the big animal respiration
calorimeter housed in the Institute of Animal Nutrition at the col¬
lege. This is an instrument that determines what a cow, steer or
other farm animal actually does with the food it consumes. The
net energy of various foods consumed is calculated with the aid
of this apparatus and experiments with it, involving many thousands
of minute observations, have about revolutionized cattle feeding
methods in the past twenty years. Its results extend throughout the
civilized world.

The exhibit was arranged and installed by E. K. Hibshman, as¬
sistant to the president of the college.

Girard College

The exhibit of Girard College, known throughout the world as
a distinctive institution for the education of orphan boys, was housed
in a structure modeled after the main building of the college, the
pillars and columns being careful reproductions in approximate
proportions.

An automatic balopticon displayed continuously slides depicting a
boy’s life in the college from the time of his entrance to his gradu¬
ation.

Drexel Institute

Four stately columns on either side of the exhibit structure sup¬
ported a handsome wooden canopy, and across the architrave was
inscribed “drexel — Engineering, Business Administration, Home
Economics, Library Science.”

Between the columns were Grecian benches on which people
could rest while watching two automatic balopticon machines in con¬
tinuous operation visualizing the modern educational features of the

■

Cloister in the patio of the Spanish Building

EDUCATION AND SOCIAL ECONOMY

261

college. Within the exhibit, which was on “University Aisle,” were
several oil paintings by graduates of the Drexel Art School, also
bronzes, tapestries and antiques brought from the museum of the
institution, the whole immediately attracting attention and the most
favorable comment.

The Drexel Institute, located in Philadelphia, was founded by
Anthony J. Drexel in 1891, and now has an enrolment of 4500
students.

Hood College

Hood College of Frederick, Md., exhibited its activities in a struc¬
ture that was a replica of the college administration building with
stately white Ionic columns with caps, architrave and pediment.
Graphic panels illustrated special features of the college — academic,
religious, social and health, and also showed contributions in vari¬
ous fields of educational pursuits by faculty, alumni, students and
administration. Films showing various phases of college activity
wTere projected daily upon a screen under the direction of the hostess
in charge.

Woman’s Medical College of Pennsylvania

On the rear wall of the Woman’s Medical College of Pennsylvania
exhibit was a handsome painting, 15 feet by 20 feet, with the col¬
lege symbolically represented thereon by the “Lamp of Knowledge,”
with lines extending from it to all parts of the world, indicating the
far-flung service of its alumnae. Across the top of the map, written
in large gold letters, was : “she, the woman physician, has

GONE FORTH TO THE ENDS OF THE EARTH.”

There were rare books, including early publications of the col¬
lege dating back to 1850; Dr. Mary Fulton’s medical book trans¬
lated into Chinese ; an old scrap-book of newspaper clippings, loaned
by Dr. Anna E. Broomall, the oldest living graduate of the college ;
a set of ancient Chinese surgical instruments; the old key to the
small original building in which the classes of the college began in
1850; and many other interesting contributions.

Howard University

In the center of the exhibit of Howard University, Washington,
D. C., was a bronze bust of General O.O. Howard who founded the
university in 1867. The exhibit illustrated wrhat Howard Univer¬
sity is doing for the Negro in medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, ap¬
plied science, education, liberal arts, law, religion, music and public
health.

The exhibit was arranged by Dr. J. Stanley Durkee, President,
and installed by Emory B. Smith, field and alumni secretary of
Howard University.

262

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Hampton Institute

Hampton Institute of Hampton, Va., also showed the education
of the Negro in an attractive structure of classic Egyptian design,
which contained a well developed exhibit illustrating all of its edu¬
cational and social features. On the wall of the booth hung the
photographs of Booker T. Washington; Robert R. Moton, who
succeeded him as President of Tuskegee; and Virginia Randolph,
who had recently been awarded the Harmon medal for original
achievement in the fields of education, all of whom were graduates
of Hampton Institute.

Canadian Universities

The exhibits of five Canadian Universities were housed in one
large structure. On the west end of the long wall was a large show
case which demonstrated the method of preparation of Insulin, the
great discovery made at the University of Toronto in 1922. Below
this show case were large photographs of Dr. Banting and Dr. Best,
also a brief statement of the discovery.

On another wall appeared a group of interesting photographs
from the University of Alberta showing the work that is being
done there, especially in Agriculture.

Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, contributed a series
of seven representative pictures to the exhibit; Western University,
London, Ontario, several more. The pictures sent by these two
universities gave the visitor an adequate idea of the equipment which
they possess for carrying on excellent educational work.

Queen’s University had one picture, a number of pennants, and
several illustrated booklets on view.

The National Farm School

Immediately you entered the Educational Building you were con¬
fronted with the outstanding and original exhibit of the National
Farm School with a frontage on two aisles. At the entrance to this
booth were painted life-size trees, hanging from which were genu¬
ine trailing vines. Across the entrance to it were fences of real
country style with wicker gates attached. The walls consisted of
painted pictures of farm life. The floor of the booth was covered
with imitation grass with real stepping stones from one entrance
to another. There was a pond on one side with running water
cascading over rocks. In this pond were live ducks, and in other
parts of the booth were chickens, rabbits and other young live stock
seen on the farm. In one corner was a well, and a genuine old
oaken bucket hanging from the limb of a tree in workable condi-

EDUCATION AND SOCIAL ECONOMY

263

tion. There was also a beehive with live bees making honey. The
whole was electrically lighted by hidden lamps . Two farm lads in
farm garb, and a hostess were in constant attendance.

Another part of the exhibit showed the National Farm School,
conceived by Rabbi Joseph Krauskopf thirty years ago and created
through the Jews of Philadelphia, with a plant valued at $10,000,
now grown into an Institution of $1,500,000, without any encum¬
brance, situated at Doylestown, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, with
farm and other lands covering 1200 acres.

A fine oil painting of Dr. Krauskopf, painted by one of America’s
outstanding artists, was electrically lighted and prominently dis¬
played.

The exhibit was arranged and installed by Herbert D. Allman,
the president of the school.

The Woods School

Among other schools which had exhibits in the Educational Build¬
ing was the Woods School of Langhorne, Pennsylvania, for “ex¬
ceptional children.”

The Friends Schools and Colleges
The Friends’ schools and colleges’ exhibit represented twenty-one
Friends’ schools and colleges, with groups of pictures giving a state¬
ment of the character and curriculum of each institution, the date
of its foundation and its present enrolment, the oldest of which, Wil¬
liam Penn Charter, was founded in 1689, the Abington Friends
School in 1697, the Friends School, Wilmington, in 1748, Falsing-
ton Friends School in 1757, Friends School, Haddonfield, New Jer¬
sey, in 1790, and West Town Boarding School in 1799. This ex¬
hibit was installed by the Friends Sesqui-Centennial Commission, of
which Dr. Barclay L. Jones was chairman.

Berlitz School of Languages
Classrooms in full operation with native instructors of its faculty
constantly giving lessons in French, German, Spanish, Italian and
English to demonstrate the Berlitz Method of teaching were a fea¬
ture of this exhibit. All lessons were given under the supervision of
Professor F. Bloch, director of the Berlitz School of Languages in
Philadelphia.

The Southern Industrial Education Association
This association illustrated its work in providing industrial
scholarships for the education of the mountain children in the

264

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

South. The exhibit was installed by Mrs. Louis Lewis, President
of the Philadelphia Auxiliary of the Southern Industrial Education
Association.

The Philadelphia School of Design for Women
The practical training of the students was demonstrated by dis¬
plays of designs for many American industries made in the class¬
rooms of the school. There were actual fabrics — lace curtains, up¬
holstery material and even wall paper. In the showcase were
brocades and damasks of fascinating and novel design, upholstered
covering for chairs, window-seat cushions and valances. Across one
corner was a cupboard which contained a handsome bedspread, de¬
signed and woven on a hand loom by a student, and several smaller
examples, most of them by students in the training class for teachers.
Some of the fabrics, made from designs of the school, were manu¬
factured and loaned by the Quaker Lace Company, the Becker,
Smith & Page Company, and the La France Textile Industries.
There were beautiful still life paintings in oil; examples of drawings
for book illustrations; costume design; interior decoration; poster
and advertising design ; lettering and decoration.

The Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art
Here one saw draftsmanship exemplified in drawing in charcoal
and pencil from life and cast. There were a variety of designs for
wall paper, cretonnes, etc., interspersed with delightful water colors,
pen and inks, illustrations in oils and pen and inks, poster and adver¬
tising design. In the nature study work, the variety, the delicious
color and the simplicity of drawings and sketches, made this fea¬
ture of the preparatory design work notable, in that it showed the
splendid foundation given the students for more advanced work in
design. Interior decoration was represented by rendering of in¬
teriors and the elements ; the crafts — pottery, modeling and wrought
iron — by photographs of work done by students of the school, the
last mentioned craft being amplified by a beautifully wrought iron
fire screen of intricate pattern. Furniture was likewise represented
by a very finely carved chair. The textile department exhibit cov¬
ered comprehensively the range of the school’s activities, exempli¬
fying the various technical stages of the most interesting phases of
textile work, carding and weaving the raw materials — silk, rayon,
wool and cotton — to designing, dyeing and the finished product.

Philadelphia School of the Bible
The school’s activities were shown through means of an auto¬
matic film feeding delineascope machine featuring some sixty pic-

EDUCATION AND SOCIAL ECONOMY

265

tures. In a show case were displayed valuable old copies of the
Bible dating back several hundred years.

Moody Bible Institute

Adjoining the exhibit of the Philadelphia School of the Bible
was that of the Moody Bible Institute of Chicago, sponsored by Mr.
F. M. Smith of Philadelphia and supervised by Miss Sara Eddie, an
alumna of the Institute.

There was a framed likeness of the rugged and massive features
of Dwight L. Moody, and just beneath it was a faded picture of
the old Pennsylvania Railroad freight depot in Philadelphia on the
site of which the John Wanamaker Store now stands. It was in
this building that the evangelist, then recently returned from un¬
precedented spiritual victories in the British Isles, conducted the
great Philadelphia revival during the Centennial year of 1876, one
of the most remarkable awakenings ever known in America. In the
exhibit were unique and interesting curios from many missionary
fields.

New Jersey School Exhibit

The New Jersey School Exhibit, installed by the Honorable John
H. Logan, Commissioner of Education, was augmented by means
of pictures thrown by an automatic balopticon on a large screen,
affording a comprehensive view of school facilities, equipment, and
some of the school activities provided under the laws of the State.
The views included the five State normal schools with the green¬
houses and dormitories connected with them, and special features of
the school buildings; the State School for the Deaf with its ex¬
tensive grounds and modern buildings then recently completed, to¬
gether with the classroom equipment for the education of the deaf ;
Manual Training and Industrial School for Colored Youth with its
large educational buildings and dormitories, with boys and girls in
classes in vocational agriculture, auto mechanics, laundry work, etc.
The work of the district systems was also comprehensively shown.

State of Indiana

The State of Indiana was represented through an exhibit which
combined Purdue University, the Indiana Horticultural Society,
the Indiana Corn Growers’ Association, the Knox County Horti¬
cultural Society, the Lawrence County Horticultural Society and
the Owen County Horticultural Society. Governor Jackson of
Indiana was deeply interested in the assembling and presentation of
the exhibit.

The object of the exhibit was to show the practical results of

266

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

the State’s agricultural activities through Purdue University Ex¬
tension work, especially in the production of wheats hardy and re¬
sistant to winter killing. Fruits, apples and peaches of extra fancy
quality in the raw state were also shown among the suggestions of
“How to Grow and How to Market.”

Japan

The exhibit of this nation, which covered an area of 2000 square
feet, showed all phases of education by means of pictures and sta¬
tistical charts illustrating school life, distribution of education, sys¬
tems of primary and higher education and the number of schools
and students in Japan.

Sent over by the Imperial Japanese Government, it emphasized
by life-sized wax figures and paintings the life of Japanese students
at different ages, also the typical home life of the Japanese family.

The exhibit showed the physics laboratory, Semba Municipal
School, Osaka; and practice in etiquette in the Girl’s High School,
Archi. Then came the exhibits typifying secondary education
schools, numbering 17,562 with 1,033,864 pupils. The 34 univer¬
sities in Japan with a total student body of 54,096 and courses
covering law, medicine, engineering, literature, science, agriculture,
economics, commerce and politics were also represented. Charts, sta¬
tistics and photographs illustrated the education for the blind and
dumb in Japan.

School hygiene showed a close study of all problems connected
with health and schools. The study of child health problems was
shown to be systematic, 21,115 schools in Japan having their own
physicians. A physical examination is made of every child and
anthropometry is used for the promotion of health in schools.
The exhibits showed that strict attention is given in Japan to light¬
ing and ventilating of schools, also to drinking water and other items
bearing upon sanitation; that there are stringent rules for the pre¬
vention of infectious diseases in schools; that assistance is given to
promising boys and girls who lack means of receiving higher edu¬
cation; that there are 4175 free scholarships and that they are being
increased each year; thus proving that educational work receives
every protection and encouragement. Mr. Morio Otaki was in
charge of the exhibit which at the close of the Exposition was moved
to the Columbia University, N. Y., to be permanently installed.

Chinese Educational Exhibit

China’s educational exhibit covered nearly 2000 square feet and
was housed in a Chinese pagoda. It was colorful and attractive as

EDUCATION AND SOCIAL ECONOMY

267

well as educational, with two imitation stone sculptured lions guard¬
ing the entrance, placed there to convey to the visitors the suggestion
of an awakened lion.

This exhibit was prepared under the auspices of the Government
of China and several Chinese educational institutions. It represented
the educational efforts of Chinese people for themselves. While the
main purpose of the exhibit was to depict the educational progress of
China made during the last quarter of a century, emphasis was also
laid on the history of China’s culture and education for the past five
thousand years. The plan of the exhibit was to show a few of the
outstanding problems of China’s national life, her educators’ efforts
to confront them, and other typical phases of Chinese education.

An an introduction to the cultural and educational background of
China, there was presented on the central wall of the booth under the
caption “Five Thousand Years of Education” three charts dealing
with History of China in Parallelism with that of the West, Evolu¬
tion of Chinese Educational System, and the present day educational
system of China.

The “removal of illiteracy in this generation,” which is the motto
of the National Association for Mass Education Movement,
showed that it aims to teach the mass of Chinese citizens to read and
write through the use of “One Thousand Character Readers” and
other supplementary reading material. These one thousand charac¬
ters are selected from those that are in every day use and could be
mastered in three months of one hour of study each day. Teachers in
this movement received no financial compensation of any form. A
certificate of appreciation is the only reward. Since the movement
started three years before, there had been approximately three mil¬
lions of graduates.

Technical and vocational schools were shown training leaders for
this era of machinery and industrialism; modern schools in the rural
districts by transforming the temples into school houses, where pupils
are taught a trade besides reading and writing.

National Southeastern University in Nanking represented the type
of work that is being done in the government universities. The build¬
ings, the activities of the schools of education and of agriculture in
experimental work, scholastic work, and athletics were presented in
pictures. These activities were presented as typical of the work of all
government universities and other higher institutions of learning in
China.

Cuba

The educational exhibit of Cuba, “The Pearl of the Antilles,” not
only represented every phase of education but included some splendid

268

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

models of schools, unsurpassed in any country in architectural beauty
and interior arrangements, designed to meet every need.

One of the outstanding features of the exhibit was a variety of
products from the Industrial Training Schools, evidencing remark¬
able skill in the children.

Haiti

The Haitian exhibit in the Educational Building was on “Univer¬
sity Aisle” and covered an area of 400 square feet with an entrance
on two aisles, attracting much attention on account of the exhibits of
children’s work from small baskets to hand-made furniture, rugs,
mats and wicker wear in great variety. The exhibit set forth that
there were over 1000 primary schools of all classes, with 78,000
pupils,

Spain

The Spanish School of Ceramics of Madrid exhibited immedi¬
ately across the aisle from the office of the Director of Education,
and it was a continual pleasure to gaze on this beautiful illustration of
Spanish art exemplified through this particular school. It was full of
beauty and inspiration, reflecting the influence of Spanish civilization
on the rising generation, suggesting Velasquez, El Greco, Goya,
Zuloaga and Sorolla.

There were exhibits from this school under such captions as the
“Sitting Gypsy Woman,” the “Oces Plough,” “Highway in Se¬
govia,” “The Caravana,” “Cathedral Hontomilla,” “Salamanquina
Way;” and then there were bowls with earthenware jars, all artisti¬
cally decorated with a warmth and color that fascinated the eye.

Canonesses Missionaries of St. Augustin, Philippine

Islands

Another exhibit of the work of foreign schools was that of the
Canonesses Missionaries of St. Augustin, Philippine Islands. Gen¬
eral Leonard Wood took a special interest in this exhibit and wrote a
personal letter, asking that space be given to it in the Educational
Building, which was promptly complied with. The wealth of chil¬
dren’s work, particularly of hand-made lace and embroidered doilies,
towels, beaten silver and other work, was incredible. The mission
is located just outside of Manilla, and one sister and a Mother Supe¬
rior were in constant attendance at the booth.

Ichang Mission

The American Church Mission of Ichang, China, had an exhibit
of the work of Chinese school children, consisting of table pieces,
covers, runners, doilies, napkins, sets, sofa-cushions, tr|y covers, pil-

Exhibits in Palace of
Education and Social
Economy.

(At top) — Temple Uni¬
versity. (Middle)—
Bronchoscopic Clinic in
the exhibit of the Com¬
mittee on Medicine and
Allied Science. (At Bot¬
tom) — Lafayette College.

EDUCATION AND SOCIAL ECONOMY

269

low cases, handkerchief bags, etc. The exhibit was presided over by
Mrs. P. R. Stockman, the wife of the Rev. Percy R. Stockman who
installed the Seaman’s Church of America Exhibit, which immedi¬
ately adjoined it.

The White-Williams Foundation
The exhibit of the White-Williams Foundation, Miss Pratt, Direc¬
tor, illustrated by marionette stories of the unadjusted children in
the public schools who were helped by counselors.

The White- Williams Foundation set forth that it had placed
trained counselors in the public schools, to work with the child, the
school and the home in solving the child’s problems, with the expec¬
tation that through this demonstration school counseling will become
a permanent part of the public school system.

Home and School Associations
The exhibit of the Philadelphia Council of the Home and School
Association, under the motto “Children are our Nation’s Hope,”
illustrated the work of the Association, its contact with the school and
child and was an eloquent plea for the home and the school to work
together in their joint interest.

It included an exhibit from the Fathers’ Association of the Frank-
ford High School, the Germantown High School Mothers’ Associa¬
tion, the Harding Junior High Home and School Association, the
Ferguson Home and School Association, the Whittier Home and
School Association, and many others. The exhibit was installed by
Miss Anna B. Pratt, President of the Philadelphia Council.

National Congress of Parents and Teachers
The National Congress of Parents and Teachers, Mrs. A. H.
Reeve of Ambler, Pennsylvania, President, showed by posters and
charts what it was doing throughout the United States to promote
child welfare in the home, school, church and community ; its efforts
to raise the standards of home life ; and to secure more adequate
laws for the protection of women and children.

Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
An exhibition of work done by the students of the Pennsylvania
Academy of the Fine Arts made another attractive exhibit in the
Educational Building. There were 28 oil paintings and 5 works of
sculpture.

Educational features of the Academy, which was founded in 1805
in Independence Hall, included its aid in training many men and

270 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

women whose names are illustrious on the pages of American art.
It was pointed out that there were two schools of the Academy, one
in Philadelphia and the other in Chester Springs, Chester County,
Pennsylvania, where an open air school is conducted. The Academy
is the oldest in the United States.

It will be noticed that we are gradually passing from exhibits
purely educational to those more strictly in the category of Social
Economy. In the following chapter we shall describe other exhibits
in the Educational Building coming under that heading.

CHAPTER XXI

EXHIBITS IN SOCIAL ECONOMY
By Joseph R. Wilson, LL.B.

Director of Education and Social Economy

FIRST OPPORTUNITY FOR DEMONSTRATION OF NEW ACHIEVEMENTS IN SOCIAL WELFARE
— ACTIVITIES CENTERING IN AUDITORIUM OF EDUCATIONAL BUILDING — “FRIEND¬
SHIP BETWEEN NATIONS” — AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR — NATIONAL SAFETY
EXHIBIT — HISTORY OF MUSIC — OTHER NOTABLE EXHIBITS.

The term “social economy” as applied to the Palace of Education
and Social Economy and to a large proportion of the exhibits housed
in the building as well as the activities centering therein had refer¬
ence to that phase of modern civilization that concerns itself with
the betterment, advancement and enhancement of humanity.

So great had been the progress of mankind along these lines in
recent years that it was felt too great emphasis could not be placed
upon it. Many organizations that had contributed to this progress
had not even been in existence when previous expositions had been
held and for them it was the first opportunity to demonstrate through
this medium their aims as well as their achievements.

Before describing the exhibits that come under the general head
of “social economy,” it may be well to detail the activities in both
this field and the educational field that centered in the auditorium of
the building.

In the auditorium was a well-equipped motion picture projection
booth, an excellent screen and adequate provisions for shutting out
the light. It also contained a stage, with dressing rooms, which con¬
veniences enabled the director to introduce many special educational
features for the entertainment of the audiences.

Many colorful events took place here, such as the presentation of
Bonnie Prince Charlie’s Sword, when pipers on the stage in full
Highland costume played lustily to the sword dance of Highland
lassies. The weekly music classes by teachers of Catholic sisterhoods
always filled the auditorium to overflowing.

No one who visited the auditorium can forget the singing of Miss
Martha Washington, great-great-grandniece of George Washington,
who played her own accompaniments on an old-fashioned banjo.
Sweet and graceful in the costume of Washington’s time, she made
a most alluring picture. Hampton Institute sent a quartette of peer¬
less voices which sang in the auditorium to enthusiastic audiences.

Each day programs were posted around the Educational Building

271

2 72 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

so that the public was able to anticipate and participate in the daily
events. A rich-toned piano, furnished by C. J. Heppe & Son, Phila¬
delphia, added to the equipment of the auditorium, and the most
modern motion picture projector and stereopticon obtainable were
furnished by Williams, Brown and Earle of Philadelphia.

Free daily motion pictures showed educational methods in Japan,
China, Persia, Cuba and other countries. Pictures were also shown
of many prominent universities and colleges in the United States.
There were specially prepared films showing the education of the
blind, the great international peace exhibit entitled “Friendship Be¬
tween Nations,” the principles and activities of the American Fed¬
eration of Labor, and covering many other educational and economic
organizations and subjects.

The parochial schools of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia con¬
ducted a series of lectures and demonstrations of teaching methods
in the auditorium from October 6 to November 24. The greatest
interest was taken by teachers from all parts of the United States in
these demonstrations. Lectures on “Religion in Education” were
delivered by the Sisters of St. Joseph. The Pius X School of Litur¬
gical Music of New York, under the patronage of His Eminence
Patrick Cardinal Hayes, Archbishop of New York, gave a demon¬
stration of the Justine Ward Method of Music.

“Diocesan Day” was observed by the Episcopal Church in the
Diocese of Pennsylvania on Saturday, October 16, when the Rt.
Rev. Thomas J. Garland, D.D., D.C.L., LL.D., Bishop of Pennsyl¬
vania, and a large and representative body of the clergy of that
communion and of the laity, participated in the dedication of the
Protestant Episcopal Church booth in the building accompanied with
the presentation in the auditorium of an extensive motion picture
film, in which the service being rendered to the community by the
Episcopal Church in the Diocese of Pennsylvania in more than a
score of institutions was shown.

Lectures were given by the Sisters of St. Francis on history, civics
and health, with living illustrations by the children of St. Elizabeth’s
School, and St. Benedict’s School, Philadelphia, and All Saints’
School, Bridesburg. Sisters of Mercy lectured on geography. Sis¬
ters of the Immaculate Heart lectured on arithmetic, with demon¬
strations by school children, and Sisters of St. Francis conducted
demonstrations in English.

Dr. Nanette B. Paul, a member of the bar of Washington, D. C.,
delivered an illustrated lecture in the auditorium on “The Human
Side of the Bible,” with living models dressed in complete costumes
and ornaments from the Holy Land.

Exhibits in Palace of Education
and Social Economy.

(Top) — State of Indiana.

(Second) — National Farm School.
(Right) — The A. N. Palmer Company.

Pharmacy Division of the Exhibit of the
Committee on Medicine and Allied Science.

EXHIBITS IN SOCIAL ECONOMY

273

“Temple University Day” celebration included an address in the
auditorium by Dr. Charles E. Beury, president of the university.
The Glee Clubs of the university sang under the direction of Miss
Minerva M. Bennett.

Lectures on drawing were given by the Sisters of the Holy Child
and by Christian Brothers and drawing demonstrations by the Sis¬
ters of St. Joseph. The Palmer Method of Handwriting was demon¬
strated by the Sisters of the Immaculate Heart.

The Berlitz School of Languages used the auditorium a half-hour
each day for a public presentation of the methods of instruction
employed in teaching the principal languages of the world, including
French, Spanish, German and Italian. These lectures finally resolved
themselves into classes which were regularly attended and to which
the public was admitted at all times.

Continuing with the exhibits in the Educational Building, we
record the following :

“Camp Happy”

Between the public school exhibit and that of the parochial schools
was a striking model of “Camp Happy,’’ maintained for Philadel¬
phia’s undernourished children by the City of Philadelphia under the
supervision of the Department of Public Welfare. This exhibit was
installed by Charles H. Grakelow, Director of Public Welfare. The
model represented the Camp as occupying seventeen acres, mostly
woodland, with a complete hospital, large bathing pool, log cabin
recreation hall, 50 feet by 125 feet, for bad weather, and Kendrick
Dining Hall seating 1200 children.

The Home for the Indigent

Adjoining “Camp Happy’’ was the exhibit of “The Home for
the Indigent,” depicting an aged woman seated with her sewing
basket and calling attention to an attractive sign on which was set
forth the fact that the home housed 2700 guests in a modern spacious
building with a separate bed for each guest.

Bureau of Legal Aid

This exhibit showed the interior of a “free legal clinic for needy
persons” with a person seeking and receiving free legal aid, calling
attention to the fact that the Bureau handled 12,692 cases in 1925
and granted 24,177 interviews at its office to applicants of 42 na¬
tionalities.

Prison Labor Industries

In the same group was the exhibit of Prison Labor Industries of
the State of Pennsylvania, carried on under the direction of the

274 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Bureau of Restoration, which is a part of the State Department of
Welfare. This exhibit showed a remarkable array of prison labor
products, which included clothing, shoes, underwear, hosiery, print¬
ing, brushes, tags, leather work; also the canning of vegetables —
corn, beans, tomatoes, etc. The cell products were confined to beaded
bags, necklaces, silk neckties, humidors, sewing trays made from
hard wood and inlaid in artistic designs. There were also handsome
leather traveling bags and suitcases, and wooden models of ships.
The exhibit was installed by B. L. Scott, Director of the Bureau of
Restoration.

American Library Association

The American Library exhibit was the first large exhibit to be
completed in the Educational Building. It represented fifty years’
development of the association, which was founded in Philadelphia
in 1876 at the time of the Centennial Exposition when about 100
librarians held a three days’ conference. The main feature of the
exhibit was two electrically illuminated maps 80 feet long and 20
feet high, the one showing the California Library System and the
other the Cleveland Public Library System. The entire exhibit told
a most interesting story of the American Public Library movement,
state, city and rural, showing the progress in library work, printing
and book-making. The exhibit was prepared by Joseph L. Wheeler,
librarian of the Enoch Pratt Free Library, Baltimore, Maryland.

Nearly half a million graded lists for boys and girls, prepared by
the Carnegie Library, Pittsburgh, were distributed to visitors. Beau¬
tiful examples of silversmithing, jewelry, bronze castings, sculpture,
advertising art and the like included in the exhibit of applied design
were prepared by the Providence Public Library. Blind persons
reading and writing in Braille demonstrated the work the libraries
were doing for the blind. This section of the exhibit was prepared
by the New York Public Library and the Free Library of Philadel¬
phia.

Education of the Deaf

The development of the education of the deaf in America was
outlined by charts and posters covering a nationwide survey of the
schools for the deaf, including courses of study, text books, provi¬
sions for class and individual instruction of pupils, supplemental
courses showing the relation of particular trades to the economic life
of the community, and definite provision for industrial and voca¬
tional training of the deaf. This was augmented with a comprehen¬
sive and interesting industrial exhibit of handcraft work.

Among the institutions which participated in this exhibit were the
Maryland School for the Deaf, the New Jersey School for the Deaf,

EXHIBITS IN SOCIAL ECONOMY

275

the Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf, the Western Pennsylvania
School for the Deaf, and the Galludet College for the Deaf, Wash¬
ington, D. C.

International Dental Health Foundation for Children
The International Dental Health Foundation for Children ren¬
dered a splendid service throughout the entire period of the Exposi¬
tion with its daily demonstrations on the care of children’s teeth, and
by the distribution of thousands of educational leaflets on the “Home
Care of the Teeth.’’ The exhibit structure was made particularly
attractive by colored flood lights and it was surmounted with silk
flags of thirty-six foreign nations and three large American flags.

Against the wall were eight large models of teeth and jaws. One
group showed baby teeth and second teeth and the results of neglect.
Another group showed the location of usual cavities, cross sections
of jaw and teeth and placement of nerves and blood vessels. The
third group showed normal teeth and how to recognize first signs
of neglect. The fourth group showed heavy tartar deposits and
swollen gums, and last stages of destruction of teeth from deep,
heavy tartar deposits. There were twenty original water color paint¬
ings by Tony Sarg; a toothbrushing chart for the classroom wall;
practical food charts for the home.

The exhibit showed the organization of Dental Scouts in the
schools, and the manner in which they relieve the teachers of extra
work in insuring the dental health of their pupils. It was installed
by Dr. Louise C. Ball, head of the foundation, and was under the
direction of Miss Lillian Lewis.

American Federation of Organizations for the

Hard of Hearing

Nearby was the exhibit of the American Federation of Organiza¬
tions for the Hard of Hearing. In this exhibit the distinction be¬
tween the hard of hearing and the deaf was emphasized and means
of prevention and alleviation were indicated. The exhibit aimed to
show that most deafness is developed by childhood diseases ; that the
hard-of-hearing child needs lip reading in his regular school; that
for the prevention of deafness otologists, social workers, teachers
and parents must unite. An exhibit case contained the various instru¬
ments used to aid the hard of hearing.

Trask School of Lip Reading
In connection with the Trask School exhibit classes were held
daily, demonstrating the modern methods being used to assist deaf-

276 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

ened adults to lessen the daily difficulties which deafness brings to
them, and make possible a fuller participation in the associations,
activities, responsibilities and pleasures of life.

National Child Welfare Association
Through an educational poster exhibit this association presented
the results of much study in fields related to the welfare of the child.
The messages of these posters emphasized the positive side of health,
character, and citizenship in an effective way. The exhibit aimed to
show that the National Child Welfare Association was engaged in
the building of character in the children of America through the
harmonious development of their bodies, minds and spirits.

Child Study Association of America
The Child Study Association of America’s exhibit expressed the
aims and ideals of the organization in its thirty years of effort to
obtain a better understanding of the problems of childhood. The
exhibit showed that the association had located summer play schools
in the more crowded portions of cities under special supervision, in
which it had the cooperation of Boards of Education.

The Near East Relief

As a part of the Near East Relief exhibit, two little Armenian
orphans — clear-eyed and pretty — were to be seen each day, their
nimble fingers ever industriously and dexterously engaged in weav¬
ing an oriental rug. Crowds were always on hand to watch them as
typifying the tens of thousands of orphans which the United States
had been supporting through the Near East Relief since 1915.

Needlework of the orphans on the other side of the water, in the
shape of doilies, table sets, napkins and towels, was displayed as well
as beautiful silk shawls and rugs, the product of the hand looms of
these children; likewise a variety of richly colored and highly glazed
pottery, all of which was sent to the Exposition to show the result
of the industrial and vocational training given to the Near East
orphans of both sexes.

The idea of bringing these two children to the United States for
the Exposition was suggested by Miss Sydney V. Wilson. Miss
Wilson had long been deeply interested in the Near East Relief work
and in recognition of her services was appointed director of the
exhibit during the period of the Exposition by Mr. G. E. Silloway,
the regional director.

The Needlework Guild of America
The exhibit structure of the Needlework Guild had square columns
supporting a border carrying the guild’s inscription and seal — “The

Exhibits in Palace of Education
and Social Economy.

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Top) — Section of the
United Religions Exhibit.
(In Middle) — The American
Library Association’s Dis¬
play. (At Bottom) — Booth
of the Moody Bible Insti¬
tute of Chicago.

EXHIBITS IN SOCIAL ECONOMY

277

Scissors/’ There were diorama views showing the work of the Guild
in detail. The first represented the national office ; the second, a sew¬
ing circle; the third, the annual exhibition preparatory to the distri¬
butions; the fourth, the distribution of the garments at hospitals,
city missions, tenement houses and orphanages; the fifth, a dog-sled
and driver, conveying Guild packages to a hospital in Labrador.

The National Blind Exhibit
Twenty-seven organizations for the blind participated in this com¬
prehensive exhibit, including the Pennsylvania Institution for the
Instruction of the Blind; the Chapin Memorial Home for Aged
Blind; the Pennsylvania Home Teaching Society; the Pennsylvania
Working Home for Blind Men; the Pennsylvania Industrial Home
for Blind Women, Philadelphia; the Western Pennsylvania School
for the Blind; the Pennsylvania Association for the Blind, Pitts¬
burgh; the Pennsylvania State Council for the Blind, Harrisburg;
the New Jersey Commission for the Blind, Newark; the Brooklyn
Association for the Blind ; American Foundation for the Blind; New
York Commission for the Blind; New York Institution for the Edu¬
cation of the Blind; Maryland School for the Blind and the Perkins
Institute for the Blind, of Watertown, Massachusetts.

Articles made by the blind and various appliances used in the edu¬
cation of the blind were on view. A moving picture showing the
activities of the Western Pennsylvania School for the Blind was
constantly in operation, and at stated hours during the week in the
auditorium a two-thousand- foot film, entitled “Light for All,” was
shown depicting the education of a blind child at Perkins Institute
for the Blind. Blind demonstrators were to be seen here almost con¬
tinuously throughout the entire period of the Exposition.

Mrs. Mary Dranga Campbell, Executive Director of the Pennsyl¬
vania State Council for the Blind, was chairman of the committee
which installed the exhibit.

“Children” — The Magazine for Parents
“Children,” the Magazine for Parents, exhibited in a green latticed
summer house with typical garden furniture — tables, chairs, benches
and flowering plants. It was set forth that the magazine was run
not for profit but as a great social welfare medium.

“Friendship Between Nations”

The commanding exhibit “Friendship Between Nations,” pre¬
pared and installed by twenty-five of the leading peace organizations
of the world, must always stand out as one of the noblest efforts
ever made to bring all nations into the family of nations.

278 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

As you entered the door leading to the west aisle of the building,
you were at once confronted with the grouped flags of all nations.
At the far end of the exhibit space was a replica of “The Christ of
the Andes,” the famous monument commemorating the peace entered
into between the Chileans and the Argentines. The replica was in
bronze and stood in front of a painted drop, showing the snow¬
capped Andes in the distance. The whole effect was framed by blue
velvet curtains. It was truly a symbol of peace.

The general exhibit visualized through carefully prepared models
the two methods of settling disputes between nations — war and arbi¬
tration. The battle of Lexington was depicted in contrast with a
section of a battlefield of the Argonne around Montfaucon and Mel-
ancourt where the 79th Division, which was chiefly from Penn¬
sylvania, fought during the latter part of September, 1918. The
potentiality of destruction in the warfare of the two periods was thus
illustrated. The United States War Department was most helpful in
supplying accurate information for these models. The other method
of settling disputes between nations was illustrated by the arbitral
and judicial development of the past 150 years. This was shown by
an electrically lighted chart and models of the Hague Peace Palace
where the Hague Court of Arbitration and the World Court meet
and the Palace of Nations where the League of Nations meets. The
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace compiled the arbitra¬
tion treaties between nations from 1776 to 1926 shown on the chart.
This was the first time that this information had been assembled.

Development from economic independence to economic interde¬
pendence was shown by two large plaster relief maps of the world —
about 8 feet long each — one for 1776 and one for 1926. On these
maps was indicated the countries from which the principal raw ma¬
terials and foodstuffs came and their destinations by continents.
This was done by a small pile of the article on the proper location
marked by a standard from which bright colored ribbons, aided by
lights, went out to the markets. Economic interdependence was
shown as a powerful argument for friendship between nations. The
Commercial Museum of Philadelphia and the United States Bureau
of Foreign and Domestic Commerce supplied the information shown
on these maps.

Inter- American cooperation of the past 150 years was also de¬
picted by models. This feature showed the strong movement toward
such cooperation in 1776, beginning with our own “International
Experiment” of the thirteen colonies and the effort in this direction
existing in 1926 as represented by the Pan-American Union.

This fine exhibit was awarded the Grand Prize for the force of its

EXHIBITS IN SOCIAL ECONOMY

279

message and much credit is due Mrs. Marguerite Logan Bentley who
had charge of the assembling and installation.

The organizations which participated in its presentation were :

American Peace Award, American School Citizenship League,
Association to Abolish War, Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace, Church Peace Union, Federal Council of Churches of Christ
in America, Fellowship of Reconciliation, Friends’ Sesqui-Centen-
nial Commission, Girls’ Friendly Society, Pennsylvania Diocese,
League of Nations Non-Partisan Association, National Council for
the Prevention of War, Pan-American Union, Peace Association of
Friends in America, Peace and Service Committee of the Fifteenth
and Race Streets Yearly Meeting, Pennsylvania Peace Society, The
Swarthmore Chautauqua Association, Third and Arch Streets’
Yearly Meeting, Women’s International League for Peace and Free¬
dom, Woodrow Wilson Foundation, World Alliance for Friendship
Through the Churches, Zionist Organization of America, Federation
Interalliee Des Anciens Combattants — American Legion, U. S.
Member Society, The American Peace Society, The Foreign Policy
Association, The World Peace Foundation.

The American Federation of Labor

Simplicity characterized the exhibit of the American Federation
of Labor. It drew attention to the spiritual implications of the labor
movement. The rear wall of the exhibit space was bare except for
three character studies of workmen done in oils by Gerrit A.
Beneker, and a hand-printed legend. In the center was “Men are
Square’’ and on either side and at a slightly lower level were the
paintings “The Blacksmith” and “A Constructive Radical.” Imme¬
diately below the central painting was the legend, which was a quo¬
tation from an article by Professor L. P. Jacks, principal of Man¬
chester College, Oxford University, England. This legend was
printed by one of the Federation’s outstanding printers, William
Edwin Rudge of New York.

On the left of the booth was a wall fixture which contained charts
and photographs of the work of the national and international unions
affiliated with the American Federation of Labor. There were also
photographs of representative undertakings of various unions such
as the old age and tubercular homes of the International Typo¬
graphical Union located at Colorado Springs, Colorado.

Charts showed the various functions of the American Federation
of Labor; the workings of the Non-Partisan Political Campaign
Committee ; the work of the publicity and educational agencies ; the

280

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

growth of the Federation from 1881 to 1926, and the manner in
which the American Federation of Labor is organized.

Films showed photos of the headquarters building of the Ameri¬
can Federation of Labor, buildings owned by the affiliated unions,
and workers engaged in their every-day tasks.

The selection and installation of the exhibit was personally super¬
vised by William Green, President of the American Federation of
Labor. Its excellence attracted the attention of everyone and won
for it the Medal of Honor of the Exposition.

The Field Museum of Chicago

The Field Museum of Chicago erected one of the handsomest
booths in the Educational Building, in which it displayed the exhibit
of the N. W. Harris Public School Extension. It was located on
the main aisle and was strictly classic in design, presenting a most
dignified appearance.

In this booth were 22 polished mahogany cases which contained
natural history specimens of birds, animals, insects and plants en¬
countered in the fields, lanes and parks in and around great cities in
the United States. The backgrounds were faithful reproductions of
plants, rock, water, sections of ground, etc.

The cases on exhibition were selected from among several hun¬
dred subjects as representing types of cases that are prepared, de¬
livered and loaned to the schools of Chicago.

American Forestry Association

The exhibit of the American Forestry Association appealed to
every sportsman and every lover of nature, carrying one into wild
life and the forest. In the foreground were huge trunks of natural
white pine trees. Above them were interlacing branches and, below,
living ferns and forest moss. As one looked down a long vista of
white pine trees to a lake, with shores heavily wooded and slopes
protected from heavy storms by a thick cover of trees, it was difficult
for a moment to realize where the natural forest structure ended and
the painting began. The whole exhibit was enclosed in a rustic fence
made of yellow birch.

Boy Scouts of America

Harmonizing with the American Forestry exhibit was that of the
Boy Scouts of America. It showed the various uniforms worn by
Boy Scouts in various countries. Mural paintings portrayed the Boy
Scout as the modern-day knight, and his investiture as a tenderfoot
scout was compared with the investiture of the knights of old. An-

EXHIBITS IN SOCIAL ECONOMY

281

other painting traced the development of the scout idea through the
ages. A miniature mountain and a lake formed a part of this exhibit,
and on this mountain were graphically portrayed the various tests
in scout craft which an American Boy Scout undertakes in order to
qualify consecutively as tenderfoot, second class and first class scout.
Relays of Boy Scouts were on duty at the exhibit throughout the
Exposition.

Girl Scouts, Inc.

The Girl Scouts, in addition to their model Girl Scout Home
erected on the Exposition grounds, had an excellent exhibit in the
Educational Building.

This exhibit was installed under the supervision of Miss Julia W.
Williamson, Director, Girl Scouts of Philadelphia. The background
was an old-gold curtain on which there were fascinating silhouettes
typifying the energies of girls.

“Laddie Boy”

“Laddie Boy,” the Newsboy’s Harding Memorial, stood just to
the left of the Boy Scout exhibit and immediately facing the main
entrance to the Educational Building. The “Laddie Boy” exhibit
was a life-sized statue of the late President Harding’s favorite Aire¬
dale, cast from 19,314 copper cents contributed by newsboys
throughout the United States, and it was certainly one of the unique
exhibits of the Exposition. Before “Laddie Boy” was covered by a
glass case, children, as they entered the building, placed their hands
on him affectionately, showing the bond which has ever existed be¬
tween the child and the dog. The exhibit was sponsored by the
Roosevelt Newsboys’ Association, under the supervision of Mr. E.
E. Keevin, its director.

National League of Girls’ Clubs

The National League of Girls’ Clubs exhibit had in the back¬
ground a skeleton buccaneer ship with scarlet sails. A pile of sand
and a treasure chest completed the picture, all indicative of the hidden
treasures of association and companionship in girl club life.

The Wild Flower Preservation Society

The Wild Flower Preservation Society, of which P. L. Ricker
of the United States Department of Agriculture was president, had
an attractive display of circulars, posters and a profusion of colored
plates of flowers. There were also outline drawings of flowers, with
samples of coloring done by the children of the sixth grade of the
Washington, D. C., schools. The east wall was covered with attrac-

282

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

tive posters, mostly in color, made by the children in the schools of
Philadelphia and vicinity. In the front of the booth were two large
colored transparencies of wild flowers needing protection, with the
common name of each set forth.

The Kenmore Association

“Kenmore,” the home of Betty Washington Lewis, George Wash¬
ington’s only sister, and her husband, Colonel Fielding Lewis, was
made the subject of an historical exhibit by the Kenmore Association
of Fredericksburg, Virginia. This exhibit consisted of a reproduc¬
tion of “Kenmore,” which George Washington loved next to Mount
Vernon. It was the gathering place of the Washington family and
many of the great men who made American history.

There were on view pictures and articles connected with America’s
early days, Fredericksburg having sent seven generals and John Paul
Jones into the Revolution, and historical relics from the time Captain
John Smith landed and founded the site in 1608 to the time it became
the center of one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War.

The Governor of Virginia was present at the opening of this ex¬
hibit, which was installed and supervised by Mrs. H. H. Smith of the
Kenmore Association.

National Safety Exhibit

As the visitor entered the main entrance to the spacious Palace of
Education, the flashing red signal from a railroad semaphore in¬
stantly attracted his attention. This flashing signal marked the be¬
ginning of the National Safety Exhibit which occupied approxi¬
mately 4000 square feet in the most prominent central section of the
vast building.

The safe-crossing exhibit of the railroads, of which the semaphore
was a part, showed in a very realistic manner by means of a work¬
ing model the dangers of railroad crossings and called attention to
the fact that 2206 persons were killed, and more than 65,000 were
injured in railroad crossing accidents in the United States during
the preceding year. This portion of the exhibit was made possible
through the combined efforts of the three railroads entering Phila¬
delphia — the Pennsylvania, the Reading and the Baltimore and Ohio.

Other sections of the exhibit, devoted to highway safety, were
contributed by the Citizens’ Safety Committee of the Philadelphia
Chamber of Commerce, the Pennsylvania State Highway Depart¬
ment, and the American Mutual Liability Insurance Company of
Philadelphia.

The next section of the exhibit was devoted to the subject of in-

EXHIBITS IN SOCIAL ECONOMY

283

dustrial safety, and comprised many models, safety appliances and
safety devices which had been found practicable in industry for the
reduction of accidents. One of the most unique models in this por¬
tion of the exhibit was that contributed by the Carpenter Steel Com¬
pany, Reading, Pa., which showed two billet yards in a steel mill ;
one in a very disorderly and unkempt condition ; the other, the same
yard when good housekeeping conditions prevail.

The AEtna Casualty and Surety Company, of Hartford, Connec¬
ticut, contributed a model factory and a model elevator showing safe
and unsafe conditions in the factory and the proper appliances which
should be placed on all elevators to insure safety.

There was an exhibit by the Insurance Company of North Amer¬
ica of a complete home, constructed perfectly to scale, to aid in the
widespread national campaign for greater safety in the home.

Through the courtesy of the Lorain Steel Company, Johnstown,
Pa., an exhibit of safe and unsafe hand tools was presented, together
with saw guards, safety bulletins, etc.

An effort was made to impress the public with the necessity of
building safe scaffolds. Models of standard scaffolds with safety
features were shown through the courtesy of the Midvale Steel
Company, Nicetown, Philadelphia, and the Patent Scaffolding Com¬
pany, Philadelphia.

Protective clothing for the use of persons who must handle molten
metal was shown by the F. H. Wheeler Manufacturing Company,
Chicago, and the Holcomb Safety Garment Company, Chicago.

The importance of safety in the steel mills was shown by a very
elaborate small-sized model of a rolling mill in which safety features
were emphasized by being painted in green. This model was lent for
this purpose by the American Rolling Mill Company of Middletown,
Ohio.

The necessity of preventing eye injuries was illustrated by means
of posters, samples of goggles that have saved workmen’s eyes, and
actual standard goggles. These features were contributed by the
American Optical Company, New York City; Carnegie Steel Com¬
pany, Pittsburgh, Pa. ; American Steel and Wire Company, Pitts¬
burgh, Pa. ; and Willson Goggles, Incorporated, Reading, Pa.

Proper safety appliances for the handling of material were shown
by safety slings contributed by the Murray Safety Sling Company,
Incorporated, Pittsburgh. Safety containers for inflammable liquids
were shown through the courtesy of W. H. McNutt, Incorporated,
New York City. Other safety devices pertaining to safeguarding
of machines were contributed by Industrial Products Company of
Philadelphia; the Norwich Wire Works, Incorporated, Norwich,

284

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

New York; Standard Safety Equipment Company, Chicago; the
Surety Manufacturing Company, Incorporated, Chicago; Philadel¬
phia Supplies Company, Philadelphia; the Safety Equipment Ser¬
vice Company, Cleveland, Ohio ; and the George W. Perks Company,
Akron, Ohio. An exhibit of safe-walkway surfaces was made pos¬
sible by the Universal Safety Tread Company, Boston, Massachu¬
setts, and the American Abrasive Metals Company, New York City.

The Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania contributed a mag¬
nificent panel upon which was shown all safety appliances used in
the electrical industry to protect the workmen from electrical hazards.
In addition to line construction, aerial cable work, underground cable
splicing, and general installation work, various phases of first aid
in accident-prevention work of public service corporations were
shown.

Charles Lentz and Sons, Philadelphia, contributed first-aid appli¬
ances. The advantages of good illumination and its importance in
accident-prevention work were shown by a model furnished by the
Edison Lamp Works, Harrison, New Jersey. The Morrison Safety
Ladder Foot Suction Grip Company, Lowell, Massachusetts, con¬
tributed a ladder equipped with safety feet which prevent slipping
of the ladders. Resuscitation and rescue apparatus was furnished
through the courtesy of the Mine Safety Appliances Company, Pitts¬
burgh. Safety in the school and child safety were adequately por¬
trayed through the Educational Division of the National Safety
Council.

The detailed arrangements for the exhibit were handled by mem¬
bers of the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry under
the direction of a committee of which Richard H. Lansburgh, Secre¬
tary of Labor and Industry, Harrisburg, Pa., was chairman, and
the other members : W. H. Cameron, Managing Director, National
Safety Council, Chicago; W. R. Kelly, Citizens’ Safety Committee,
Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce; W. H. Forster, representing
Pennsylvania Society Safety Engineers and Philadelphia Safety
Council; T. H. Carrow, President, Philadelphia Safety Council;
B. G. Eynon, Registrar of Motor Vehicles, Department of High¬
ways, Harrisburg ; J. S. Spicer, Department of Labor and Industry,
Harrisburg, secretary of the committee.

In addition to the foregoing members of the general committee,
a sub-committee assisted Mr. Spicer in arranging the various fea¬
tures of the section on industrial safety. This sub-committee was as
follows : Charles T. Miley, the Carpenter Steel Company, Reading,
Pa. ; Ira V. Kepner, Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Company,
Philadelphia; J. P. Mudd, the Midvale Steel Company, Nicetown,

The beautiful electrical fountain, in the Glad¬
way gardens, which introduced new mechan¬
ical devices for achieving novel color effects.

EXHIBITS IN SOCIAL ECONOMY

285

Philadelphia; D. C. Thomas, the Lorain Steel Company, Johnstown,
Pa.; C. C. Black, Assistant Supervising Inspector, Department of
Labor and Industry, Philadelphia.

Public Safety Exhibit

Immediately adjoining the National Safety exhibit was that of
the Department of Public Safety of the City of Philadelphia, includ¬
ing the Bureaus of Police, Fire, Maintenance and Repairs, and
Boiler and Building Inspection.

Of special interest to the public was a complete finger printing
machine and other paraphernalia necessary for the taking of finger
prints. Small identification cards, with the wording, “Courtesy of
the Department of Public Safety, Bureau of Police, Philadelphia,”
were printed and used to take prints of the right hands of any person
who cared to have them taken.

Old and new style guns used in the police bureau, old and new
style revolvers, daggers used by criminals, old and new style hand¬
cuffs, brass knuckles and a bullet-proof vest were on view. The
Narcotic Squad of the Detective Division had a display of various
narcotics and drugs used by addicts, also pipes and other parapher¬
nalia used by opium smokers. Old and the latest tools used by bur¬
glars, such as electric drills, slugs, jimmies, saws, wrenches, the old
oil and new electric lamps, skeleton keys, glycerine and soap used by
safe breakers, old style revolvers and a new automatic Colt, an acety¬
lene burner and the old and new style blackjack were displayed.

The Bureau of Maintenance and Repairs furnished traffic signs
for the exhibit. Various safety notices were posted on the outside
of the booth, such as danger signs warning automobilists, school
children, etc. The Fire Department displayed an automatic sprinkler
system, fire extinguishers, different-sized nozzles, and other devices
used for fire prevention and to prevent the spread of fires; a hose
and rack, a fireman in full uniform, and a miniature hook and ladder
apparatus ; also signs for fire prevention and a late type of fire gong.

George W. Elliott, Director of Public Safety, supervised the
assembling and installation of this fine exhibit.

The Franklin Institute

The Franklin Institute, one of the famous scientific organizations
in the world, founded more than 100 years ago, presented a con¬
spicuous exhibit of historical and scientific interest.

One wall of the booth was given up to photographs of distin¬
guished scientists to whom the Elliott Cresson and the Franklin
Gold Medals have been awarded by the Institute. This group in-

286 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

eluded practically all the most outstanding physical scientists of the
world, as well as leading engineers. The opposite wall was given
over to a display of the formal greetings which had been sent to the
Franklin Institute upon the celebration in 1924 of the centenary of
its foundation. These greetings came from the leading universities
of the world, from the leading scientific societies, and from technical
and engineering societies.

A full collection of the medals which are awarded by the Insti¬
tute, seven in number, was displayed in an especially prepared case.
These medals are awarded by the Institute for scientific accom¬
plishments of varying orders of merit, or for special contributions
in some particular field of engineering, such as railway engineering.

As samples of the objects of historic interest which are preserved
in the museum of the Institute, a copy of the Franklin electrical
machine, a copy of a printer’s table on which Franklin dressed type
two hundred years before and a copy of the air pump with which
Dr. Priestley, the discoverer of oxygen, carried on many of his ex¬
periments, were on exhibition.

The Insurance Company of North America

The exhibit of the Insurance Company of North America,
founded in 1792 and the oldest American fire and marine insurance
company, demonstrated in a dramatic way the importance of safety
in the home — not only from fire but every other hazard that leads to
loss of life or the injury and destruction of property.

The exhibit was divided into two sections. One emphasized the
enormous destruction of property and loss of life and injury each
year from fire— 60 per cent of which, it was pointed out, was pre¬
ventable. The other exhibit was a complete home, constructed per¬
fectly to scale, in the National Safety exhibit which has already been
described.

Pennsylvania League of Women Voters

The attractive booth of the Pennsylvania League of Women
Voters was located at the east end of the building, close to the safety
exhibits. In this booth by means of charts, diagrams and photo¬
graphs the League showed its usefulness to the community in help¬
ing both women and men to understand and to discuss fundamental
questions which are at the heart of city and county government,
politics and public affairs.

International Printing Pressmen and Assistants’

Union of North America

By means of charts and photographs the union called attention to
a city which it has built in Tennessee and named “Pressmen’s

EXHIBITS IN SOCIAL ECONOMY

287

Home.” This city covers 1800 acres, and within its confines the
union has erected a tubercular sanatorium with a capacity of 250,
where members are scientifically nursed back to health, the Superan¬
nuated Home, with a capacity of 400, and a technical trade school.
Other welfare activities of the union were similarly shown.

A printing press, similar to the one used by Benjamin Franklin
and dating back to before his time, was loaned to the exhibit by
R. Hoe Company.

Roosevelt Memorial

The model of the Roosevelt Memorial, for which a site in Wash¬
ington, D. C., had been granted by Congress, subject to the approval
of the design, was exhibited. This model was the result of a national
competition by the most eminent architects, sculptors and landscape
artists in the country. Occupying a space of 330 square feet, front¬
ing on three aisles, it attracted much attention.

American Birth Control League, Inc.

The American Birth Control League presented the case for birth
control through two sets of charts telling the objects of the move¬
ment. The more elaborate set gave details of the world problems of
population and food supply. One chart which attracted particular
attention was the chart of the Orient with its statistics showing
sections where infants are born to die as infants and the heavy
death rate keeps the population stationary. Other charts showed
the bearing of the birth rate on poverty and on war, on abortion and
infanticide; they told its relation to maternal and infant mortality,
to ill health and the problem of the unfit. This exhibit was installed
under the personal supervision of Mrs. Margaret Sanger, president
of the League.

American Eugenics Society, Inc.

On the same aisle with the exhibit of the American Birth Control
League was that of the American Eugenics Society with its large
sign and red flash lights showing the frequency of the birth of de¬
fectives compared with the frequency of the birth of superior indi¬
viduals, and of births in general. In the center of this exhibit was
“Mendel’s Theatre,” in which a moving cylinder brought one scene
after another into view showing the working out of Mendel’s Law
in the inheritance of hair color. To the right of this presentation,
Mendelism was again illustrated by a panel of stuffed guinea-pigs
showing the inheritance of black and white coloring. The exhibit
was installed under the supervision of Mr. Leon F. Whitney, Field
Secretary of the American Eugenics Society.

288

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Daughters of the Revolution

The Daughters of the Revolution exhibited many photographs of
memorials erected by the general society, by the state societies, and
by the chapters of the different states, also documents, antiques and
curios, all belonging to historical times, including a reproduction
of Washington’s farewell address to the army. Copies of Washing-
ington’s prayer were distributed, likewise circulars showing the obli¬
gations to good citizenship. The assembling and installation of this
exhibit were under the personal supervision of Mrs. Henry T. Kent,
President General, Daughters of the Revolution.

History of Music

Music as “the best mind trainer” was presented by a committee
composed of many of the foremost music educators in the United
States, organized by Mr. Franklin G. Dunham, Educational Director
of the Aeolian Company.

One of the first objects which attracted attention was a fine old
harpsichord of Seventeenth Century Italian art, on which Handel is
said to have played the “Harmonious Blacksmith.” Nearby was an¬
other ancient instrument, no less than the first piano to be built in
the United States.

Every phase of the art of music was exemplified in this compre¬
hensive exhibit to which the following contributed :

Earl V. Moore, Director, University School of Music, Ann
Arbor, Mich. ; David Stanley Smith, Professor of Music, Yale Uni¬
versity; Charles H. Mills, Dean, School of Music, University of
Wisconsin; Wallace Goodrich, Dean, New England Conservatory
of Music; Serge Koussevitsky, Conductor, Boston Symphony Or¬
chestra; Albert Hertz, Conductor, San Francisco Symphony Orches¬
tra; Albert Stoessel, Professor of Music, New York University;
Howard Hanson, Director of Music, Eastman School of Music,
Rochester; Rudolph Ganz, Conductor, St. Louis Symphony Orches¬
tra; Walter Damrosch, Conductor, New York Symphony Orchestra;
Henri Verbrugghen, Conductor, Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra;
James T. Quarles, Dean, School of Music, University of Missouri ;
Walter R. Spalding, Dean, Division of Music, Harvard University;
Leon Maxwell, Dean, Newcomb Conservatory, New Orleans; Ed¬
ward Dickinson, Emeritus Professor of Music, Oberlin College;
J. Lawrence Erb, Director of Music, Connecticut College for
Women; Walter Henry Rothwell, Conductor, Los Angeles Sym¬
phony Orchestra ; Willem Mengelberg, Conductor, Philharmonic
Orchestra; Nicolai Sokoloff, Conductor, Cleveland Symphony Or¬
chestra; Charles H. Farnsworth, Professor Emeritus, Columbia
University; George H. Gartlan, Director of Music, New York City;

A striking piece of outdoor
sculpture near the entrance
to the Palace of I:ine Arts.

Artist finishing a large bas-relief, part of the
decorative scheme of the Persian Building.

EXHIBITS IN SOCIAL ECONOMY

289

Osbourne McConathy, Director of Music, Coombs Conservatory,
Philadelphia; Paul Weaver, Professor of Music, University of
North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N. C. ; George Oscar Bowen, Director
of Music, University of Michigan; John W. Beattie, Director of
Music, Northwestern University; William Breach, Director of
Public School and Community Music, Winston-Salem, N. C. ; Glen
Woods, Director of Music, Oakland, Calif.; Ralph Baldwin, Direc¬
tor of Music, Hartford (Conn.) Public Schools; Peter W. Dykema,
Professor of Music Education, Columbia University; Edith M.
Rhetts, Educational Director, Detroit Symphony Orchestra; Mar¬
garet Lowry, Educational Director, Kansas City Symphony Orches¬
tra; Clarence G. Hamilton, Wellesley College (Professor of Music) ;
Louis Mohler, Professor of Music, Teachers College, Columbia
Univ. ; Jay Fay, Director of Music, Louisville, Ky. ; Agnes Moore
Fryberger, St. Louis Symphony Orchestra; Laura Bryant, Ithaca
Public Schools, Ithaca; Alice Keith, Supervisor of Music Apprecia¬
tion, Cleveland, Ohio; Franklin G. Dunham (Ex-Officio).

The Henry George Foundation
In connection with the Foundation’s exhibit the eighty-seventh
anniversary of the birth of Henry George, noted economist, and the
fortieth anniversary of his first nomination for Mayor of New York
City were fittingly celebrated on September 2, 1926, his followers
gathering from all section of the United States to pay tribute to his
memory and to acknowledge his service to humanity by participating
in the first Henry George Congress, which held a three-day session.

Regional Planning

The Regional Planning Federation of Philadelphia and American
Civic Association of Washington united in an exhibit which pre¬
sented regional planning in its most modern and important phases
The exhibit faced on two aisles and attracted much attention.

Proportional Representation League
The exhibit of the Proportional Representation League consisted
of a large map of the world showing the various countries which
are using proportional representation; a diagram showing how bal¬
lots are counted under the Hare system of proportional representa¬
tion; photographs of proportional representation elections, with
newspaper clippings, cartoons, etc. A large amount of constructive
literature was distributed from this booth.

Veterans of Foreign Wars

The Veterans of Foreign Wars’ booth was erected and maintained
by the Department of Pennsylvania and various posts and auxiliaries
under its jurisdiction. This was the only organization of former

290 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

service men which had an exhibit at the Sesqui-Centennial Exposi¬
tion. There was a splendid collection of decorations, medals and
campaign badges of our country, and of foreign nations, loaned by
the Bailey, Banks and Biddle Company. “Etiquette of the Stars and
Stripes,” and “The Star Spangled Banner,” booklets edited by the
National Americanization Committee, and “The Reasons Why a
Veteran Should Belong to the Veterans of Foreign Wars,” another
booklet, were distributed by members of the Ladies’ Auxiliaries of
Philadelphia County, who were in daily attendance under the chair¬
manship of Adele Fritsch, President of the Auxiliaries of the State
of Pennsylvania. A. T. Morrissey was chairman in charge of this
booth, under appointment by State Commander Harpur M. Tobin.

Voting Machine

The Pennsylvania Council of Republican Women had a voting
machine in practical demonstration on which thousands automatically
registered their vote. The type of voting machine exhibited claimed
the following advantages over the paper ballot system: an easier
and speedier method of voting; absolute secrecy; the elimination of
spoiled and defective ballots; an accurate and automatic count of
the votes; immediate election returns; a permanent record of the
vote ; reduced election expenses.

Mrs. Bessie Dobson Altemus Eastman, President of the Pennsyl¬
vania Council of Republican Women, took a personal interest in this
exhibit and was instrumental in its installation.

Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
Devoid of commercialism and worthy of the position it occupied
among the higher institutions of social service was this exhibit of
the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. The first scene depicted
a company nurse at work in the home of a policy holder; the second,
a schoolroom where the pupils were being instructed in health habits
and disease prevention, using as texts the pamphlets prepared by the
Welfare Division ; the third, the agent acting as a health and sanita¬
tion counsellor to the people living on his circuit; the fourth, the
policy holders’ service bureau’s work in connection with industrial
hygiene ; and the last, the same bureau’s work for public safety.

The Philadelphia Commercial Museum
This exhibit was designed to show the different phases of the edu¬
cational work of the museum, including its course of free illustrated
lectures. There was displayed a sample of one of the 5000 cabinets
which it has placed in schools throughout Pennsylvania for the
teaching of geography and industry, from the little one-room school
to the State Normal School. All of the activities of the museum were

EXHIBITS IN SOCIAL ECONOMY

291

set forth by charts and pamphlets, including copies of its publications
showing the commercial supremacy of Philadelphia. This exhibit
was installed under the personal supervision of Dr. William P. Wil¬
son, director of the museum.

The Gregg Publishing Company

Shorthand demonstrations under the Gregg System by Martin J.
Dupraw, then champion shorthand writer of the world, and Charles
Lee Swem, champion of 1923 and 1924, formed an important fea¬
ture of this exhibit. Dictations were given at the contest speeds,
200 words a minute on literary matter ; 240 words a minute on a
judge’s charge to a jury; and 280 words a minute on court testi¬
mony.

Publications displayed were the “Gregg Shorthand Manual,” the
basic textbook of the system, by John Robert Gregg, exercise books,
reading books, teachers’ handbooks, as well as adaptations of the
system in Spanish, French, German, Esperanto, Italian and Portu¬
guese; “The American Shorthand Teacher,” and “El Taquigrafo,”
for students and teachers of the system in Spanish.

The exhibit was installed and supervised by George Preston
Eckels.

The Frontier Press Company

The exhibit of the Frontier Press Company was “The Lincoln
Library of Essential Information,” containing 307,000 verified
references, 330 charts and tables, 818 half-tone engravings, and a
large number of colored illustrations. The exhibit aimed to show
that this library of 3,000,000 words covered that which is most
essential to know about persons, places, conditions and things.

The A. N. Palmer Company

The A. N. Palmer Company of New York presented a compre¬
hensive display of handwriting specimens from public and private
schools in all parts of the world, and from pupils in primary, elemen¬
tary and advanced grades, all showing the results obtained under the
Palmer Method Plan. Demonstrations were given daily by small
classes of pupils from public and private schools, showing muscular
movement handwriting.

The Grolier Society

The Grolier Society exhibited “The Book of Knowledge” in one
of the most attractive booths, where people lingered throughout the
day looking up such questions as “Why is the sky blue?” “Why is
snow white?” “Why are tears salt?” “Does a bird always sing the
same song?” Here also were exhibited the newly published “Book
of Popular Science,” “The Book of History,” “The Book of Litera¬
ture,” and other works of the Grolier Society.

292 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

On the walls were striking pictures in color and gravure, taken
from “The Book of Knowledge,” handsome banners of awards con¬
ferred upon the Grolier Society, and a chart of particular interest to
parents regarding the famous Terman school tests.

Science Park, Inc.

“The Volusia County Theatre” was installed by Science Park,
Inc. The theatre was of Spanish architecture with a Coquine rock
front. It occupied a space 22 feet wide and 42 feet in depth, and
had a seating capacity of 150. The exhibit was produced by and
was in charge of Charles F. Herm, cinema-biologist, Daytona Beach,
Florida. It visualized the attractions of Volusia County, Florida,
and illustrated the possibilities of the motion picture in the teaching
of biological subjects, such as the circulation of the blood, the de¬
velopment of the chick embryo, the life cycle of the Atlantic oyster,
the development of the yellow perch, how a plant is born, etc.

Bonnie Prince Charlie’s Sword

The original sword of Bonnie Prince Charlie, the pretender to the
Scottish Throne, presented to him in 1745, when on his return to
Scotland he first set foot on his native shore, by Lord MacDonald
of the Isles, was exhibited under the auspices of the English Speak¬
ing Union. The sword came from Mrs. C. C. Calhoun of Washing¬
ton, D. C., the owner, one of the descendants on her mother’s side
through the House of Mar.

Lace Decoration Exhibit

Mrs. Stanley G. Flagg, Jr., of Bryn Mawr, Pa., exhibited in a
large glass case French lace decorations made by the Franciscan Sis¬
ters of Paris, France. While this exhibit was not strictly within the
classification of Education and Social Economy, it presented novel
and artistic stitching which gave it an educational value.

The Virgin Islands

The Virgin Islands, which were purchased from Denmark by the
United States in 1916 for $25,000,000, presented an educational
exhibit demonstrating the hand work of the children of the Islands
of every grade, and from ten to sixteen years of age. In addition to
the scholastic work, there were art needlework of the girls and manual
training work of the boys. The former included embroidery, cro¬
cheting, beading, hadanga work and drawn thread work. The boys
were represented by desks, chairs, tables, trays, etc.

These varied exhibits and other exhibits and activities described
elsewhere indicate the broad scope of the Department of Educa¬
tion and Social Economy.

CHAPTER XXII

AVIATION AND NATIONAL AIR RACES
By Hollinshead N. Taylor
Chairman of the Committee on Aviation

AIR SPECTACLE ON OPENING DAY — ACHIEVEMENTS IN AVIATION — AVIATION EXHIBITS
AND EXHIBITORS — ARMY AND NAVY EXHIBITS — INAUGURATION OF FIRST SCHED¬
ULED PASSENGER SERVICE — NATIONAL AIR RACES — NIGHT FLYING.

For I dipt into the future, far as human eye could see,

Saw the Vision of the world, and all the wonder that would be ;

Saw the heavens fill with commerce, argosies of magic sails,

Pilots of the purple twilight, dropping down with costly bales. — Tennyson.

Aviation had long been a mere vision, something for romantic
writers to spin yarns about, for poets to sing over, for moonstruck
seekers after the impossible to play with. But, as if overnight, man
awoke to find himself master of the air. It was but fitting that the
Sesqui-Centennial International Exposition concern itself with avia¬
tion, show what the practical dreamers of the air had accomplished
since the last international exposition, and indicate the heretofore
undreamed-of possibilities of air conquest.

The Sesqui-Centennial rose to the occasion presented in the field
of aviation, as it did in other fields. The strides made in the develop¬
ment of airplanes, engines and airplane accessories were intelligently,
interestingly and amply shown to the thousands upon thousands who
came to the Sesqui. The possibilities were indicated. The various
practical uses to which aviation lends itself were wisely projected
before the visitors, through actual experimentation and through still
exhibits of a highly educational nature. Furthermore, new depar¬
tures in aviation were made at this exposition.

On the very opening day the largest mass formation of airplanes
ever to take to the air at one time paraded over Philadelphia. And
from that day until the turnstiles were taken down, air travel played
an important part.

Air races that attracted thousands and, for the first time in the
history of such events gave ample opportunity for civil aviators to
compete with Army and Navy fliers, were scheduled and carried out
with great success. Airplane model exhibits and races were held.
The first scheduled, thoroughly mapped and efficiently executed pas¬
senger air service in the country was started in Philadelphia as a
specific adjunct of the Exposition.

With the very dedication ceremonies opening the Exposition, avi¬
ation played its important role. As the parade of notables started

293

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SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

southward on Broad street on that day, May 31, 1926, the most
impressive air spectacle ever viewed swooped down from the north
and joined the parade — overhead. Forty-two planes were in forma¬
tion. First executing the V-formation, the planes maneuvered about
into a wing-to-wing line-up, sailing majestically in the sky in impres¬
sive array.

Below, notables of the nation were marching slowly down South
Broad Street to the Sesqui-Centennial gates. Secretary of State
Kellogg, Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover and Mayor Ken¬
drick were leading the procession on solid earth. Above, Martin
bombers, pursuit, observation and training planes of the Army,
Navy, Marine Corps and Pennsylvania and Maryland National
Guard led the splendid display of airpower, while civilian planes of
nearly every description followed.

Straight over Broad Street the planes flew to the Sesqui-Centen¬
nial grounds, left-banked to the Delaware River, turned upward
along the river course to the Delaware River Bridge, and finished the
square by returning to the beginning of the air course at the point
where the street procession had started. This flying was continued
until the official party reached the gates of the Exposition grounds.
Then, while thousands upon thousands stood with bowed heads in
the Municipal Stadium, as the dedication exercises were begun, one
single plane, flower-laden, swooped down from above and strewed
the ground with roses — in memory of the departed.

The air spectacle at the opening was impressive, but not more im¬
pressive than the achievements in aviation shown at the Exposition.
The exhibits were housed in the magnificent Palace of United States
Government, Machinery and Transportation, a building located at
the southern end of the Exposition grounds, adjoining the Navy
Yard. Here aviation and its progress were adequately shown in a
large sector of space, taking up 35,000 square feet of floor space.
Here civilian and United States Services branches showed the world
what had been done and indicated what greater things might be
accomplished.

Merely a glance at the names of the aviation exhibitors would give
some idea of the magnitude of those exhibits and their thorough¬
ness. The exhibitors included the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor
Company, of Garden City, Long Island; United States Navy;
United States Army; Wright Aeronautical Corporation, of Pater¬
son, New Jersey; Huff-Daland Airplanes, Incorporated, Bristol,
Pennsylvania; Advance Aircraft Company, Troy, Ohio; Vacuum
Oil Company; S. K. F. Industries, Inc., New York City; Ludington
Exhibition Company, Philadelphia; Fairchild Aviation Corporation,
New York; Wood Conversion Company, New York City; The

AVIATION AND NATIONAL AIR RACES

295

Haskelite Manufacturing Company, Chicago, Illinois; The Mac-
Whyte Company, Kenosha, Wisconsin; The Pioneer Instrument
Company, Brooklyn, New York; The Sperry Gyroscope Company,
Brooklyn, N. Y. ; B. B. T. Corporation of America, Philadelphia ;
Captain Hugh L. Willoughby, Newport, Rhode Island; Aviators’
Preparatory Institute, New York; Aeronatical Chamber of Com¬
merce of America ; Victor Dallin, Lansdowne, Pennsylvania ; Orville
K. Blake, St. Petersburg, Florida; and the Edo Aircraft Corpora¬
tion, College Point, New York.

A Committee on Aviation assembled the units of these exhibits,
arranged for the National Air Races, and secured the cooperation of
service branches and civilian aviators in the staging of air maneuvers
similar to the air parade of the opening day.

Hollinshead N. Taylor was chairman of this committee. The
other members were : J. A. Steinmetz, John Batty, Charles J. Biddle,
Earle J. Carpenter, Victor J. Dallin, Samuel B. Eckert, Dr. T. E.
Eldridge, Robert P. Hewitt, W. Wallace Kellett, C. Townsend Lud-
ington, J. C. McDonnell, Frank Mills, J. Sidney Owens, Harold F.
Pitcairn, R. Sanford Saltus, Jr., Howard F. Wehrle, G. C. Wester-
velt, and Clarence M. Young.

George F. Zimmer at first handled all matters pertaining to avia¬
tion, but later he was given other duties and the department was
divided into three sections. Mr. Wehrle managed the National Air
Races and the Department of Aeronautics, the still exhibits coming
under the latter head. The aerial maneuvers were under the com¬
mand of Major John C. McDonnell, of the Composite Air Corps
Squadron, stationed at the Exposition.

Others who were associated with this work were Henry C. Kumpf,
superintendent of exhibits, assisted by Percy Pierce ; Marvin G. Car¬
penter and Edwin A. Hoban, who took charge of the task of answer¬
ing inquiries of spectators; Mrs. Mary A. Cheeseman; Anna B. Par¬
rish; Francis M. Munoz; Kenneth T. Price; Major Clarence M.
Young, Air Corps Reserve; Carl F. Schory, secretary of the Contest
Committee, National Aeronautical Association ; Jane Adams ; How¬
ard Mingos ; Miriam J. Windsor ; Edwin H. Giles ; George R.
Cooper; Joseph Bresler; R. B. Hamilton; E. L. (“Swanee”) Tay¬
lor; Ruth Thomas; Mrs. Emma K. Weicht; Lawrence McComb;
Odis A. Porter.

The largest floor space of any of the exhibitors was that occupied
by the Curtiss Company. Here could be seen a plane similar to the
one in which Glenn H. Curtiss won the Gordon Bennett Trophy at
Rheims, France, in 1909; the plane in which he made his historic
flight from Albany to New York in 1910; and the Curtiss “Hawk,”
the same type of pursuit plane used by the U. S. Army Air Corps,

296 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

powered with a Curtiss D-12 engine of 440 horsepower. Contrasted
with this powerful ship was the Curtiss “pusher” of 1911. The
whole exhibit showed very well the progress of aviation in the fifteen
years from 1911.

Other models of famous ships, and some of the original planes
of fame, were shown in the Curtiss group, and as an interesting
adjunct was the motorcycle built and designed by Glenn H. Curtiss
in 1907, when that motorcycle established a record of 136 miles an
hour.

The United States Navy showed the development of the “Air
Navy” in an adjoining floor space of 126 by 50 feet. Here were
ships ranging from the NC-4, the giant seaplane which was the first
to fly across the Atlantic Ocean, to the tiny but powerful MS-1, a
small plane with a wing spread of only 18 feet and over-all height of
8 feet, designed to be carried in a tank aboard a submarine.

Supplementing this exhibit, there was also an interesting aero¬
nautical exhibit in Building No. 29 of the Navy Yard. This in¬
cluded wings and floats, depicting the various stages of construction.
Here also was a model of the Lakehurst airship hangar with the ill-
fated Shenandoah shown emerging from it.

The Army exhibited the original Lepere biplane in which Lieuten¬
ant John A. Macready reached an altitude of nearly seven miles.
A Dayton-Wright “Messenger;” a Bantam, a single place B. A. T.
ship with “Wasp” motor, a British ship, were in the Army exhibit,
as well as a Gnome rotary engine, of French make, making this ex¬
hibit by itself truly international. In the Army section were also a
Fokker tri-motored plane, a German Dornier semi-metal biplane, and
many other ships of great interest. Here too were giant air maps
made by Army Air Corps photographers.

The Wright Corporation showed its famous Whirlwind engine,
the kind which Lieutenant Commander Richard E. Byrd used on his
North Pole flight and Charles A. Lindbergh later used on his epoch-
making flight from New York to Paris.

The Huflf-Daland Company showed its “duster” plane, success¬
fully used by farmers and agricultural associations for spraying
large acreages against the ravages of crop parasites; while the Ad¬
vance Aircraft Company exhibited its “Waco” three-seater plane.
The Ludington Company, Philadelphia, distributors for the “Waco,”
also had a Farman sport plane and the then newly designed “Liz-
zette” monoplane.

Gargoyle Mobiloil was used by Commander Byrd on his North
Pole flight, so the Vacuum Oil Company had its exhibit showing
interesting photographs of the Byrd North Pole expedition and of
interesting planes.

AVIATION AND NATIONAL AIR RACES

297

S. K. F. Industries showed airplane engine starters and their use
in various planes, and plywood used in wing and float construction
was shown by the Haskelite Company. Fairchild Aviation Corpora¬
tion exhibited a Fairchild Caminez 150-horsepower cam engine, and
Balsam Wool, designed to deaden the sound of airplane engines, was
shown by the Wood Conversion Company.

The MacWhyte Company showed an assortment of streamline
wires and tie rods for exposed bracing on modern airplanes ; a dur¬
aluminum cantilever wing structure, weighing 100 pounds and
capable of loading 4100 pounds was shown by the Edo Corporation.
The Pioneer Instrument Company showed its latest airplane instru¬
ment board and the Sperry and B. B. T. companies showed airport
landing lights.

Photographs of airplanes, from his “War Hawk” of 1909 to his
“Swan” of 1923 were shown by Captain Willoughby; while Victor
Dallin and Orville K. Blake exhibited aerial photographs, those by
Dallin showing views of the Exposition grounds and many other
air views of Philadelphia and vicinity.

An important and interesting exhibit was the series of colossal oil
paintings loaned by the Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce of
America. These paintings depicted the history of transportation,
from the legendary trip of the Vikings to the North American con¬
tinent in 1100 A. D., to Columbus’ voyage, the French Voyagers on
the St. Lawrence and Mississippi Rivers, the Lewis and Clark expe¬
dition of 1804, the S. S. Savannah docking at Liverpool in 1819,
the ox-carts of the “forty-niners,” completion of the first continental
railroad in this country, the first trans-continental automobile trip
in 1903, the flight of the NC-4, the first non-stop flight across the
Atlantic in 1919, the first crossing and recrossing of the Atlantic
Ocean by the R-34, in 1919, and the first transcontinental air race
from New York to San Francisco in 1919.

The entire aviation exhibit was made thoroughly intelligible to
the public at large by explanatory signs and graphic descriptions
provided by the exhibit personnel. But not all the aviation enthusi¬
asm was centered in the exhibition building. Much of it was out¬
doors, either in connection with the passenger service between Phila¬
delphia, Washington and Norfolk, or at Model Farms, where the
National Air Races were held.

Pitcairn Aviation, Inc., conducted sightseeing flights for Exposi¬
tion visitors from a field adjoining the west side of the Sesqui-Cen-
tennial grounds. In the later months of the Exposition the acrobatic
flying of Miss Lillian Boyer over the grounds was a thrilling daily
free feature. A captive balloon near the Stadium was patronized by
many for an aerial view of the Exposition.

298

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Chronologically, one must list the passenger air service ahead of
the air races, since the “Go by Air” slogan of the Philadelphia Rapid
Transit Air Service, Inc., was begun earlier in the life of the Expo¬
sition. This service was started officially on July 6, 1926.

From the 6th to 16th of July one airplane each way daily, between
Philadelphia and Washington, D.C., carried mail only. On July 16,
passenger traffic opened with such a demand for seats that four days
later an extra trip was added, making two round trips daily between
the two cities. This schedule continued for the following two
months, carrying capacity loads of eight passengers, mail and ex¬
press.

The service was extended to Norfolk, Virginia, on September 13,
operating three round trips daily between Philadelphia and Wash¬
ington, and one between Washington and Norfolk.

Due to the nearness of the cities on the routes the amount of mail
and express was not very high, as there was no great advantage to
shippers. The rate of 25 cents per pound was very reasonable, with
the delivery service at each end from door to door. Mail carried up
to October 15, 1926, amounted to 828 pounds.

Out of a total of 520 trips scheduled, 489 were completed or ap¬
proximately 95 per cent, which was a far better record than any
other method of transportation showed after a period of twenty
years from the time of its invention. Thirty of the trips were aban¬
doned at the start due to poor weather conditions, where fog was
the main trouble factor. The service had a total of 59,630 miles
flown, carrying 2618 revenue passengers. In all, the planes had
traveled 314,535 passenger miles without the slightest mishap or the
least sign of engine trouble, which was a record worthy of the man¬
agement, personnel, planes and engines.

The three airplanes of this line, christened “Kendrick,” “Vare”
and “Wilbur” were of the same monoplane type powered with
Wright engines as used by Commander Byrd on the North Pole
flight. They were the product of the Fokker Aircraft Corporation.

The roomy cabins of these planes seated eight passengers com¬
fortably in individual wicker chairs, four on a side, out of the wind
and away from any possible oil or exhaust from the engines, thus
permitting ordinary street clothing to be worn. Windows that fur¬
nished adequate ventilation gave an entrancing and unobstructed
view of the country below. Just to the rear of the cabins were lava¬
tories and separate baggage compartments.

The distance by air between Philadelphia and the Capital is 125
miles, and was flown in one and one-half hours. The trip from
Philadelphia to Norfolk could be covered in three and one-half
hours. For this service the fare was $25.00 for the round trip be-

AVIATION AND NATIONAL AIR RACES

299

tween Philadelphia and Washington, with an allowance of a fifteen-
day stop-over privilege. Round trips between Philadelphia and Nor¬
folk, and Washington and Norfolk were $60.00 and $35.00 respec¬
tively, allowing the same stop-over privilege. Joseph A. Queeney
was president of the air transit company; R. Harland Horton, vice-
president; and Robert E. Lenton, secretary.

With the aviation exhibits drawing many thousands of interested
spectators daily, and the air transit service testifying to the “air
consciousness” of the Exposition and all connected with it, aviation
would seem to have played an ample part in the country’s Sesqui-
Centennial holiday. But there was yet further recognition due the
Exposition.

The National Aeronautical Association, which sanctions and gov¬
erns the annual National Air Races, had selected Philadelphia for
its annual convention in 1926. And, while these outstanding avia¬
tion workers of the country were assembled in Philadelphia, the
National Air Races were held in connection with the Exposition for
one week, beginning September 4, 1926.

Among the notables who were gathered that day at Model Farms
Field, a specially developed airfield tract, were many men whose
names denote aviation history. These included such outstanding per¬
sonages as Glenn H. Curtiss, aviation pioneer and inventor of the
flying boat and hydroairplane ; Senator Hiram Bingham of Connec¬
ticut, enthusiastic backer of aeronautical legislation; F. Trubee
Davison, Edward P. Warner, and William P. MacCracken, Jr.,
Assistant Secretaries for Aviation of the War, Navy and Commerce
Departments, respectively; Major General Mason M. Patrick, chief
of the Army Air Corps ; Rear-Admiral William A. Moffett, chief of
the Bureau of Aeronautics; and Colonel William Mitchell, famous
exponent of a separate air unit for the United States service.

W. Freeland Kendrick, Mayor of Philadelphia, officially opened
the National Air Race program and Gloria Swanson, popular film
actress, fired off a gun which announced the opening.

The preparations for the races were made with great care. A
total of $65,000 was spent for preparing Model Farms Field. The
prizes and trophies for the participants were generous during the
entire meet. It was notable that not a single fatality or personal
injury was recorded during the entire race period, though much of
the flying was done in rainy, foggy weather over a field situated
below the Delaware River water level.

Joseph A. Steinmetz, secretary of the Sesqui-Centennial Aviation
Committee, was chief judge of the air races, and F. L. (“Swanee”)
Taylor was announcer and entertainer for the audiences. In addi¬
tion to the scheduled race events, there were air maneuvers, daily

300

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

parachute jumps, demonstrations of sky-writing, sky-talking, stunt
flying, and laying-on of smoke screens.

Probably the most interesting event from the standpoint of the
contestants was the “On-to-the-Sesqui” race for the Sesqui-Centen-
nial Trophy, offered by the Sesqui-Centennial Exhibition Associa¬
tion, and cash prizes amounting to $4000.00. It offered little, if any,
of a spectacular nature for Air Race visitors, as it was a cross coun¬
try event and pilots had to start from points at least 200 miles dis¬
tant from Model Farms Field, completing their flights before Fri¬
day midnight, September 3, the day before the official opening. The
points system determined the winning planes ; the points were figured
by the horsepower of the engine, weight carried, speed of the air¬
plane, and the distance flown.

Fred D. Hoyt, of Santa Monica, Calif., won first place, flying
from Eureka, Calif., to Model Farms Field, Philadelphia, with one
passenger, a distance of 2558 miles in 31 hours flying time and 146
hours elapsed time. This gave him a total of 360.82 points, the
Sesqui-Centennial Trophy and $1,200.00 in cash. His airplane was
a “Travel Air,” powered with a Curtiss OX-5 engine of 90-100
horsepower.

Second and third places went to Austin R. Lawrence and Ross
Arnold respectively, both of Dallas, Texas. Not only did each fly
the same distance, but they used the same type of airplane and
engine, and scored the same number of points, 236.82. As they
thus tied, there was a toss-up for placement which was won by
Lawrence who received $800.00 in cash, while $600.00 went to
Arnold. Their planes were Curtiss J N 4-C, better known as
“Jennys,” powered with Curtiss OX-5 engines.

Fourth place was won by Robert R. Rolando of New London,
Conn., with an Alexander Eagle Rock plane, equipped with a Curtiss
OX-5 engine. He scored 223.13 total points and won $400.00 in
cash.

Douglas H. Davis of Haperville, Georgia, received fifth place
with a total of 178.62 points and $300.00 in cash. He used a Waco
9, equipped with a Curtiss OX-5 engine.

The first of the official races was started on Saturday, September
4, at 3.05 P. M. It would be interesting to give a full and detailed
account of the progress of each race. The N. A. A., of course, has
the full records of the race, and it would probably be an indication
of the success of this air meet if at least the events, prizes, trophies
and winners were enumerated here in chronological order.

Event No. 1 was an elimination race for the Aero Club of Penn¬
sylvania Trophy and $1250 in cash prizes. The winners were:

AVIATION AND NATIONAL AIR RACES

301

First, winning trophy and $500 cash prize, Basil Rowe, of Key-
port, N. J., flying a modified Thomas-Morse S4E scout; second,
Robert P. Hewitt, of Philadelphia, $300; third, “Casey” Jones,
$150; fourth, Victor Dallin, $125; fifth, Walter Beech, $75; sixth,
W. H. Rufus, $50; seventh, J. G. Ray, $25.

The second contest was a race for two, three, and four place air¬
planes, a distance of 84 miles for the Independence Hall Trophy and
$2500 in cash prizes. Bailey, Banks & Biddle, Philadelphia, donated
the trophy.

First, “Casey” Jones, winning the trophy and $1000 in cash; sec¬
ond, James G. Ray, Philadelphia, $600; third, Walter Beech,
Wichita, Kan., $400; fourth, C. C. Champion, Jr., Washington,
D. C., $250; fifth, Henry B. DuPont, Chicago, $150; sixth, Louis

G. Meister, $100.

Next was held the first of a series of parachute contests, continued
each day of the meet. Sergeant Wilfred G. Baird, 94th Pursuit
Squadron but temporarily attached to the Composite Air Corps
Squadron, received the first prize of $250; second, Corporal Walter

H. Hendricks, of the same squadron, $150; third, James T. Clark,
Air Corps, $100.

Daily prizes of $50 were also awarded in these contests to the
contestant landing nearest the marker.

One of the most interesting events was held the second race day,
Monday, September 6 (there being no races held on Sunday). This
day was Boys’ Day. They came from all parts of the country, and
some boys even sent model planes from England to compete for the
$500 in prizes and the Mulvihill Model Trophy, which is competed
for annually during the National Air Races. Jack Loughner, De¬
troit, won first prize of $200; Joe Lucas, Chicago, second, $100;
Bertram Pond, Peru, Ohio, third, $75; C. L. Westgate, Philadel¬
phia, fourth honors. The $50 prize was sent to England when the
English entries were returned. Fifth prize, $30, went to A. O. Hein¬
rich, Baldwin, L. I. ; sixth, $20, Warren DeLancey, Springfield,
Mass. ; seventh, $15, Earl Nellis, Detroit; eighth, $10, Robert Hayes,
Detroit.

A novelty relay race for commercial planes came next, for the
B. B. T. Trophy, offered by the B. B. T. Corporation of America.
The winners were the teams captained by the following :

Trophy and first prize of $500, Basil Rowe, “Casey” Jones and
A. H. Kreider; second, $300, Victor Dallin, J. E. Thropp, 3d, and
Robert P. Hewitt; third, $200, Fred Hoyt, E. P. Lott and R. H.
DePew, Jr.

The National Guard Trophy Race, for prizes aggregating $1000

302 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

and a trophy donated by C. T. Ludington, of Philadelphia, was won
by Lieutenant Carl W. Rach, 102d Observation Squadron, New
York National Guard, trophy and $500; second, Lieutenant Carl J.
Sack, N. Y. N. G., $300; third, Lieutenant Leonard F. Long, N. Y.
N. G., $150; fourth, Major W. D. Tipton, Maryland N. G., $150.
Lieutenant George Logan, of the Pennsylvania National Guard,
came in sixth.

The events for Tuesday, September 7, were called off on account
of rainy conditions worse than usual, and these contests were post¬
poned to Sunday, September 12. But there was fine flying weather
on Wednesday, and event No. 9, the second elimination race for the
Aero Club of Pennsylvania Trophy, opened the program. Fred D.
Hoyt, California, won first place, taking the $500 prize; Douglas H.
Davis, Georgia, took second with a $300 prize ; third, Floyd O. Yost,
$150; fourth, John E. Thropp, 3d, $125; fifth, Robert Rolando,
$75.

The Bamberger Aerial Acrobatic Trophy was competed for by
three Marine Corps fliers using Boeing pursuit planes. Lieutenant
Frank H. Conant won the trophy.

The Aviation Country Club of Detroit Trophy race was won by
James Ray, who took the trophy and $500 first prize. “Casey”
Jones took second with $250. Walter Beech came in third and got
$100. The efficiency winner in this race was C. C. Champion, Jr.,
who received $900; second, Ben Faulkner, $500; third, Walter
Beech, $250.

The Aero Digest and “Betsy Ross” Trophy race, totaling $2000
in prizes, was won by E. B. Heath, who received $1000; second,
A. H. Kreider, $550; third, Harold J. Laass, $275.

The final Aero Club of Pennsylvania Trophy Race was held on
Thursday, September 9, with prizes totaling $2000. The winners
were: First, Robert P. Hewitt, $1000; second, Basil Rowe, $600;
third, “Casey” Jones, $400.

Douglas H. Davis took first place in the next event, the “Valley
Forge” Trophy precision landing contest, receiving $200. James G.
Ray took second and received $150; C. D. Chamberlin, third, $100;
Walter Beech, fourth, $50.

Military pilots only took part in the next contest, the Liberty
Engine Builders’ Trophy race. No cash prizes could be offered the
military fliers, so pocket watches were given the winners. First Lieu¬
tenant Orville L. Stephens, of the Composite Air Corps Squadron,
took first place ; Captain Aubrey Hornsby, second ; Lieutenant G. T.
Owens, of the Navy, third. There were twelve other contestants in
this race.

AVIATION AND NATIONAL AIR RACES

303

A noted event of the following day, Friday, September 10, was
the visit paid to the air meet and the Exposition by the United States
Navy’s giant dirigible Los Angeles. Commander Charles H. Rosen-
dahl flew the big ship over the city, circled the field several times and,
with the aid of a landing party of 200 sailors under command of
Lieutenant Commander H. V. Wiley, got the ship to the ground.
This was another record — it was the first time the Los Angeles was
grounded anywhere outside its home port, Lakehurst, N. J. The Los
Angeles then took off for Stroudsburg, Pa., to fly over the conven¬
tion hall of the State American Legion, in session there.

The “Liberty Bell” Trophy race was then staged, and Lieutenant
L. M. Wolf, of McCook Field, Dayton, Ohio, won first place ; Lieu¬
tenant Kenneth Walker, second; Lieutenant J. M. Davies, third;
Captain F. I. Elgin, fourth. Exhibitions were staged during this
race by Lieutenant Alford J. Williams, U. S. N., flying a Curtiss
“Hawk,” and by the giant tri-motored Sikorsky S-35, which was
scheduled for a trans-Atlantic trip.

John Wanamaker donated the Liberty Bell trophy. The next,
entitled the “John L. Mitchell” Trophy Race, was for a trophy
offered by Colonel William Mitchell in memory of his brother who
was killed during the World War. Lieutenant L. C. Elliott won first
place; Captain F. H. Pritchard, second; the others in succession be¬
ing Lieutenant J. J. Williams, Lieutenant W. L. Cornelius, Major

T. C. Lamphier, Lieutenant K. J. Gregg, Lieutenant L. H. Rodieck,
Lieutenant V. H. Strahm, Lieutenant Luther S. Smith.

Saturday, September 11, brought some interesting events, with
the Detroit News Air Transport Trophy race first on the program.
This was won by C. C. Champion, Jr., who received $1500; second,
Louis G. Meister, $300, Meister also winning third in the efficiency
scoring of this race, taking an added $200; fourth, R. W. Schroeder,
$200. James G. Ray came fourth in speed in this race, receiving
$300.

The Kansas City Rotary Club Trophy race was next, with Lieu¬
tenant C. T. Cuddihy, U. S. N., taking first place ; Lt. L. G. Elliott,

U. S. Army, second; Captain Ross Hoyt, third; Lt. C. C. Nutt,
fourth; and Lt. H. T. McCormick, fifth.

The Benjamin Franklin Trophy race, another novelty event, post¬
poned by the heavy rain Tuesday, was held Sunday, the trophy being
donated by Joseph A. Steinmetz, of Philadelphia. The winners
were: Basil Rowe, “Casey” Jones and A. H. Kreider, first, $500;
John E. Thropp, 3d, Douglas H. Davis and Robert P. Hewitt,
second, $300; A. C. Kerr, Ben Faulkner and James G. Ray, third,
$200.

304 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

E. B. Heath won the Dayton Daily News Trophy and $750 first
prize in the next event; Harold J. Laass, second, $400; A. H.
Kreider, third, $200.

During the National Air Races a successful demonstration of
hearing the human voice from the sky was put on. The airplane used
was the Sikorsky S-29, with twin Liberty engines. This “voice from
the sky” was a new idea at the time and since has been greatly de¬
veloped and employed.

The National Air Races of 1926 brought out several interesting
factors in the development of aviation up to that time, and a number
of new records were established by contestants.

Not the least of the interesting developments first noticed at these
races was the use of metal in airplane construction. The Ford tri¬
motor monoplane was there, an all-metal ship. The Army bombers
shown used welded steel wing beams. The split axle type of landing
gear was shown in use, and two of the racing planes were flown with¬
out shock absorbers.

The races were arranged with a view of encouraging the manu¬
facturers of civilian planes. As a result, every civilian manufacturer
of importance was represented. Ford, Travel Air, Waco, Alexander,
Swallow and Buhl-Verville all had planes in the races, and the meet
was truly representative of American aerial service. Sikorsky and
Fokker had planes at the field, but they took no part in the races.

The layout of the field was ideal. The planes flew directly in front
of the crowd and turned the pylons at the center of the space re¬
served for the spectators. All the visiting planes were lined up right
in front of the wire fence so that they could easily be seen. The
boxes were well placed but not too elaborate.

At the close of each day’s racing the gates were swung open and
the visitors allowed to pass on to the field where they had an excel¬
lent chance of examining the planes at close range.

The timing of the races was done by Odis A. Porter and Chester
S. Ricker, directors of timing at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.
To aid them, the speedway association had loaned them their electri¬
cal timer which is the most accurate in the world, recording to one,
quarter of 1/100 of a second. The Monroe Calculating Machine
Co., of East Orange, N. J., loaned an operator and their excellent
machine which converted cumulative lap time into miles an hour.
When ten or fifteen planes are entered, and they bunch at the pylons,
the timing is no easy matter.

One of the most interesting side features during the race week was
the excellent exhibition of night flying which the entire city of Phila¬
delphia had the pleasure of witnessing for the first time. This was

Gene Tunney arriving by air¬
plane to win the world’s heavy¬
weight boxing championship in
the Stadium. He is shown
shaking hands with Casey
Jones, the pilot who flew him
to the Exposition from his
training camp.

Commander Byrd after he had
flown to the Exposition in the
plane in which he had made his
historic flight to the North
Pole.

AVIATION AND NATIONAL AIR RACES

305

undertaken by Lieutenants William H. Ames, George P. Tourtellot
and Donald L. Bruner of the U. S. Army Air Corps. Their flights
started early every evening but two from the Municipal Field, ad¬
joining Model Farms, and then in formation over the city. The
planes were modified D. H.’s, equipped with a series of red, blue
and white electric lights. At times their planes were lit up in the
brilliant red against the blue sky background, then they would switch
on the white and later the blue. Automobile parties along surround¬
ing country roads stopped to see the wonderful spectacle as the
lighted planes moved through the night sky. The exhaust of the
engines had been muffled which made it all the more a sight once to
behold in a lifetime. On other flights fireworks were electrically
ignited and dropped, lighting up the heavens brilliantly for long
periods.

During the week, at the National Aeronautic Association Conven¬
tion, this organization, which is national in its scope and has local
chapters in most every city of size with two foreign chapters, elected
its officers.

Porter H. Adams, of Boston, Mass., recognized as an outstand¬
ing worker for aviation for more than fourteen years, was elected
the new president to succeed Godfrey L. Cabot, who had completed
his second term in that office. Carl Wolfley of St. Joseph, Mo., was
elected Vice-President; Benjamin F. Castle of New York, Treasurer
and Valentine Gephart of Seattle, Washington, Secretary. Gover-
nors-at-large elected were Orville Wright of Dayton, Ohio; Donald
Douglas, Los Angeles, Calif.; William B. Mayor, Detroit, Michigan,
and Claude Ramsey of Seattle.

Thus, an entirely successful program of aviation and air-indus-
tries-promoting events, were held during the Exposition. And — it is
worth repeating — not a single personal injury, let alone any fatali¬
ties, marked any of the ventures, either the races or the air transit
service.

Thousands upon thousands viewed the exhibits. Many of these
received their first education leading to what has since been termed
“air consciousness.” Many others saw for the first time officially
sanctioned air races.

Aviation has made many and long strides since the Exposition
was closed, and many of these excellent advances were indicated by
the accomplishments of the Exposition’s department of aeronautics.
Still further progress is being shown almost daily in aviation devel¬
opment, and there is no doubt in the minds of those who know, and
of those who witnessed and read the record of Aviation at the Ses-
qui-Centennial International Exposition, that this Exposition did
much toward that development.

CHAPTER XXIII

PALACE OF LIBERAL ARTS AND MANUFACTURES

CHARACTER OF EXHIBITS — DIMENSIONS OF BUILDING — NEARLY 200 SEPARATE STRUC¬
TURES UNDER ONE ROOF — TEMPLE OF FLAGS — OUTSTANDING EXHIBITS — VIRGIN

ISLANDS — DESCRIPTIONS OF REPRESENTATIVE DISPLAYS.

Of the main exhibit buildings the Palace of Liberal Arts and
Manufactures was the first to attract the attention of most visitors
because of its location immediately to the left of the main entrance
to the Exposition grounds. In fact, many received their first impres¬
sions of the Exposition from this building and its exhibits.

An immense structure, 970 feet long and 392 feet wide, with a
floor area of 338,000 square feet, the Palace of Liberal Arts and
Manufactures housed a variety of industrial exhibits representing
many of the leading manufacturers and business houses of the
United States. Through displays of products and processes they
illustrated the most recent advances in all that tends to make the
standard of living in this country the highest in the world.

There were nearly two hundred exhibit structures in this vast
building, ranging from the conventional booth of previous exposi¬
tions to elaborate edifices and imposing temples. The installation
cost alone of the exhibits exceeded one million dollars. The articles
displayed were valued at many times that amount.

Nearly everyone who attended the Exposition will long remember
the stately temple-like structure in which the mercantile establish¬
ment founded by John Wanamaker displayed all the historic flags
of the United States, showing the evolution of the Stars and Stripes.
Paintings by Charles M. LefTerts and a chair of one of the signers
of the Declaration of Independence were other features of this dig¬
nified and colorful exhibit.

“Casa Bonita,” a “House of Tiles,” containing twelve rooms, each
a revelation in home decoration, and the Wall Paper House of two
stories and many rooms, in which artistic wall-paper designs were
harmonized with furniture and furnishings, were outstanding struc¬
tures in this building.

So many and varied were the exhibits that it is safe to assume
that thousands of persons, unable to give the time necessary to a
complete inspection of them, really missed seeing many things of
absorbing interest.

Here could be found, for instance, such unusual exhibits as the
first model of the adding machine, which was called a “registering
accountant,” and a typewriter that was exhibited at the Centennial

306

PALACE OF LIBERAL ARTS AND MANUFACTURES

307

Exposition in 1876, when few who saw it took it seriously. The
latter was shown beside an “electrical typewriter,” the latest develop¬
ment, exhibited for the first time at the Sesqui-Centennial.

The first telegraphic instrument and the first telephone instrument
were also on view as well as the original apparatus used by Marconi
to receive signals across the Atlantic Ocean twenty- five years before.

In striking contrast to these historic objects were an automatic
tape printer which was the latest development in the automatic tele¬
graph, and the multiplex system of telegraphy making possible the
sending and receiving of eight messages at one and the same time
over one wire.

“Talking movies,” which since have brought about a revolution
in the motion-picture industry, were shown daily in this building.
Photo-radio receivers and transmitters for the sending of pictures
“on the air” across oceans were exhibited here for the first time.

Visitors saw in this building machines making women’s silk
hosiery; furniture in the making; caskets that would make King Tut
envious; the giant “loud speaker” of the ill-fated dirigible Shenan¬
doah, wrecked near Columbus, Ohio, September 1, 1925 ; a reproduc¬
tion of “Tom Thumb,” the first American built locomotive; an elec¬
tric safety razor; bathrooms de luxe; a statue of the modern ice man
carrying a cooling coil instead of a cake of ice; a house constructed
of slate; a farm house, with its outbuildings, showing the application
of electricity to the modern home.

An automatic telephone exchange, with three hundred lines in
actual operation, attracted great interest as the dial system of making
calls was a novelty to many.

Although most of the foreign exhibits were in the adjoining
Palace of Agriculture and Foreign Exhibits, those in this building
were not entirely confined to products of the United States. The
Virgin Islands, latest of Uncle Sam’s family of possessions, was
represented at an international exposition for the first time with a
display of its varied products attractively arranged. A Venezuelan
country inn serving free to visitors the coffee and cocoa of the South
American republic furnished another touch of foreign color.

It is not practicable to cover completely the many exhibits in the
building, but in the following pages an endeavor will be made to
give a representative survey from descriptions available.

A. S. Alexander & Son — A combination reading lamp and ter¬
restrial globe, instructive in geography and an incentive to the study
of astronomy, was featured in the exhibit of A. S. Alexander & Son,
of New Rochelle, New York. The background represented the sky
with star and planet effects.

308

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Allegheny Steel Company — “Allegheny Metal” and “Ascaloy”
were brought to the attention of Exposition visitors by the Alle¬
gheny Steel Company of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in an exhibit
composed of various articles produced by more than 125 nationally
known manufacturers.

These various articles included locomotive parts, automobile
parts, marine equipment, valves, stoves, kitchen utensils, laundry
equipment and machines, tables, golf sticks, cutlery equipment, cold
drawn seamless tubing, mineral wool, and delicate parts necessary
for wrist watch construction, all made up from Allegheny metal.
The heaviest pieces shown weighed one and a half tons and the light¬
est required 34 pieces to the ounce. Of greatest interest were the
hot-rolled metal sheets, 42 inches wide and ten feet long, all of such
extreme thinness that two sheets were only as thick as ordinary
writing paper.

Altorfer Brothers Company — A white-enameled exhibit structure
trimmed with blue and green changeable silk and silver leaf was the
artistic setting for a display of A B C washing machines which were
exhibited by Altorfer Brothers Company of Peoria, Illinois, manu¬
facturers of these machines. The background was covered with
green and silver cloth, shirred at the top and bottom, giving the
appearance of falling water. Green and silver furniture and green
and blue linoleum were used in keeping with the general color scheme.

American Express Company — An unusual collection of foreign
money, specimens of financial paper and foreign and domestic rail¬
way and steamer tickets were displayed prominently in the exhibit
of the American Express Company. The primary object of this
exhibit was to call attention to domestic and foreign tours that are
conducted under the auspices of this company. There were also dis¬
played a painting of an old Spanish galleon and miniature models
of the S. S. Belgenland and the S. S. Araguaya.

American Full-Fashioned Hosiery — Five of the largest hosiery
producers of the United States and the Textile Machine Works of
Reading, Pa., builder of American Full-Fashioned Knitting Ma¬
chines, conceived the idea of organizing and exhibiting a typical
modern hosiery mill in miniature for the production of a special
brand of full-fashioned stockings, the “Sesqui Belle.” Visitors saw
the complete process of manufacture from the winding of the silk
to the boxing of the finished article.

The hosiery producers who sponsored the exhibit were the H. C.
Aberle Company, Philadelphia ; the Apex Hosiery Company, Phila¬
delphia ; the Berkshire Knitting Mills, Reading, Pa. ; Fidelity Knit¬
ting Mills, Philadelphia, and the Hancock Knitting Mills, Philadel¬
phia.

Exhibits
in the
Palace of
Liberal
Arts and
Manufactures

/tU DenHsts Supply Company.

(In Middle)— Burroughs Adding Machine Co
(At Bottom)— 'Slate and Its Uses”

Palace of Liberal Arts and Manufactures. ( At
j'0p)— Mr. and Mrs. Thomas A. Watson and
President Kinnard of the Bell Telephone Com¬
pany of Pennsylvania in the loggia of the Tele¬
phone Theatre. (In Middle) — Venezuelan
Country Inn. (At Bottom)— Exhibit of F. E.
Compton & Co.

PALACE OF LIBERAL ARTS AND MANUFACTURES

309

The material used was raw silk as reeled on the Exposition
grounds at the foreign exhibit of the “Raw Silk Association of
Japan. ” This silk, wound on paper cones, was placed on the “wind¬
ing machine” and run through an emulsion to make the material
pliable. The Winder was furnished through the courtesy of the
Universal Winding Company, Providence, R. I. Special wooden
bobbins furnished by Ajax Bobbin & Spool Company, Philadelphia,
Pa., placed on moistening boxes on the “Reading” Full-Fashioned
Legger, fed the yarn for knitting the flat fabric. The most inter¬
esting feature of the knitting process was the so-called “nar¬
rowing,” where loops were automatically cast off to allow for the
correct amount of material in the calf and “narrowing” at the ankle.
Nimble fingers of girls topped the fabric on the bar of a Topping
Machine, from where it was transferred, by means of a Transfer
Bar, to the second knitting unit, the “Reading” Footer Machine.
The Legger, Footer and Topping Stands were products of the Tex¬
tile Machine Works. The Looper shown was a product of the South¬
ern Textile Machinery Company of Paducah, Ky. A special high¬
speed sewing machine of the Union Special Machine Company of
Chicago, Ill., closed the selvaged edges and completed the stocking.

Others who contributed materials and equipment for the exhibit
were : Paramount Textile Machine Company, Chicago ; Smith Drum
& Company, Philadelphia; National Aniline & Chemical Company,
New York City; David Lupton’s Sons Company, Philadelphia;
Oberly & Newell, New York; Schoettle Paper Box Company, Phila¬
delphia; Herman Mayer & Company, Inc., Philadelphia; Ajax Bob¬
bin & Spool Company, Philadelphia; American Safety Table Com¬
pany, Reading; O. F. Zurn, Philadelphia; Liberman Manufacturing
Company, Philadelphia; Oscar Heineman Corporation, Chicago;
General Silk Importing Company, New York; Kahn & Feldman
Company, New York; Aberfoyle Manufacturing Company, Chester,
Pa. ; Harding Tilton Company, Boston, Mass. ; Westinghouse Elec¬
tric and Manufacturing Company, Pittsburgh, and Armstrong &
Company, Philadelphia.

Fritz Ahlfeld was in charge of the factory, which employed twelve
workers. Hans Janssen directed an educational moving picture show¬
ing in connection with the exhibit. G. Aberle, of the H. C. Aberle
Company of Philadelphia, acted as general director of the Co-opera¬
tive Association.

American Telephone and Telegraph Company — At the Centennial
Exposition Alexander Graham Bell exhibited his primitive telephone
apparatus which when demonstrated to some visiting scientists after
weeks of public apathy brought forth from one the astonishing ex¬
clamation: “This is the most wonderful thing I have seen in America.”

310

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

In memory of Alexander Graham Bell and his exhibition of the
telephone to a doubting and skeptical public at the Exposition of
1876 the American Telephone and Telegraph Company erected an
attractive auditorium 74 feet long by 34 feet wide. The entrance to
the building was flanked on either side by glass cases, one containing
duplicates of the identical telephone instruments and apparatus ex¬
hibited by Professor Bell at the Centennial in 1876. The case on the
other side contained a model of a telephone exchange and building
with miniature operators at the switchboard positions and other de¬
tails perfectly reproduced by small models. Over the entrance doors
were oil paintings illustrating telephone progress.

The auditorium provided a seating capacity for over 200 persons
with a stage for telephone switchboard demonstrations, and a screen
for motion pictures for illustrating the progress and growth of the
telephone business over a period of fifty years. The walls of the
auditorium were decorated in soft colors and the ceiling supported
allegorical paintings showing the important part the telephone plays
in the life of the people, the whole illuminated by indirect light-
ing.

One of the more important features was the showing of the newly
developed talking moving picture in which Thomas A. Watson de¬
scribed his experiences as Professor Bell’s assistant in the early ex¬
periments upon the telephone. A second talking picture contrasted
the noisy telephone exchange and crude apparatus of the eighties
when boys were operators with the quiet and orderly operation of
the present day central office.

Following the showing of the films an actual demonstration of
the operation of a switchboard was given by telephone operators
and the audience was given an opportunity to see how a modern
telephone exchange is operated.

During the period of the Exposition more than 166,000 people
witnessed these demonstrations.

Arco Sales Company — The cutting of radium crystal, which when
polished was said to compare with the diamond in brilliance and
beauty, was shown by the Arco Sales Company of New York. A
profusion of ornaments which were mounted with these stones were
on view.

Associated Tile Manufacturers — A “House of Tiles” was con¬
structed in this exhibition palace by the Associated Tile Manufac¬
turers of New York, to demonstrate the practicality of their product
in the construction of the modern home.

In the rooms vari-colored tiles were used in decorative effects,
showing the manner in which tile can be used to add to the attractive-

PALACE OF LIBERAL ARTS AND MANUFACTURES

311

ness of the room as well as to increase the lasting qualities of the
floors and walls.

The Atlantic Refining Company — Decorative value of candles in
the home was featured in an exhibit sponsored by the Atlantic Refin¬
ing Company of Philadelphia. A living room furnished in Colonial
style provided an interesting setting for a display of candles in a wide
range of color and design to blend with the colors and lines of rooms.
The hand-dipped product shown was a self-consuming candle which
burns down evenly in a flickerless flame leaving neither unsightly
streaks of melted wax nor objectionable smoke or odor.

Automatic Electric Inc. — Recent developments in perfecting the
automatic telephone were revealed in the Strowger Automatic Tele¬
phone System as exhibited by the Automatic Electric Inc., of Chi¬
cago. A working model between two telephones enabled the person
making a call to see just how the call was made and the connection
established. The call was made in the usual way by removing the
receiver, the subscriber indicating on a dial the number desired. This
set up a mechanical movement controlled by electro-magnets in a se¬
lective device. This automatic telephone has largely eliminated the
central operator and the possibility of error and delay.

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company — An exact working replica
of Peter Cooper’s “Tom Thumb” engine, the first American-built
steam locomotive operated on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in
1829 and 1830, featured this railroad’s exhibit. This model was
mounted on tracks, and at either side against the wall there was a
painting of the Railroad’s Capital Limited train and of the National
Limited train en route in the Potomac River Valley, these paintings
containing reference to the on-time performance of the trains adver¬
tised. At the top of one of the walls in large lettering was the name
“Baltimore & Ohio System,” and at the top of the other wall was
the wording “East and West Through Washington.”

Attached to the second wall which enclosed the exhibit was a
painting of a skeletonized map of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad
System, the principal cities on which were not only indicated by
wording but also by electric light lamps. The exhibit was partly en¬
closed by an iron railing, and within this enclosure were accommo¬
dations for visitors.

D. Becker & Sons — The display of these Philadelphia manufac¬
turers of upholstered furniture occupied several thousand square
feet of space and was effectively projected against a striking back¬
ground. The exhibit consisted of upholstered living-room furniture
in a variety of materials and period designs.

Bell and Howell Company — Featuring Filmo cameras and pro-

312 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

jector for the use of the amateur cinematographer, the Bell and
Howell Company of Chicago, Illinois, demonstrated many specimens
of its line of cameras and photographic equipment. The cameras for
amateurs embodied many of the features of professional equipment
manufactured by this company. A full line of automatic professional
cinematograph cameras and accessories was also displayed.

Bessler Disappearing Stairway Company — A stairway that could
be folded into a neat panel in the ceiling when not in use was ex¬
hibited by the Bessler Disappearing Stairway Co., of Akron, Ohio.
Constant demonstrations showed visitors that it worked as easily as
the opening and closing of a door. A young lady who had been
chosen as “Miss Akron” in a beauty contest was one of the demon¬
strators of this modern invention.

George W. Blab on Company — The manner in which linoleum is
manufactured by the George W. Blabon Company of Philadelphia
was demonstrated to visitors in the space occupied by this company.
The exhibit presented a view of three rooms and in one the process
of running linoleum through a steam calender, thereby pressing the
linoleum content on its burlap back and then passing it to the curing
rooms, was shown. The finished product in a variety of designs and
colors was displayed in the other rooms.

Blaisdell Pencil Company — A skin-marking pencil for the hos¬
pital operating room was one of the interesting exhibits of the Blais¬
dell Pencil Company, originators of the paper-wrapped pencil. Other
pencils shown ranged from those used for marking on china and
glass to a waterproof type used by forestry departments of govern¬
ment.

Michael Bodak — In a collection of violins made by Michael Bodak
of Detroit, Mich., were twenty to the construction of which seven
years were devoted. Each violin bore a list of the component parts
together with a short description of the value and origin of the in¬
dividual pieces. Many of the woods were more than 150 years old
and some had a rare historical value.

Edward J. Bowen Laboratories — A mechanical pumping oil well
called attention to the crude oil hair treatment product of the Bowen
Laboratories of Philadelphia. It was set forth that the product is
made of paraffine base crude oil and other oils.

Boyer town Burial Casket Company — Burial caskets, some valued
as high as $10,000, were exhibited by the Boyertown Burial Casket
Company of Philadelphia. One of the models was of solid cast
bronze, the body of the casket including handle lugs cast in one solid
piece with the lid also one solid casting. This casket also had an
inner lid of heavy gauge wrought bronze which sealed it perma¬
nently. The interior was soft tufted throughout with the finest qual-

PALACE OF LIBERAL ARTS AND MANUFACTURES

313

ity of Canton crepe. Dr. Sun, Father of the Chinese Republic, was
interred in this type of casket. Another was a solid mahogany urn¬
shaped casket with sliding top, with a statuary bronze finish. This
had a separate wrought bronze inner casket with a full length bevel
glass top and a water-tight sealing device.

Other models brought out special features in construction such as
a sealing device which consisted of a deep groove in the surface of
the body of the casket into which a large bead on the under side of
the top was accurately machined to fit. A special cement is provided
to be placed in the groove, making it an air-tight seal. The top is then
secured to the body with bronze screws one-half inch thick.

Chelsea Hooked Rug Knitter Co. — The quaintness and charm of
a Colonial homestead interior were typified in the exhibit of the
Chelsea Hooked Rug Knitter Company of Philadelphia. Rugs
woven by the housewives in the pre-Revolutionary days were repro¬
duced through the medium of a specially designed “Bucilla” needle
by which these rugs may be woven on stencils.

F. E. Compton & Company — The Giant Book, described as “the
largest moving book in the world,” was the main feature of the ex¬
hibit of F. E. Compton & Company of Chicago, publishers of Comp¬
ton’s Pictured Encyclopedia. This book was almost five feet high,
containing thirty-two pages turned over by an electric motor. The
first one showed the cover of a volume of the Pictured Encyclopedia
and the last one showed the back cover. The other thirty pages were
greatly enlarged sample pages of the volume, some in natural colors,
and cut into each page was a descriptive panel.

The exhibit arrangement was notably striking. The background
was finished in Spanish stucco of a brownish bronze tint. In the
center was an electrical fountain. Fronting the fountain was a
flower box. Concealed lighting facilities gave the booth a soft
friendliness free from glare.

Crane — The architecture of the exhibit structure of Crane, Chi¬
cago, was notably distinctive. The exterior was finished in black
Zenitherm with inlay pattern designs of gold, red, brown and purple.
Inside were three separate compartments or rooms of modern dec¬
orative treatment in which various plumbing, kitchen and bathroom
fixtures were displayed.

The interior of the corner room was treated with narrow strips of
Zenitherm in vertical lines of red and pink alternating, black at the
base, black vertical strips in corners, the floors being of pink and
gray slabs. Within this room were displayed lavatory, dental office
and other equipment.

The middle room was also treated with black Zenitherm base and
black vertical strips at the corners and door openings, while the wall

314

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

surface was in alternating drab and olive, laid with a diagonal pat¬
tern effect. The floor was Zenitherm in drab rectangular slabs with
square red blocks in altering pattern. In this room were displayed
a combination sink and laundry tray and the automatic water systems
and water heaters which are manufactured by Crane.

A special Vitrolite model bathroom was installed in the third com¬
partment of the exhibit. The walls, floor and ceiling were faced with
Vitrolite ; the floor was a combination of black and white squares
with the border and center feature ornamented with geometric pat¬
terns. The wall patterns were jade gray with an over-all pattern of
light jade and silver. The base, cornice and ceiling were white Vitro¬
lite decorated in blue, green and silver.

Crane also had an exhibit in the Palace of the United States Gov¬
ernment, Machinery and Transportation. A description of the latter
appears in the chapter devoted to that building.

Department of Wharves , Docks and Ferries of Philadelphia — The
history, facilities and advantages of the Port of Philadelphia were
graphically shown in the exhibit of the Philadelphia Department of
Wharves, Docks and Ferries. The main exhibit consisted of a large
relief model of the City of Philadelphia showing virtually every
building in its actual lines and proportion. It was made in 1911 by
employes of the city during the administration of Mayor John E.
Reyburn. It had been revised and brought up to date by the Depart¬
ment of Wharves, Docks and Ferries. Other exhibits included photo¬
graphic enlargements of all municipal piers, views, charts and sta¬
tistics of the city.

Delco-Light — A modern farm home and barn built nearly to scale
formed the central feature of the exhibit of Delco-Light. Vines were
trailed over the doors and windows on the lower floors of the two
structures and every possible device was used to make them appear
as typical farm buildings.

Instead of regulation windows, the second floor of each building
was equipped with four huge panes that showed in brilliant colors
various scenes of activity on the farm.

Lighting in these “movie windows” together with the manipula¬
tion of lights in the building proper showed the daily routine of farm
life from the watering of stock to the churning of butter, preparation
of meals and relaxation in the evening. Delco-Light equipment fig¬
ured prominently in all of these activities.

Various Delco-Light units were displayed in the yards in front of
the barn and house. Between the two buildings could be seen other
barns and equipment in a background that merged gradually with a
typical country landscape.

Dentists' Supply Company — The exhibit structure of The Dentists’

PALACE OF LIBERAL ARTS AND MANUFACTURES

315

Supply Company of New York was one of outstanding beauty in
the architectural style of a Grecian temple. In the interior there were
six large display cases in which artificial teeth were shown against a
background of blue velour. In the center of an altar-like section were
oil paintings of three forms of the human head, typifying the square
face, the tapering face and the ovoid face, the three basic forms on
which is founded the Trubyte system of artificial teeth. Other paint¬
ings were symbolical of “Health” and “Appearance.” These paint¬
ings were executed especially for the exhibit at the Exposition. All
of the lighting of the interior of the temple was indirect and arranged
so as to enhance the striking colorings.

DeWalt Products Company — A machine built to do a great many
different operations in lumber cutting was operated in view of visi¬
tors at the exhibit structure of the DeWalt Products Company of
Leola, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. The structure represented a
house in course of erection so that the type of cuts made in a building
could be readily seen. Other equipment manufactured by this com¬
pany for building contractors, lumber yards, wood-working plants,
general contractors and industrial plants was displayed.

Dirig old Corporation — The Dirigold Corporation of Kokomo,
Indiana, exhibited tableware made of a metal which has the color of
16-karat gold and the tensile strength of steel, according to the man¬
ufacturers. Discovered by Swedish scientists, it is principally used
in tableware, ash-trays, fruit-bowls, lamps, pin-trays, candlesticks
and other art ware.

Frank J. Duggan & Son ( Old Pot Shop) — Potter wheels in opera¬
tion featured the exhibit of Frank J. Duggan & Son, of the Old Pot
Shop of Norwalk, Connecticut. These wheels were demonstrated by
a staff under the personal direction of Frank J. Duggan. Among
pottery pieces on display were a reproduction of a John Alden pitcher
and others color-glazed by Marcy Pendleton, former pupil of
Whistler.

Ediphone — Thomas A. Edison exhibited one of his most notable
inventions, the Ediphone, to which the attention of visitors was
attracted by a Golden Giant Ediphone, an enlarged business dictat¬
ing machine reaching more than eighteen feet toward the vaulted
ceiling of the palace. Suspended from the huge machine were two
portraits of the great inventor showing him at the ages of 29 and
79. The exhibit was arranged to represent a modern business office.
An executive model Ediphone was beside an executive desk while
in another corner was a complete Ediphone installation for a secre¬
tary. Demonstrations were given daily.

On a pedestal in the center of the exhibit rested Edison's first
phonograph made fifty years before.

316

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Electric Storage Battery Company — The exhibit of the Electric
Storage Battery Company of Philadelphia, manufacturers of Exide
batteries, was arranged to demonstrate the many uses to which the
storage battery is applied. To that end the taupe velvet background
of the exhibit structure was dotted with twenty framed glass panels
upon each of which was lettered one use of the battery. A series of
electric lamps located behind these panels lighted up one at a time.

In the midst of the panels, and toward the top of the background,
was an oil painting depicting the one phase of storage battery use¬
fulness best understood by the ordinary layman, that of automobile
starting and lighting. Largest, and for that reason most prominent,
was a single cell of a standby battery. This cell, high as the average
man’s shoulder, was one of J 50 or more used in emergencies to light
entire cities or sections of cities. A complete battery of this size
would weigh 500 tons and would light 92,400 lamps (25 watt) for
one hour. A placard on this cell set forth that the exhibitor is the
world’s largest manufacturer of storage batteries for every purpose.
Slightly smaller in size was one cell of a battery used to propel a
submarine boat when submerged.

Due to the widespread interest in radio, part of the exhibit was
devoted to “A” and “B” batteries. Beginning with the two- and
four-volt “A” batteries the radio line showed interesting gradations
in size all the way up to the six-volt battery of 150 ampere hours
capacity which weighed approximately 60 pounds. Also included
among the larger of the Exide radio batteries were the storage “B”
batteries in 24- and 48-volt sizes.

Batteries for automobile starting and lighting, ignition purposes
on airplanes, telephone service, power lights on farms and isolated
places, railway signals and telegraph systems, hotels, apartment
houses, hospitals, lighting railway trains and other varied uses were
included in the display.

Electric Vacuum Cleaner Co., Inc. — A vacuum cleaner especially
designed for use in central office telephone equipment was featured
in the showing of the Electric Vacuum Cleaner Co., of Cleveland,
Ohio, together with an extensive line of cleaners for almost every
conceivable purpose. The cleaners were augmented by attachments
for getting into nooks and crannies and stairways.

Enterprise Manufacturing Company — A comparison of the mod¬
ern methods pursued in the performance of tasks in the household,
in shops and other lines of human activity and the older, more labori¬
ous and more wasteful methods commonly in vogue prior to the
invention, introduction and adoption of the various devices and
articles manufactured by the Enterprise Manufacturing Company
of Philadelphia was the feature of that company’s exhibit.

Exhibits in Palace of Liberal Arts and Man¬
ufactures. (At Top) — The Enterprise Mfg. Co.
of Pa. (In Middle) — Hastings & Co. (At Bot¬
tom) — William E. Wall.

(At Top ) — The Grolicr Society , publisher of The Book of Knowl¬
edge. (In Middle ) — The O. F. Zurn Company. (At Bottom) —
J. B. Lippincott Company.

PALACE OF LIBERAL ARTS AND MANUFACTURES

317

At the Centennial Exposition in 1876 this company exhibited what
was then considered the most complete and original line of grinding
mills for coffee known. This consisted of eight sizes and styles for
use in the kitchen and grocery store. At this Exposition the company
had more than fifty sizes and styles of coffee mills of modern types.

Grinding mills, meat and food choppers equipped with automatic
feeds eliminating the possibility of accident, attachments to these
choppers which permit their utilization for other kitchen necessities,
fruit presses and extracting machines for fruit and meat, cherry
stoners, can openers without knives or cutter, and other aids to the
housewife were included in the exhibit.

Estey Company — A sound-proof room in its exhibit space enabled
representatives of the Estey Piano Company of New York to dem¬
onstrate for visitors the individual merits of the pianos and organs
manufactured by the company.

Eureka Vacuum Cleaner Company — The new improved model
Grand Prize Eureka Electric Vacuum Cleaner made by the Eureka
Vacuum Cleaner Company of Detroit, Michigan, embodying the
most recent improvements and refinements and equipped with the
detachable sweep-action brush for picking up threads, lint, ravelings
and other surface litter was demonstrated by this company in its
exhibit space arranged as a modern drawing-room. The one mil¬
lionth cleaner made by this company was also on exhibit. It was a
regular stock model but was made of gold with a silk bag on which
the word Eureka was embroidered in gold.

Follmer, Clogg & Co. — Umbrellas used by George Washington,
Benjamin Franklin, Lafayette and Washington Irving were included
in a famous historical collection of umbrellas which was featured in
the exhibit of Follmer, Clogg & Co. of Lancaster, Pennsylvania,
manufacturers of umbrellas and parasols. This exhibit attracted a
great deal of attention and favorable comment and visitors were
informed that the company is the largest umbrella manufacturer in
the world and the oldest in the United States and that it weaves the
silks used in its products.

John Friedrich & Bro., Inc. — Violins and ’cellos made by hand
especially for the Exposition by John Friedrich were displayed by
John Friedrich & Bro. of New York. Mr. Friedrich, a native of
Cassel, Hessen-Nassau, became apprentice in the violin shop of
Joseph Schonger in Cassel and after several years there he worked
in different European cities, principally Stuttgart, Leipzig and Ber¬
lin. In 1883 he came to New York, starting a shop in which, at first,
he worked alone. He was joined by his brother William, founding
the firm of John Friedrich & Bro. The concern was incorporated
in 1905.

318

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Frigidaire — Industry invaded fairyland and did it in a charming
manner at the Frigidaire exhibit. Rising from a conventional foun¬
dation, a green-tur reted building presented a vivid array of green
and gold columns, outcurved terraces, and pointed arches. It occu¬
pied a commanding position in the center of the exhibition palace.
There was a cool rotunda in which there stood a huge plaster figure
of an “ice man” carrying a Frigidaire unit. A green tiled fountain
was used as a basis for this modern Atlas. To one side was a column
sheltered exhibit room filled with Frigidaire units of all descriptions.
From household and commercial cabinets to simple compressors that
may be used in either, this display gave a complete story of electric
refrigeration. On the other side of the rotunda was a model kitchen
equipped entirely in white furniture with a Frigidaire occupying an
inconspicuous position along one wall.

In addition to the refrigeration Atlas, the rotunda contained vari¬
ous examples of Frigidaire equipment and had several Frigidaire
coolers where Exposition visitors could quench their thirst. A recep¬
tion room and business office took up the remaining space in the
green turreted building.

Greenwald’s — In an individual Spanish stucco structure of Moor¬
ish style, exterior in a harmonious blend of red and gray, interior
mahogany fixtures with a modernistic motif, Greenwald’s, linen im¬
porters and trousseaux specialists, of St. Louis, Missouri, displayed
household and decorative linens for table service, bedroom and bath¬
room. Represented were specimens of artistic needlecraft in lace
and embroidery from the firm’s manufactory in Florence, Italy, and
from other principal linen centers of Europe.

Grolier Society — The Grolier Society, publishers of educational
books, exhibited for the first time their new edition of The Book
of Knowledge, The Children’s Encyclopedia. This set of reference
books for children was displayed in the beautifully designed and
furnished Book of Knowledge building. The educational merit of
the new edition, based upon the latest teaching researches, the ap¬
propriateness, profusion and beauty of the illustrations, the psycho¬
logical method of grouping related facts in single articles and the
simplicity of style, combined with convenience, durability and beauty
of printing and binding, won for it the highest awards given in the
class of reference books for children.

By vote of the International Jury of Awards The Book of
Knowledge was awarded both the Grand Prize (the highest award
granted any exhibitor in this class) and the Medal of Honor.

Hastings & Company — Hastings & Company of Philadelphia,
who began the manufacture of gold leaf in 1820, demonstrated

PALACE OF LIBERAL ARTS AND MANUFACTURES

319

through two skilled workers the beating and cutting of gold leaf,
an art which dates back to the days of King Solomon.

Pure gold, 999.9 fine, 24 karat is bought from the United States
Mint and alloyed by the gold leaf manufacturer with silver and cop¬
per to 22\ karat. It is melted ( 1947 degrees Fahrenheit is required)
and poured into a bar 1J inches by 12 inches and ^ inch thick. This
bar is passed through cold steel rollers 65 times and reduced to
1/1000 of an inch in thickness, 675 feet long.

Three hundred pieces of this gold ribbon 1^ inches square are inter¬
leaved with 4J inch squares of animal parchment papers called the
“cutch.” This is beaten upon from 15 to 20 minutes with a 16-pound
hammer having a large convex face. Two more beating processes re¬
duce it to 1/300,000 of an inch in thickness.

The use of gold leaf has extended with advancing civilization and
the taste of modern times in many directions, but principally in the
decoration of books, the edging of books and playing cards, interiors
and exteriors of houses and public buildings, domes and weather
vanes, gilding furniture and picture frames, striping and lettering
automobile trucks and railway cars, and gilding glass and wood
signs.

M. Hohner, Inc. — All sizes and varieties of harmonicas and ac¬
cordions were on display in the exhibit structure of M. Hohner, Inc.,
with more than 400 musical instruments of this nature, ranging from
one and a quarter inches in length to more than four feet, on view.

It was set forth in connection with the exhibit that approximately
25,000,000 instruments are manufactured annually by this firm.
Books of instruction on the correct manner of playing a harmonica
were distributed.

Holyoke Heater Company — Models of water heaters manufac¬
tured by the Holyoke Heater Company of Holyoke, Massachusetts,
were displayed by this company to show the various types of installa¬
tion designed to meet every condition in fuel burning. Single and
double kerosene heaters intended to be used in country places and
suburbs where gas is not available were shown in operation. The
single burner was connected to a 30-gallon copper tank and the
double to a 40-gallon galvanized tank covered with laced air felt
covering. There were four thermometers attached to the 40-gallon
tank. The first was placed five inches below the top and the others
down the tank 16 inches apart, so that a demonstration could be
given to visitors as to how readily water could be heated in any num¬
ber of minutes and to what temperature.

Hoover Company — The setting chosen by the Hoover Company
of North Canton, Ohio, in which to display its product, “The Greater

320

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Hoover” electric cleaner was an authentic reproduction of a Spanish
villa furnished with a grand piano, Spanish chests, wrought iron
settees and velvet cushions, oriental rugs, even to a beautiful Spanish
shawl carelessly flung on the wrought iron stairway railing.

In the interior where the Hoover machines were exhibited and
demonstrated there were sectional charts, drawings and photographs
illustrating the development of “The Greater Hoover.”

Hudson River Day Line — The Hudson River Day Line exhibit
represented the deck of one of the steamers operated by this com¬
pany between New York and Albany. At one end of the deck was
a purser’s office and window while at the other end was a window of
translucent glass upon which, from the room inside, was projected a
continuous motion-picture of the famed Hudson River scenery.

At the far side of the boat’s deck was a slowly moving vertical
canvas that made it appear the boat was moving upstream. On the
canvas a landscape artist had painted Hudson River scenery of gently
sloping banks and towering peaks of the Highlands. Nestling on the
banks were Tarrytown, Ossining, Newburgh and other historic cities
and villages with the skyline of the Catskill mountains in the dis¬
tance. The canvas river scenery was wrapped around two vertical
cylinders which were slowly revolved by an electric motor, causing
the scenery to make a complete circuit in seven minutes. A blast of
air forced through a pipe underneath moved a second canvas painted
to represent water, creating the illusion of wave motion.

On the deck of the boat was a model of the steamer “Hendrik
Hudson” licensed to carry 5500 passengers and beside it was a model
of Robert Fulton’s little “Clermont,” the first commercially success¬
ful steamboat of the world, which made its maiden trip up the Hud¬
son. These two models made a striking contrast.

The motion-picture film projected at the window opposite the
purser’s office was continuous. There were scenes of the Palisades,
great vertical basaltic cliffs five hundred feet high; views of the
highlands of the Hudson-Dunderberg, Manitou, Old Cro’ Nest,
Storm King, Taurus and Sugarloaf from 1200 to 1800 feet high.
Day Line steamers were seen passing up and down the river receiv¬
ing or landing passengers at Indian Point, the Day Line park, at
Poughkeepsie or Catskill. They were passing under the Bear Moun¬
tain bridge, or plying the waters of Tappan Zee. There were views
of West Point and the buildings of the United States Military
Academy, of Beacon Hill, where, in Revolutionary times, beacon fires
notified the patriots of the movements of the British army and finally
of the declaration of peace. Enoch Barker was in charge of the
exhibit.

Individual Drinking Cup Company — The exhibit of the Individual

The Hoover Company’s Exhibit Structure.

“The Strad House,” erected by The
J iolinist Publishing Company.

A. S. Alexander & Son

Exhibits in Palace of Liberal Arts and Manufactures.

Exhibits in Palace of Liberal Arts and Manu¬
factures. (At Top) — The Dirigold Corpora¬
tion. (In Middle) — L. E. Waterman Company.
(At Bottom) — John Friedrich & Bro.

PALACE OF LIBERAL ARTS AND MANUFACTURES

321

Drinking Cup Company of Easton, Pennsylvania, manufacturers of
the “Dixie” paper drinking cup, was arranged in the form of a huge
pylon composed of 57 paper cups ranging in size from five feet
to the small 8-inch type. Specimens of all of the various types pro¬
duced, together with dispensing apparatus which this company man¬
ufactures, were shown. These cups are made of pure sulphite wood
pulp paper to insure their purity.

International Business Machines Corporation — The machine age
in business was emphasized in the exhibit of the International Bus¬
iness Machines Corporation of New York. It included forty types
of machines providing for every kind of business the means of sav¬
ing time, money and labor and increasing profits. There were shown
tabulating and accounting machines, electric time systems, job time
and cost recorders, time stamps, door recorders and watchmen’s sys¬
tems, program systems, production control systems, computing and
non-computing scales of all kinds and for all purposes, meat slicers,
meat choppers, electric coffee mills, bread slicers and cheese cutters,
also industrial scales for light and heavy weighing.

International Colorgraph Corporation — A pencil containing two
leads of different color or two degrees of black lead was shown by
the International Colorgraph Corporation of Brooklyn, New York.
The rapidity with which these different leads may be projected with
this mechanical pencil was demonstrated to show its practicality. It
was displayed in all styles and colors in gold, silver, plain metal and
Pyralin casings.

Irving-Pitt Manufacturing Company — Representing the inven¬
tiveness and efficiency that characterize modern business methods, in
which revolutionary changes have taken place since the Centennial
Exposition, were the many exhibits of labor-saving devices for the
office. Among these were the loose-leaf systems displayed by the
Irving-Pitt Manufacturing Company of Kansas City, Missouri.
Various types of loose leaf forms, systems and devices for virtually
every business and accounting need were shown and booklets out¬
lining specific systems for various lines of business were distributed.

Dr. D. Jayne & Son — In order to emphasize the fact that the medi¬
cal preparations of Dr. David Jayne have been used in America for
more than a century, the exhibit of the firm of Dr. D. Jayne & Son
of Philadelphia was housed in a reproduction of a log cabin, the
typical home of the early settlers and pioneers of this country.

Within the cabin were a number of oil paintings depicting scenes
of the early pioneer days, and a diploma awarded to the founder of
the company in 1825 by the Medical Society of New Jersey. The
crude instruments used in compounding prescriptions in the early
days, including balances, a specific gravity tester, weights, antiquated

322

SESQUI-CENTeNNIAL international exposition

pill-making machinery and powder measures and dividers were
shown.

La France Textile Industries — Artistic expression through the
medium of effectively furnishing a home was emphasized in the ex¬
hibit of the La France Textile Industries of Frankford, Philadel¬
phia, which was arranged on a spacious stage, with a miniature
Gothic castle at either end, on which were displayed damasks, broca-
telles, Jacquard velours, mohairs and tapestries, the latter reproduc¬
ing the designs of all periods and schools. All of the fabrics shown
were designed by employes of the company and woven on its looms.

The stage, which was lighted by crystal cut-glass footlights, was
entirely covered with Jacquard velours, the effect produced enhanc¬
ing the value of correct form and color combinations in the selection
and arrangement of tapestries, occasional chairs, tables, statuary and
lamps. The charm of pictures in the home and the spacious effects
produced by plate glass mirrors was heightened by the arrangement
of tapestry portraits, mirrors framed in tapestry and in antique gold
mouldings. Damasks displayed on a turntable were in the midst of
six mirrors which added to their attractiveness.

A room in one of the two Gothic towers was devoted entirely to
an exhibit of drawings produced by pupils attending La France Art
Institute, established by Bernard Davis, president of the La France
Textile Industries, as a free evening school.

Thomas L. Leedom Company — Seamless Wilton carpets and rugs
were exhibited by the Thomas L. Leedom Company, proprietors of
the Bristol Carpet Mills and one of the pioneers in the manufacture
of this type of floor covering in America. A profusion of Wil¬
ton rugs and carpets in various designs and colors were artistically
displayed in the exhibit structure.

/. B. Lip pine ott Co. — A photographic exhibit of the complete
process of bookmaking, showing the principal operations from the
receipt of the manuscript to the finished books was made by J. B.
Lippincott Co., publishers, of Philadelphia. Selections from the
company’s latest publications of general literature, arts and crafts,
fiction, historical Philadelphia and fine editions were also included
in the exhibit.

W . H . & A. E. Margerison & Co. — A loom in operation on which
was made a cotton turkish towel with a chenille border was a feature
that attracted crowds to the exhibit of W. H. & A. E. Margerison of
Philadelphia. The company had a comprehensive display of its bath
mats, turkish towels, and matched bath sets.

Marx Lyons Company — The Marx Lyons Company of Philadel¬
phia, stationers, printers and engravers, erected an exhibit structure

PALACE OF LIBERAL ARTS AND MANUFACTURES

323

representing a typical company store displaying their own products
as well as those of the following firms for which this company acts
as agent: the Wahl Company, manufacturers of Eversharp pencils
and pens, the General Pencil Company, the Trussed Loose-Leaf
Company, the Scriptex Ink Company and the Hunt Pen Company.

Meadows Manufacturing Company — The tremendous develop¬
ments that were being made at the time of the Exposition in electric
washing machines to minimize drudgery in the home was illustrated
by the exhibit of the Meadows Manufacturing Company of Bloom¬
ington, Illinois. This company displayed about a dozen of its ma¬
chines in an artistically arranged exhibit structure.

Jacob Miner — An electric safety razor with a blade that vibrates
one one-hundredth of an inch at the rate of 7200 times a minute was
the novel exhibit of “Vibro-Shave Electric Safety Razor” Company.
Though similar in appearance to other razors of the hoe type, the
electric rapid vibration feature was said to have achieved a new
process of easy shaving.

G. A. Mongelli — A unique system of cutting and designing gar¬
ments for men and boys was promoted by the exhibit of the G. A.
Mongelli School of Design and Garment Cutting for Men, of Phila¬
delphia. A text-book explanatory of the system was featured.

The book presented an analysis of designing by measures in the
producing of patterns from given measurements as used in custom
tailoring; designing by proportion with the Mongellimetro in the
production of ready-to-wear garments and grading in the produc¬
ing of patterns of different sizes from an original pattern as used
in wholesale clothing manufacturing.

Monroe Calculating Machine Company , Incorporated — When the
Centennial Exposition was held in 1876 Frank Stephen Baldwin
was working upon the basic principles upon which the modern Mon¬
roe high-speed adding-calculators have been developed. One of the
most interesting exhibits of this company in 1926 was the display
of early Baldwin models and the full line of Monroe machines.
Another interesting exhibit was the actual reproduction of an office
of the year 1776 and an office of today, with all the modern appli¬
ances.

National Carbon Company, Inc. — An unusual feature of the Na¬
tional Carbon Company exhibit was the largest real flashlight ever
built. It was seven feet long and two feet in diameter. With a 1000-
watt lamp it threw a beam more than a thousand feet. There was
also shown for the first time a new principle of radio “B” battery
construction, differing radically from the cylindrical cell type. The
new type was built layer upon layer.

324

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Under the trade name “Eveready” the following products were
shown : radio batteries, flashlights and their batteries, dry cells and
hot shot batteries, dry cells and steel case hot shot batteries, and
flashlight and automobile lamps. There was also a complete educa¬
tional display tracing the process of manufacture of each product.

National Cash Register Company — In the display of the National
Cash Register Company of Dayton, Ohio, the advance made in the
last half century in the cash register field was demonstrated by an
exhibit, in contrast with the first machine made in 1879, of the im¬
proved models which have a capacity for 30 distinct totals and which
can register from one cent to $1,000,000.00.

This company also demonstrated the uses of an electrical telephone
system for getting credit standing of a store customer through a
centralized control of all charge business. The voice is amplified
seven times in the receiving end so it is merely necessary for the
salesman to whisper in order to be understood by the operator.

The exhibit contained a large representation of the five hundred
types of cash registers that are being produced by the company, vary¬
ing in size from the simple register used by small merchants to the
system used in large department stores and banking institutions.

National Casket Company — Definite artistic advance in the de¬
sign of burial caskets was emphasized in the display of the National
Casket Company of Philadelphia.

In the cast bronze sarcophagi classification, four designs were on
display. Cast solid in two parts, top and body, of high standard
statuary bronze, they were constructed to endure indefinitely. No
bolts or screws were used in their production and a patented sealing
method insured air and water tightness. Motifs for ornamentation
were found by careful study of period design. Due advantage was
taken of the beautiful significant symbolism of the ancients, so that,
in addition to architectural correctness, each design had a meaning
especially appropriate to its purposes. Of the four sarcophagi shown,
two were of the Renaissance period, one of Greek influence and one
of Ancient Egyptian.

In the wrought bronze class of burial receptacles was shown one
made of sheets of standard wrought bronze, reinforced to insure
strength and durability. The inner seal was of solid bronze with lead
gaskets and positive fasteners which, when properly applied, formed
a perfect seal. The finish was silver-plated.

Several styles of metal caskets were of Armco ingot iron, utilized
because of its rust resistant qualities.

Of the hardwood caskets on display one was a solid mahogany of
unusual massive construction. Others were of American Walnut,
birch, quartered oak and cypress.

/. B. Van Scivcr Company

Ii.\hibits in Palace of
Liberal Arts and
Manufactures.

Radio Corporation of America

American Full-Fashioned Hosiery.

Allegheny Steel Company

Pfrt'SBUR.^ S‘< ? .V^A — & A

Allegheny Steel Company

La France Textile Industries

4. Pomerant.z and Company

Eureka Vacuum Cleaner Co.

(At Right) — Entrance to
Casa Bonita , a “ House of
Tiles,” constructed by the
Associated Tile Manu¬
facturers of New York.

Exhibits in Palace of Liberal Arts and Manufactures

PALACE OF LIBERAL ARTS AND MANUFACTURES

325

A small cloth-covered casket with German silver mouldings, an
exact reproduction of a high grade of casket obtainable in 1876, of
the same design in which President Grant was buried, was in marked
contrast with the present-day sarcophagi.

National Drag Company — The National Drug Company of Phila¬
delphia, an association embracing a number of firms in Pennsylvania
manufacturing all kinds of chemicals, exhibited about fifty lines of
drugs, including many of special interest to the medical and pharma¬
ceutical professions. Dr. E. B. Terrell was in charge of the exhibit.

New York Central Lines — Featuring the exhibit of the New York
Central Lines were two action pictures made by a newly developed
process. Each of those huge pictures was nine feet by twelve feet.
One showed the “Twentieth Century Limited” in motion with smoke
pouring out of the locomotive stack, exhaust steam escaping from
the cylinders and the roadbed receding as the train speeds along to
New York down the banks of the Hudson on its 20-hour run be¬
tween New York and Chicago. The picture is a reproduction in
colors .of the famous painting of the “Twentieth Century Limited”
made bv Walter L. Green in 1925.

The other picture portrayed Niagara Falls and gave a wonderfully
natural view of this wonder of the world. The immense volume of
water was seen pouring over the brink of the American falls in the
foreground, while in the background was shown the still greater
Canadian falls. At the bottom of the falls was pictured the Maid of
the Mist, the boat that takes sightseers almost into the spray at the
foot of the American cataract.

These pictures were the work of the Scene-in- Action Corporation
of Chicago.

Art posters issued by the New York Central and large photo¬
graphs of scenic beauty spots reached by this railroad and of noted
trains and equipment of the company were on display. The exhibit
was in charge of John H. Lutz, of the Information Bureau of the
Grand Central Station, New York City.

O. K. Vacuum Brush Sales Co. — The O. K. Vacuum Brush Sales
Company demonstrated its O. K. Vacuum Brush as manufactured
by the O. K. Machine Company, Inc., of Fort Wayne, Indiana. This
brush, which weighs about three pounds and is 12 inches long, is
motor driven and has a straight brush attachment for work on flat
surfaces that might be easily scratched.

Omin Company — Omin, a compound of glandular extracts and
Oriental herbs intended to improve digestion and act as a general
tonic was exhibited by the Omin Company of New York.

Paine Lumber Company, Ltd. — The exhibit structure of the
Paine Lumber Company, Ltd., of Oshkosh, Wisconsin, specializing

326

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

in high-grade finished lumber, was in itself an example of the wood¬
work of the company. It was constructed along the lines of Moorish
architecture with a flat roof and three arched openings in front.
Wood columns of Etruscan design supported the roof, along which
ran a Doric frieze.

Within were displayed thirty-two wood doors, solid and veneered,
of domestic and foreign woods. There were also shown fourteen
examples of the Miracle door, patented by this company in 1921.
Another feature was its hanging closet designed to economize in
space and aid in the problem of providing sufficient closet and storage
room in limited quarters.

Paterson Parchment Paper C 'ompany— The Paterson Parchment
Paper Company of Passaic, New Jersey, exhibited a vegetable parch¬
ment paper used for wrapping perishable foods and in cooking and
another grade for printing purposes, the latter closely resembling
animal-skin parchment in surface appearance but basically a cotton-
rag paper.

The process of manufacture was graphically portrayed to show
how the paper is chemically treated.

Pat hex, Inc. — Hand-operated motion-picture cameras and projec¬
tors and automatic cameras and projectors were shown by Pathex,
Inc. By means of these devices the amateur may make his own
motion-pictures for projection in his home. Attendants demon¬
strated the inexpensiveness and simplicity of the Pathex machines.

Pennsylvania Railroad — The exhibit of the Pennsylvania Rail¬
road occupied approximately 5000 square feet and was marked by
simplicity, dignity and a rigid regard for perfection of detail. A
dominating feature of the exhibit was a painting, on a canvas twenty
feet by one hundred feet, which presented in exact dimensions a side
view of a Pennsylvania Railroad steel passenger coach.

Another painting, in a frame ten by thirty feet, appeared as an
insert in the center of the reproduction of the coach. It was a per¬
spective view of a typical section of the Pennsylvania’s standard
four-track main line, with freight and passenger trains moving in
both directions. The landscape background included seashore, coun¬
try, mountain, urban and industrial scenes, symbolizing the various
kinds of territory touched by the company’s lines.

Immediately in front of these paintings was a miniature repro¬
duction of the company’s standard four-track roadbed. This railroad
was sixty-nine feet long, and four trains were operated simultane¬
ously on its tracks. The locomotives and cars of one passenger train
and one freight train were reproductions of the latest standard Penn¬
sylvania equipment, and the two others were made up of engines and
cars of the types in use in the early sixties of the last century. Thus

PALACE OF LIBERAL ARTS AND MANUFACTURES

327

through contrast the remarkable development of railroading was
visualized for the spectator. The effect was further heightened by
running the model trains at different rates of speed, and extreme care
was exercised to maintain in true proportion the speed ratios among
trains of these classes in actual operation, the working parts of the
engines functioning and even the smoke issuing from the stacks.
They were constructed in the company’s shops by its regular em¬
ployees.

There were shown in connection with the four track roadwav, the
standard position light type signals, providing aspects the same as
the Pennsylvania Railroad standard signals.

At each end of the miniature railroad, an old-fashioned bridge,
also modeled to scale, spanned the tracks, and the trains passed under
these bridges and disappeared temporarily. A model of a stage coach
stood on one bridge and a model of a Conestoga wagon on the other.

Six large paintings of widely known Pennsylvania Railroad struc¬
tures were displayed in panels on the partitions at the ends of the
model railroad. A series of paintings displayed in front of and be¬
low the model railroad suggested in broad outline the important steps
in the evolution of transportation methods.

On tables in the exhibit space were displayed, under glass, models
of John Stevens’ locomotive, the first in America to be driven by
steam, on a track, and of the first sleeping car ever used.

The commodious space in front of the exhibit for the reception
of visitors was furnished and decorated to re-create accurately a set¬
ting of 1776. The floor covering was of a stipple design, all cab¬
inet work in connection with the exhibit represented the Colonial
period, as did also the tables, desks, chairs and settees. The desks
were copies of the Signers’ desk, and the chairs and settees were of
the Chippendale ladder-back style. In the center of the space there
was also a large terrestrial globe, which was in keeping with library
study or counting room furnishings of the period.

Visitors to the exhibit were received by Pennsylvania Railroad
uniformed demonstrators detached temporarily from their regular
duties.

Philadelphia Paint, Oil and Varnish Club — An exhibit represent-
a model living room was erected by the Paint and V arnish Industry
of the United States under the auspices of the Philadelphia Paint,
Oil and Varnish Club for the purpose of demonstrating the beauty,
decorative and protective value of paints, enamels and lacquers. The
exhibit in this building acted as a station for the complete two-story
house, called the “Save the Surface Home’’ which the Club erected
on Pattison Avenue within the Exposition grounds.

Philadelphia Society of Allied Arts — A display of oil paintings,

328

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

water colors, etchings and sketches marked the exhibit of the Phila¬
delphia Society of Allied Arts. This society was formed to enable
the prospective purchaser of works of art to locate economically the
proper artist for the type of canvas or sketch desired; to further the
progress of art in Philadelphia; to provide a central point for the
display of the city’s best work and to encourage better business
methods among artists and buyers.

A. Pomerantz & Co. — A suite of richly appointed office furniture
was exhibited by A. Pomerantz & Co. of Philadelphia, which was
the product of the Doten-Dunton Desk Company of Cambridge,
Massachusetts, of which the Pomerantz Company is Philadelphia
representative. The suite was a fine example of New England crafts¬
manship and was made of West African mahogany, patterned after
a combination of Chippendale and Colonial styles. The secretarial
desk was a reproduction of the one owned by the late Governor
Winthrop of Massachusetts. A flat-top desk, a directors’ table, four
ladder-back chairs, three arm-chairs and a revolving chair with a
new-style cushioned seat completed the suite.

Portable Machinery Co. — The “Roaler” Massage Chair, a motor-
driven health building machine, was demonstrated by the Portable
Machinery Company of Clifton, New Jersey. This chair is fitted
with a slowly revolving cylinder with closely spaced rollers of irreg¬
ular shape. The rolling, kneading, massage action of the rollers
against any and every part of the body is designed to stimulate mus¬
cular activity and induce blood circulation without taxing the heart.
It was operated by the current from a standard electric socket.

Postal Telegraph Company — A model typical office of the Postal
Telegraph Company, with all the newest appliances for the rapid
reception and transmission of telegrams and cables was erected by
the company to serve as an exhibit and as a practical station for the
benefit of the public.

Theodore Presser Company — A special issue of the monthly mag¬
azine of music, “The Etude,” published by The Theodore Presser
Company of Philadelphia, was distributed gratuitously by this con¬
cern in connection with its exhibit. This issue contained 16 pieces
of famous music and more than 400 portraits of American com¬
posers, one of the most complete pictorial galleries of music masters
ever assembled. Several interesting concerts were given at which
many celebrated musical artists rendered vocal selections.

Proctor & Schwarts, Inc. — An electric bread toaster for toasting
both sides of a piece of bread at the same time and automatically
switching off the current when the toast is done, thus preventing the
bread from burning, was a novelty introduced to Exposition visitors
by Proctor & Schwartz, Inc., of Philadelphia.

PALACE OF LIBERAL ARTS AND MANUFACTURES

329

At one end of the exhibit structure, which represented a modern
factory building, was shown in operation the Proctor Automatic
Hosiery Boarding, Drying and Stripping Machine for drying and
pressing hosiery on thin aluminum forms, after dyeing, in order to
give the stockings the flat press and smooth finish with which they
appear on the market.

Another machine exhibited was a “Smith-Furbush” Garnett,
representative of the textile machinery built by the Proctor &
Schwartz Company. This machine consisted essentially of a series
of cylinders, each covered with a multitude of fine saw teeth. It is
used for reducing textile yarn waste, clippings, rags, etc., back to
the original fibre for respinning into yarns of the coarser grades, or
for making felts for filling mattresses or upholstering automobile,
furniture, etc.

Reading Railway System — The exhibit of the Reading Railway
System consisted of an animated model of the Port of Philadelphia,
showing passenger and freight facilities and a representation in scale
of all buildings from City Hall, Philadelphia, to the Delaware River
with ferry boats crossing the river and trains departing from the
Camden, New Jersey, terminal of the railroad to seashore resorts.

The exhibit was nearly forty feet in length and represented the
work of six men working night and day for eight weeks. To com¬
plete this model more than 200,000 separate pieces of material were
required. All moving parts were electrically driven by means of small
motors and tapes.

There was also a large illuminated map, fifteen feet high, showing
in electric lights the route of all Reading express trains as they de¬
parted from Philadelphia, the departure time being set by a large
clock at the top. This was the first device of its kind ever built. It
contained 217 lights on the face of the map, divided into 22 circuits
and 253 electric contacts were made from each revolution of the
clock hands. The whole exhibit was built for the Reading Railroad
by the Pennsylvania Novelty Company of Philadelphia.

Remington Typewriter Company — On one hand was a typewriter
that was viewed by marveling millions at the Centennial Exposition
in Philadelphia in 1876. On the other hand was an electrically oper¬
ated typewriter representing the last word in the development of this
instrument without which civilization could hardly function. This
contrast was perhaps the most noted feature of the elaborate exhibit
of the Remington Typewriter Company. The Remington of 1876
excited great curiosity among those who saw it, on its fiftieth anni¬
versary, for the first time. As part of this exhibit a large globe in
an attractive setting was used to show graphically the world-wide
organization of the company. In addition to all the latest models of

330

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

typewriters the company exhibited bookkeeping machines, billing
equipment and office supplies in general.

Roberts & Mander Stove Company — Advances made in cooking
apparatus in the preceding century were emphasized in the exhibit
of Quality Gas Ranges, manufactured by the Roberts and Mander
Stove Company of Philadelphia. A wood stove made in 1826 and
a small black gas range made in Philadelphia in 1876 were compared
with the latest Quality Gas Ranges in black, half- white and full
enamel finish. Such improvements and additions as the cabinet base,
enamel oven linings, utility drawers and the oven heat control were
demonstrated.

Ruud Manufacturing Company — Automatic gas heaters were ex¬
hibited by the Ruud Manufacturing Company of Pittsburgh in a
structure divided into three parts. The main section was devoted to
showing automatic heaters for average and large size homes and
buildings. In it were special mechanisms showing the Ruud Double
Fuel Control and instantaneous type heaters and the Ruud Moment-
valve, the fuel control on the Ruud Automatic Storage System. A
small room at the left was devoted to the Ruud line of water heaters
for small homes. At the right there was a room where four water
heaters of various types and sizes were connected to a special lava¬
tory for demonstration of the efficacy of these heaters in providing
steaming hot water.

/. P. Seeburg Piano Company — Automatic musical instruments
manufactured by the J. P. Seeburg Piano Company of Chicago were
displayed in an exhibit that contained models of all types and sizes
ranging from the smallest automatic piano to the largest art style
orchestrion as well as an automatic pipe organ, each of which could
be made to play constantly from a music roll. The instruments were
operated entirely without attention, rendering a selection of ten
pieces per roll, which if desired would rewind at the end of the last
number and automatically reroll to the first piece.

Spencer Turbine Company — The exhibit of the Spencer Turbine
Company of Hartford, Connecticut, showed the most modern cen¬
tral vacuum cleaning systems ; blowers for pipe organs and Turbo¬
compressors. Duplicates of the Spencer systems installed in the
White House at Washington and Independence Hall in Philadelphia
were displayed.

Standard Underground Cable Company — The exhibit of the
Standard Underground Cable Company was arranged to show the
general scope of the company’s manufactured products and also the
progress and improvement made since its organization in 1882. Its
first installation was made in Washington, D. C., in 1883, connect¬
ing some of the government buildings. Samples of the earliest and

PALACE OF LIBERAL ARTS AND MANUFACTURES

331

of the most modern types of underground cables were shown to
illustrate the development in the art of cable making, cable terminals,
junction and joint boxes, and other cable accessories necessary for
the efficient installation and operation of a modern underground
electric cable system were also exhibited.

Sterling Range and Furnace Corporation — Three types of ranges
and one type of heating stove were exhibited by the Sterling Range
and Furnace Corporation of Rochester, New York. Two of these
types of ranges were for gas fuel alone. One of the three was a
combination range for gas and coal. The ranges were equipped with
modern devices, including oven heat control, facilities for vertical
broiling, special cooking top, burners and water heaters.

John B. Stetson Company — The exhibit of the John B. Stetson
Company of Philadelphia consisted in the main part of a display of
Stetson hats of various types. In addition to hats representing the
prevailing styles there were shown a number of the wide-brimmed,
high -crowned shapes worn by the ranchmen of the American West.
The former were selected as representing the models worn by the
fashionably dressed men of the principal cities of the United States,
as well as London, Paris, Vienna, Buenos Aires and Sydney.

The cases containing the exhibit were of modern French design,
finished in old ivory and gold on the exterior. The interior was fin¬
ished in French gray. The floor and the hat stands were Circassian
walnut. The decorative valances were blue silk velvet, gold braided.
The various furs from which Stetson hats are made were shown, as
well as hats in various stages of manufacture.

Steudlers Wood Carvings — The art of animal carving in wood,
which was given impetus in Switzerland about sixty years ago, was
exemplified in the exhibit of Simon Steudler of Lancaster, Pennsyl¬
vania. One particularly fine piece of work which attracted much
attention was a tall stand bearing a clock cabinet at the foot of which
a life-sized fox appeared to be climbing. Hand-carved furniture in
this exhibit included hall stands, hatracks, book ends, cuckoo-clock
cabinets, and chairs.

Stromb erg -Carls on Telephone Manufacturing Co. — Arranged to
represent the interior of a household in order to bring out the actual
environment of home radio reception, the exhibit of the Stromberg-
Carlson Telephone Manufacturing Company of Rochester, New
York, showed a wide range of radio models; side lights on the
walls, cretonne draperies at the windows and floor and table lamps
made the exhibit a distinctly cheerful one. A writing desk, divans
and several easy chairs invited visitors to rest. George V. Plipsley,
Stromberg-Carlson dealer in Philadelphia, was in charge.

Sword Burners , Inc. — Sword Burners, Inc., of Philadelphia,

332

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

demonstrated its “Sword” automatic oil burner for home heating.
The background was constructed to represent a cellar with stairs
leading up to the kitchen. The burner was operated in a hot-air
furnace. Emphasis was placed on a process for recirculating the hot
gases from the fire box of the heater and mixing them with the oil
vapor being consumed; gun and target atomization; self-cleaning
strainer and other original devices.

Trans-Lux Daylight Picture Screen Corporation — A novel display
of a “movie” stock ticker cabinet with daylight motion picture
screens marked the exhibit of the Trans-Lux Daylight Picture Cor¬
poration and the Projection Advertising Corporation, of New York
City. Here were shown the Trans-Lux Daylograph, stereopticons,
air-cooled opaque projectors, stereopticon attachments. The screens
shown were translucent, being made of a gelatinous composition
over a silk foundation. Pictures are projected through the screen
to the audience.

Underwood Typewriter Company — Many original features at¬
tracted large crowds to the exhibit of the Underwood Typewriter
Company. Attention was first attracted by a large transparent globe
revolving around a typewriter. The globe reflected dazzling irides¬
cent lights. It was set as if without support in a scenic background
depicting planets, stars and clouds. The display was suggested by
the Underwood slogan, “More than 3,000,000 Underwoods now
speed the World’s Business.” Two massive books, weighing together
more than 2000 pounds formed another striking display. One illus¬
trated the seven stages of “Writing History,” beginning with the
Stone Age, carrying through the Egyptian, Babylonian, Phoenician,
Medieval, Colonial and concluding with the Underwood typewriter
of the present period. The second book introduced the latest Under¬
wood portable typewriter. The pages of each book were beautifully
illustrated in full colors.

At one end of the exhibit was a mahogany and glass trophy case,
in the center of which was the $1000 World’s Typewriting Cham¬
pionship Trophy, which had been won by Underwood operators for
21 consecutive years. Surrounding it were more than thirty other
silver trophies representing state, sectional, national, Canadian, Eng¬
lish and international championships, all won by operators using the
Underwood. Grouped around the trophies were more than 300
bronze, silver and gold medals won by Underwood operators in open
competition throughout the world. At the other end was a bronze
plaque containing the names of the World’s Champion Typists from
1906 to 1926.

A special feature of the exhibit was a daily speed demonstration

Exhibits in Palace of Liberal Arts and Manufactures. (At Top)
— Underwood Typewriter Company. (In Middle ) — International
Business Machines Corporation. (At Bottom) — Thomas A. Edi¬
son, Inc.

PALACE OF LIBERAL ARTS AND MANUFACTURES

333

by George L. Hossfield, then world’s champion typist, and Albert
Tangora, former world’s champion. Both typists were training for
the 1926 world’s championship.

U. S. Slicing Machine Co. — An attractive feature of the exhibit
of the U. S. Slicing Machine Co. was the life-size wax figures which
were apparently operating the electric meat and bread slicers that
were on view. Against a background of black velour both the figures
and machines stood out prominently. The machines were in almost
constant operation during busy hours. A large picture of W. A.
Van Berkel, inventor of the first slicing machine, occupied a promi¬
nent place in the exhibit.

United Utilities & Engineering Corporation — A novel method of
solving heating problems through the medium of gas was demon¬
strated in the exhibit of the United Utilities & Engineering Corpora¬
tion of Philadelphia. Types of Heatomat Gas Boilers were displayed
in a structure arranged to demonstrate the practicality of keeping
clean the cellar of a home with this type of heating apparatus.

Visitors were informed that with these automatic heating devices
it is possible to light them in the Fall of the year after which they
will burn automatically until turned off in the Spring, thermostatic
control arrangement insuring a uniform and dependable heat at all
times.

/. B. Van Sciver Company — A miniature reproduction of its ten-
acre furniture factory store at Camden, New Jersey, was the stage
setting for a striking exhibit of the J. B. Van Sciver Company.

Within this '“factory” artisans could be seen shaping the wood,
and assembling and finishing the furniture by modern methods.

Violinist Publishing Company — The “Strad House,” a replica of
the house at Cremona, Italy, bought by Antonio Stradivari in 1660
and in which he died in 1737, was erected by the Violinist Publishing
Company of Chicago, Illinois. This company publishes “The Violin¬
ist,” a magazine for artists, teachers, students, makers, dealers and
lovers of the violin and kindred instruments.

William E. Wall — An interesting display of graining and mar¬
bling was shown by William E. Wall of Somerville, Massachusetts.
He also exhibited a table top which was made in 1880 of black wal¬
nut and painted and grained to represent inlaid woods. The effect
created by the painting and graining was that of a table made of
fourteen varieties of wood and 5485 separate inlaid pieces.

Wall Paper Industry of the United States — In order to demon¬
strate the importance of wall paper as the fundamental background
of artistic interior decoration, the Wall Paper Industry of the United
States, an association comprising leading manufacturers in this in-

334 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

dustry, erected a twenty-room house in which every room, differently
papered, reflected a current style tendency.

Besides the room papering, the hallways, staircases, screens and
wall panels bore paper of 100 different designs, and outside the house
was a wall paper garden. The exterior of the house was covered
with a rough-cast Lincrusta, a wall-paper product, and was painted
a deep rich, mellow biscuit color, with shutters and iron rails of the
French windows in green antiqued with tuscan red, the sash being
black. The flower boxes at the windows and the trees at the door¬
ways were cut out of wall paper mounted, glazed and touched up by
hand. The roof was red shingle.

J. S. Borgenski & Sons contributed the artificial flowers, George
W. Blabon Company, the linoleum, and the Galloway Terra Cotta
Company the garden furniture. The following manufacturers’ prod¬
ucts were used in the embellishment of the exhibit : Allen-Higgins
Wall Paper Company, Worcester, Massachusetts; E. C. Blaeck Cor¬
poration, Brooklyn, New York; Baeck Wall Paper Company, Brook¬
lyn; Bailey Wall Paper Company, Cleveland, Ohio; Beaudry Wall
Paper Corporation, Cortland, New York; Becker, Smith & Page,
Inc., Philadelphia; M. H. Burge & Sons Company, Buffalo, New
York; Henry Bosch Company, Chicago; William Campbell Wall
Paper Company, Hackensack, New Jersey; the Chicago Wall Paper
Mfg. Company, Steubenville, Ohio; Commercial Wall Paper Mill,
Chicago; Cortland Wall Paper Company, Cortland; Furlong Wall
Paper Mills, Inc., Philadelphia; Gilbert Wall Paper Company, York,
Pennsylvania; James E. Gledhill & Sons, Inc., Cohoes, New York;
the Robert Graves Company, Brooklyn; Great Lakes Wall Paper
Mills, Chicago ; the Robert Griffith Company, Jersey City, New Jer¬
sey; E. R. Haffelfinger Company, Hanover, Pennsylvania; Robert
F. Hobbs, Inc., Beverly, New Jersey; George J. Hunken Company,
Inc., Brooklyn, New York; Imperial Wall Paper Company, Glen
Falls, New York; Lennon Wall Paper Company, Joliet, Illinois; Lin-
crusta-Walton Company, Hackensack, New Jersey; Mid-West Wall
Paper Mills, Joliet, Illinois; Niagara Wall Paper Company, Niagara
Falls, New York; Pittsburgh Wall Paper Company, New Brighton,
Pennsylvania; Plattsburg Wall Paper Company, Plattsburg, New
York; The Prager Company, Inc., Brooklyn; Ron-Kon-Ko-Ma Wall
Paper Company, Ronkonkoma, Long Island, New York; Stamford
Wall Paper Company, Stamford, Connecticut; Standard Wall Paper
Company, Hudson Falls, New York; Thomas Strahan Company,
Chelsea, Massachusetts; Sun Wall Paper Manufacturing Company,
Reading, Pennsylvania; United States Varnished Tile Company,
Paterson, New Jersey; The York Card & Paper Company, York,
Pennsylvania; and the York Wall Paper Company, York.

PALACE OF LIBERAL ARTS AND MANUFACTURES

335

Others who co-operated at the Wall Paper House were : H. G.
Craig & Company, Defiance Paper Company, Fitchburg Paper Com¬
pany, the Iroquois Pulp and Paper Company, Newton Falls Paper
Company, David McMeekan Manufacturing Company, D. H. Mc¬
Gowan, Joseph R. Sheppard and the Retail Wallpaper Dealers’ Asso¬
ciation of Philadelphia. Mrs. John A. Anderson acted as hostess
at this exhibit.

John Warren Watson Company — Motorists found interest in the
exhibit of the John Warren Watson Company of Philadelphia, man¬
ufacturer of Watson Stabilators — automobile spring recoil controls.
They were shown how the braking action of Stabilators takes place
only when the car frame and axle are being pushed apart by the
recoil of the car spring and how Stabilators offer no resistance
when the axle and the frame are approaching each other.

L. E. Waterman Company — A history of the development of rub¬
ber from the time Columbus discovered natives of Haiti playing with
a ball made of rubber to the patenting of the vulcanizing process in
1844 was contained in the exhibit of the L. E. Waterman Company
of New York.

In a typical company showroom were displayed in elaborate glass
cases all sizes and styles of Waterman’s Ideal Fountain Pens and
Pencils. A decorative effect was produced by an arrangement of
three fountain pens and two pencils, six and three feet in height
respectively. Raw material used in the manufacture of the gold pen
and rubber barrel, with illustrations of the process of construction,
were on view. The pen, or nib, was shown to be made from a com¬
bination of 14-karat gold, six parts copper and four parts silver,
melted together at a temperature of 1900 degrees. A granule of
iridium is fused to the burred end of the nib and after imprinting
the name of the manufacturer and the shaping of the nib it is ready
for insertion into the barrel.

Wedge Mechanical House Heating Furnace Company — The ad¬
vantages of an automatic stoker in the home were brought to the
attention of the visitor in the exhibit of the Wedge Mechanical
House Heating Furnace Company of Paoli, Pennsylvania. The
automatic stoker was shown in a furnace which had been installed
in a booth that was built to represent a cellar.

Western Union Telegraph Company — The automatic multiplex
system of telegraphy through which eight messages may be received
and transmitted, four in each direction, at the same time over a
single wire, considered as the highest development of modern com¬
munication, was demonstrated as a feature of the comprehensive
exhibit of the Western Union Telegraph Company.

The electric transmitters and printers used in this system are au-

336

SESQUI-CENTENNXAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

tomatons of science capable of sending and receiving at the rate of
60 words per minute, thus eliminating the old key and sounder, even
eliminating the human element at the typewriter whose duty was to
transcribe sound into actual print in the reception of a message. An
idea of the new printer was conveyed to the visitor by comparing it
with a typewriter cut into two parts, the type bars at one place and
the keys in a distant city, both parts working simultaneously by elec¬
tricity.

The exhibit also demonstrated the latest development of the trans¬
atlantic cable system — the automatic multiple transmission of mes¬
sages over the new permalloy cable across the Atlantic Ocean.

Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company — Breathing
the spirit of mankind’s progress was the highly interesting and at¬
tractive display of the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing
Company.

The Westinghouse structure was of a modified Moorish type of
architecture, with early Venetian details. The exterior was of buff
stucco. The front entrance featured two Moorish arches with
twisted columns, surmounted by a large arch flanked by pylons with
electrically lighted bowls on top. At each end of the structure were
triple decorated windows, with marble balustrades and iron grilles.
The Westinghouse colors, orange and black, were dominant in the
decorative effects.

The entrance was flanked on both sides by small gardens with
fountains, sun-dials, plants and shrubbery. The effectiveness of this
arrangement was further emphasized by a number of artistic lighting
units erected on brilliantly colored posts. This served the double
purpose of lighting the exterior of the structure and adding a tasteful
touch to the approach.

Upon entering the exhibit structure the eye was attracted to trans¬
parencies bordering the walls, giving a graphic record of Westing¬
house activities in the manufacture and installation of electrical
equipment for industrial plants, mines, railroads, buildings, electric
railways, marine service, etc. Surmounting these transparancies and
silhouetted by concealed lighting against a harmoniously painted
dome-like ceiling were colored cut-outs of some of the many West¬
inghouse factories throughout the United States.

Prominently displayed was an illuminated miniature model in a
glass case, of the Luminous Liberty Bell constructed at the main
entrance of the Sesqui-Centennial grounds. The mammoth Liberty
Bell, together with the entire Sesqui-Centennial illumination, was
designed by Westinghouse engineers.

In a room on the right of the entrance there was a display of

Exhibits in Palace of Liberal Arts
and Manufactures.

(At Top) — Frigidaire. (In Middle) —
Crane Co. (At Bottom) — Watson
Stabilators.

(At Top) — Wcstinghouse. (In Mid¬
dle) — Remington Typewriter Co. (At
Bottom) — Abram Cox Company.

PALACE OF LIBERAL ARTS AND MANUFACTURES

337

electrical appliances and ranges. This room was lighted by the West-
inghouse Sol-Lux Lighting Units. An automatic range which cooks
with a clock, a turnover toaster, an automatic iron that controls its
temperature by means of a million-dollar invention, a tumbler water
heater for heating liquids, a warming pad, a bathroom heater, a
waffle iron, a curling iron, a table stove for broiling and frying, a
Cozy Glow Electric Heater, automatic percolators and electric fans
were all displayed in this room.

Here, too, the man of technical inclinations could find equipment
of absorbing interest and instruction — the Osiso, for measuring
electrical wave characteristics ; the photo-electric cell, for the control
of power by light; electric meters; instruments; transformers and
samples of steel beams electrically welded by an electric arc welder.
A Rectigon Battery Charger for charging automobile and radio bat¬
teries also was shown.

Of special interest to rural visitors were the Westinghouse farm
light plants which bring electric light and the convenience of electric
appliances to the persons living in sparsely settled sections.

Whiting Paper Company — The Whiting Paper Company of
Holyoke, Massachusetts, displayed samples of its product in an at¬
tractive exhibit structure designed to represent a stationer’s window.
The following classification of paper distributed by this company
were shown : social correspondence papers, wedding invitation
papers, bond papers, ledger papers, and bristol boards.

/. Wiss & Sons Co., Kraeuter & Company, and the Kroydon Com¬
pany — The exhibit of these three affiliated companies of Newark,
New Jersey, was housed in a structure built of Zenitherm, an imita¬
tion marble. The Wiss display consisted of all types of shears and
scissors, pruning shears and hedge shears. In the Kraeuter display
was its full line of pliers, steel goods and wrenches. Golf clubs and
golf balls comprised the Kroydon exhibit. “Matched sets” of golf
clubs, first made by the Kroydon Company, were featured.

The exhibit developed the historical fact that Kraeuter & Company
during the Civil War furnished a large proportion of the Kalipers
and small precision tools used by the Federal Government and that
in the World War Mr. Kraeuter designed the wire cutting plier
adopted by the Allied Governments.

F. X. Zettler Stained Glass Studios — A copy of an eleventh cen¬
tury window from the Cathedral at Augsburg, Bavaria, and repro¬
ductions of windows of the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries, fea¬
tured the stained glass exhibit of the establishment of F. X. Zettler
of Munich, Germany. This exhibit also was participated in by F. X.
Zettler of Chicago and Karl Mueller of Newark, New Jersey.

338 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

The O. F. Zurn Co. — As manufacturers and wholesale dealers
in oils, the O. F. Zurn Co. of Philadelphia, exhibiting in a space
of 6060 square feet, showed its relation to the textile and other in¬
dustries. A display of fine hosiery and lingerie was intended to
demonstrate that the quality of oils used in the finishing of these
fabrics has much to do with their beauty and durability. In addition
to oil products for the textile industry this company also manufac¬
tures lubricants for every industrial purpose. Its subsidiary com¬
panies are the Quaker City Chemical Company of Philadelphia and
Knoxville, Tenn., and the Quaker City Chemical Company of Ham¬
ilton, Ontario, Canada, John F. Zurn, the president, and Charles J.
Curran, treasurer, took part in the Centennial of 1876, and the
former was active in promoting the interests of the Sesqui-Centen-
nial.

CHAPTER XXIV

PALACE OF AGRICULTURE AND FOREIGN EXHIBITS

VAST AREA — FOREIGN EXHIBITS DOMINANT — MANY DISPLAYS OF FOODSTUFFS AND
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS — OUTSTANDING EXHIBITS — AMERICAN RED CROSS SECTION
— LOS ANGELES BUILDING — REMARKABLE COLLECTION OF TIMEPIECES — SURVEY OF
CHARACTERISTIC EXHIBITS — LARGE FOREIGN SECTIONS DESCRIBED IN SEPARATE
CHAPTER.

Adjoining the Palace of Liberal Arts and Manufactures and even
larger in area than that vast structure was the Palace of Agriculture
and Foreign Exhibits. These two palaces really formed an archi¬
tectural unit as they were almost identical in their exterior lines, col¬
oring and decoration. The visitor could pass from one to the other
under cover of the Tower of Light which stood between them.

This second main exhibits building was 970 feet long by 460 feet
wide, with a floor area of 367,500 square feet, more than eight
acres. Its great height permitted the erection of large exhibit struc¬
tures within its walls.

Because there were so many foreign exhibits in this building it was
the most colorful of the palaces. Eleven foreign governments were
officially represented and there were besides many foreign conces¬
sionaires who added to the exotic atmosphere. The interior was
beautifully decorated with the flags of all nations.

Four states of the Union, two counties and six cities were also
represented by exhibits in this building and the leading manufacturers
and distributors of foodstuffs here displayed their products, in many
cases in most elaborate fashion. There were as well several notable
agricultural exhibits.

Among the foreign countries officially or unofficially represented
were Japan, Great Britain, Denmark, Czechoslovakia, France, Aus¬
tria, Hungary, China, Tunisia, Egypt, Haiti, Roumania, Spain, Ger¬
many. The extent of their participation and the nature of their ex¬
hibits are treated in another chapter of this volume, but some of the
highlights of the exhibits may be appropriately mentioned at this
point.

In the Japanese Section there was a pearl pagoda valued at $1,000,-
000; Japanese girls at work showed processes of silk production, and
there was a truly remarkable exhibit of carved ivory, cloisonne ware,
silk tapestries and screens.

The largest sapphire in the world, the only carved amber chessmen
and chess board in existence, linen weaving on hand looms, butterfly
jewelry and Titania’s Palace were features of the British Section.

339

340 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

China, among other things, showed modern press work as done in
the country where printing was invented.

In the Roumanian Section was the famous “Pilgrim Bottle,” a
massive silver wine container made four hundred years before and
used at state banquets.

Many of the foreign exhibits were so elaborate and diversified in
character, as for instance the exhibits of Japan, that they could not
be thoroughly appreciated without giving at least one whole day to
them.

In this building were countless other interesting things to be seen.
A watch that had been worn at the Centennial Exposition was shown
to be still running and in good condition. The largest watch move¬
ment ever made was displayed beside the smallest in existence.

There were always large crowds of visitors at the three-story
replica of the San Gabriel Mission, housing the Los Angeles County
exhibit. At half-hour intervals each day there was a performance
here by Spanish Troubadours.

The largest collection of living diamond-back terrapin in the world
was included in the Baltimore and Maryland exhibit. A model of the
Chicago stockyards with working parts showing the processes of pre¬
paring meats for consumers attracted much interest. The progress of
bread making since the days of the Pharaohs was shown in an Egyp¬
tian temple erected by a yeast manufacturer.

Apart from the large foreign exhibits, which are described in the
chapter on foreign participation, the following were among those
exhibiting in the building :

Allala Belhadj Bey — Exotic perfumes were displayed in the quaint
booth of Allala Behladj Bey of Tunis. Included in the display were
also woods that produced an aromatic odor when burned, prepara¬
tions for whitening the teeth and reddening the gums and lips, bright¬
ening the eyes, hair dyes, musical instruments, wooden shoes, jewelry
and charms.

American Red Cross — -The many activities in which the American
Red Cross is engaged in its peace-time program were portrayed in
the exhibit of this organization. Ten models, with life-like figures,
illustrated the extent of the work of the organization in relation to
first aid, home service, home hygiene and care of the sick, public
health nursing, Junior Red Cross, nutrition, and disaster relief. In
addition to the models, there were paintings showing the growth of
the Red Cross throughout the world and the advantages of service
and instruction offered to the schools in this country by the Junior
Red Cross. Displays of war medals and mementoes and exhibits
from the occupational therapy departments of Veterans’ Hospitals
supervised by the Red Cross were also included.

Section of the Japanese Ex¬
hibit in the Palace of Agricul¬
ture and Foreign Exhibits.

(At Left) — Japanese girls dem¬
onstrating process of silk man¬
ufacture.

Mikimoto Pearl
Pagoda, decorated
zuith 50,000 pearls,
a feature of the
Japanese Section.

(At Top)— The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea
Company. (In Middle) — The House of Glen-
Logan. (At Bottom) — Fcls & Company.

PALACE OF AGRICULTURE AND FOREIGN EXHIBITS 341

Armand Company — Cosmetics, perfumes and other toilet acces¬
sories were exhibited in an artistically appointed booth by the
Armand Company of Paris. The booth depicted a scene from the
royal chambers of Louis XV of France and to emphasize this, an
antique chair of that period was used in the decorative setting. The
ladies in charge of the exhibit were garbed in the costume which is
the official trade mark of the company.

Arouani & Hakim — Modern art work of Egypt and Syria blended
with other specimens of ancient Oriental art constituted the offering
of Arouani & Hakim in a replica of an Egyptian bazaar. Among the
articles shown were silks, hammered brass and copper ware, wood¬
work, tooled leather, nacre and mosaic work and carvings of amber.
Here were also Oriental rugs and carpets, Egyptian, Syrian, Sou¬
danese and Bokhara embroideries, enameled jewelry and precious
stones, arms and antiques. Rugs and carpets from the sixteenth and
eighteenth centuries, some with designs depicting the lineal succes¬
sion of the Persian dynasties, the seasons of the year and allegorical
studies, silk Kasham rugs, brocades from Damascus and Persia,
Kashmir shawls, Thibetan anpels inlaid with precious metals and
stones, beads and other articles of jewelry were also displayed.

Battle Creek Food Company — Food values worked out in relation
to their health-giving propensities were the theme of the exhibits of
the Battle Creek Food Company, of Battle Creek, Michigan, the dis¬
play comprising nearly one hundred varieties of health foods such as
crackers and biscuits, beverages, cereal foods, confections, diabetic
and reducing foods, laxative foods, marmalades, nut butters, vege¬
table meats, malted nuts, vegetable gelatine, fruits, and vegetables.

Bentolila & Zonary — Gobelin hand-loom tapestries of ancient and
modern design, Debuisson needlepoint work, art linens and Oriental
silks, rugs, shawls, table covers and bed spreads, all hand-embroid¬
ered, were exhibited by Bentolila & Zonary of Paris together with
antiques, including an eighteenth century lamp, hand-painted porce¬
lain and an ivory hand-carved umbrella stand made in 1825.

The Best Foods, Inc. — As cocoanut oil is one of the principal in¬
gredients used in the production of Nucoa, a margarine, manufac¬
tured by the Best Foods Company of New York City, the decorative
arrangement of its Exposition space was of a tropical character. The
manifold cooking uses to which the various products of this company
may be put were illustrated on wall panels and the products them¬
selves were displayed.

Otto Burghardt & Company — A scientifically prepared patented
paste to prevent the adherence of rain or moisture on the windshield
of an automobile or eyeglasses was displayed by Otto Burghardt &
Company of Philadelphia.

342

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

California Walnut Growers' Association — An association of 4307
California walnut growers, known as the California Walnut
Growers’ Association of Los Angeles, California, displayed samples
of carefully graded high quality walnuts, including Wilson Wonders,
the largest walnut grown, fancy Concords, Jumbo Concords, Mam¬
moth Mayettes, Jumbo Franquettes, Jumbo Eurekas, Placentia
Budded, Fancy Eurekas, Fancy Paynes and Santa Barbara Soft
Shells.

Each walnut was branded with a tiny diamond-shaped mark
stamped on by an automatic machine, also on view, constructed by
Ress & Wilkinson of Los Angeles, which brands 2016 walnuts per
minute. Another interesting exhibit was a charcoal that is a by¬
product of ground and burned walnut shells.

Cape May County — The Cape May County Chamber of Com¬
merce brought graphically to the attention of Exposition visitors the
advantages of the New Jersey seashore resorts within the county,
including Ocean City, Strathmere, Sea Island City, Avalon, Stone
Harbor, North Wildwood, Wildwood, Wildwood Crest and Cape
May City. The Cape May County exhibit was across the aisle from
the Los Angeles County exhibit, the Atlantic and Pacific coasts thus
being brought together.

Charts and maps showed the accessibility and railway facilities of
the county, which has an area of 252 square miles. It has a perma¬
nent population of 30,000 and a summer population of 400,000. A
large map depicted the two railroads, the Pennsylvania and the Read¬
ing, which serve the county and the resorts. Maps and views of the
important highways leading to the county also were exhibited.

Other views showed twenty-five miles of bathing beaches along
the Atlantic Ocean; golf courses playable twelve months in a year;
the municipally-owned tennis courts in each resort, and four well-
equipped fishing centers on the Delaware Bay.

Apples, strawberries, peaches, melons and cantaloupes grown in
Cape May County also were exhibited.

Chaki, Elnecave & Co. — Styled “The French Art Gallery,” the
booth of Chaki, Elnecave & Company of Paris presented the products
of fourteen French manufacturers in art goods, silks, tapestries and
rugs. In addition, rugs manufactured in France under the super¬
vision of Oriental master weavers were shown.

H . Chellaram and T. Fatehchand — Hand-made carpets from Bok¬
hara, Kashal, Senii, Turkey and Egypt were features of the exhibit
of H. Chellaram and T. Fatehchand. On display here also were
Tunisian and Algerian rugs, carpets, embroideries, and jewelry.
Beads, ivories, arabesques, beaten silver and gold inlaid brasses, silks
and shawls and Indian carved ivories were also shown.

PALACE OF AGRICULTURE AND FOREIGN EXHIBITS

343

Circle Construction — Teachers, playground workers, nurses, Sun¬
day School workers, mothers and others interested in the education
of the child were attracted by this exhibit, sponsored by Anna B.
Lentz, of Pittsburgh, of a new and unique type of occupational work
for children.

Clewiston Sales Company — One of the largest engineering proj¬
ects to make available by drainage the rich soil of the famous Ever¬
glades of Florida was vividly pictured in the exhibit of the Clewis¬
ton Sales Company, of Clewistown, Florida. The exhibit structure
was an artistic representation of an old Spanish gateway. Rough-
hewn doors swung inward, leading the visitor over a flooring of
Celotex “tiles” to a diorama in the rear showing the network of
canals that crisscross the 45,000 acres being drained for cultivation.

To make more graphic the method by which the land was being
drained, an overhead system turned on an artificial rainfall that
flooded the land and was then carried off to lakes through the canals.
Cloud effects and a battery of lights provided a realistic semblance
of storm and sunshine.

The diorama showed the drained area dotted with farm houses,
except over the 15,000 acres reserved for the Southern Sugar Com¬
pany’s plantation. The sugar mills and Celotex factory unit,
planned as the big industries of Clewiston, were shown back of the
town on the shores of Lake Okeechobee.

E. Conti V Figle — Italy’s famed Castile soap was attractively
displayed in the exhibit of E. Conti Y Figle, together with Conti’s
Castile soap shampoo and Virgin olive oil.

Convention and Publicity Bureau, Inc., Atlantic City, N. J. —
The exhibit of the Atlantic City Convention and Publicity Bureau
featured the deck of a steamship as emblematic of the famed resort’s
Boardwalk which has been likened to the deck of an imaginary ocean
liner seven miles long.

In the center of the exhibit was a structure into which was built
eight alcoves each depicting a phase of Atlantic City, either by paint¬
ings or models in perspective. These included a reproduction of the
skyline of the principal hotels and shops along the Boardwalk with
a moving belt arrangement with rolling chairs and people, a model
in perspective of the convention hall, a general view of the residen¬
tial section, a composite view showing the main piers with their
background of beach and ocean, a multi-colored relief map showing
the extensive real estate developments, the railroads, trolley routes,
automobile roads, a view of a country club, beach front and yacht
club with grounds.

Crawford, McGregor & Canby Company — A typical company
showroom was installed by the Crawford, McGregor & Canby Com-

344

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

pany, of Dayton, Ohio, manufacturers of golf clubs. The clubs
were displayed in mahogany racks. Two special features of the
exhibit were a set of rustless steel clubs and a hand-made set finished
with ivory.

Drue ding Brothers Co. — The purpose of the exhibit of the
Drueding Brothers of Philadelphia was made educational in aspect
to show visitors the source of supply and materials used in the man¬
ufacture of hat sweat band leather and chamois skins. It was re¬
vealed that chamois skins in trade are not made of the skin of wild
chamois goats as generally believed but of domesticated sheepskins.

The display showed these skins in the natural and cured states
and indicated how the different parts are utilized.

Epaminond Chryssolor — Hand-woven all-wool rugs, paintings
and fancy work made by Roumanian peasants, together with antique
rugs and tapestries comprised the exhibit of Epaminond Chryssolor.
The display was featured by a painting of Leonied, the sixteen-year-
old son of the exhibitor, which depicted “the glory and progress of
the United States during its 150 years of independence.” Two nuns
of the convent of Tabor, Roumania, reproduced this painting in a
hand-woven rug, which was also on display.

Egyptian Art Bazaar — Egyptian brassware and silver, gold and
copper inlaid work were displayed in the exhibit of the Egyptian
Art Bazaar of Erian Boutros. The booth also contained Mashra-
biya furniture, Egyptian tapestries, Egyptian tooled leather and
basketry work, Egyptian jewelry and scarabs, imported amber and
nacre beads, modern Oriental rugs and carpets and antique Shiraz
and Baluchistan rugs.

F els-N apt ha — The year of 1926 held a two- fold significance for
Fels & Company of Philadelphia, manufacturers of Fels-Naptha
soap. While celebrating the 50th anniversary of the firm’s founding,
they observed the 150th anniversary of American Independence by
erecting an elaborate exhibition structure in the Palace of Agricul¬
ture and Foreign Exhibits. The decorative effects embodied the Fels-
Naptha trade mark and a reproduction of the soap bar. In the center
of the exhibit a sample wrapping machine was in operation.

The Fleischmann Company — The first recorded use of yeast
was in the Land of the Pharaohs and for that reason the Fleisch¬
mann Company, manufacturers of yeast and other products, built
a miniature Egyptian temple to house its exhibit.

In the temple was a mural frieze depicting the history of baking,
from primitive man down through the ages, until the present time
when bread is baked in a “travling oven” by the mile, and wrapped
and labeled by machinery.

Among the records of yeast shown in the temple was Poor Will’s

PALACE OF AGRICULTURE AND FOREIGN EXHIBITS 345

Almanack, published in Philadelphia in 1801, in which it is asserted
that a man was cured of “Putrid Fever” after yeast had been ad¬
ministered.

There were also exhibits of Balsa Wood, used by the Fleisch-
mann Company for making containers for preserving and export¬
ing yeast.

Franklin Baker Company — The various culinary purposes for
which shredded cocoanut may be utilized were indicated by the ex¬
hibit of the Franklin Baker Company of Hoboken, New Jersey,
manufacturers of cocoanut products. The display of products was
arranged in a tropical setting.

G elf and Manufacturing Company — The exhibit of the Gel f and
Manufacturing Company of Baltimore, Maryland, was built with
the idea of suggesting the French origin of the chief product dis¬
played — mayonnaise. This was successfully achieved and the beauty
of the exhibit brought forth much commendation.

Golden Book — A record of thousands of visitors to the Exposi¬
tion was kept in the form of a “Golden Book,” which was con¬
ducted by Alexander Seitz and Edward Stonehill.

The first page of the “Golden Book” was signed by President
Calvin Coolidge. Then followed the signatures of the governors of
the forty-eight states, officials of the City of Philadelphia and execu¬
tives of the Exposition.

Four hundred persons who had visited the Centennial Exposition
in 1876 also signed the book. Signatures and addresses of the gen¬
eral public then followed.

Government of Porto Rico Tobacco Agency — Under the auspices
of Porto Rico Tobacco Agency, growers and manufacturers in the
island participated in an exhibit illustrating the methods established
by the Government for the guarantee of the purity of the tobacco
exported from Porto Rico. It was shown that the agency guards
against any fraud or adulteration of Porto Rico tobacco by main¬
taining all possible vigilance on the arrival of the tobacco from the
island to all ports of the United States. • The exhibit of character¬
istic products was housed in a structure representative of the archi¬
tecture prevalent in Porto Rico.

Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company — A model “A. & P.”
retail grocery store wTas the novel exhibit of The Great Atlantic and
Pacific Tea Company. The “stock” consisted of samples of every
product handled by the company. The company also erected a typi¬
cal Brazilian coffee house, from which “Eight O’Clock Coffee” was
served free to the public with a view of advertising Santos Coffee in
the United States.

Stavros P. Haggea & Sons — Hand-woven rugs and carpets from

346

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Persia, Turkey and Greece, Arabian jewelry and perfumes, tapes¬
tries and embroideries were included in the exhibit of Stavros P.
Haggea & Sons of Constantinople.

Einar Hausvik & Company — Norwegian canned fish were dis¬
played in the exhibit of Einar Hausvik & Company, of Bergen, Nor¬
way. Attention of visitors was called to the fact that the Norwegian
sardine is used very extensively in the United States, nearly 100,000
cases, each containing 100 tins, being exported annually to this
country. In addition to canned sardines the exhibit contained kip¬
pered herring, kippered snacks, soused and fresh mackerel, special¬
ties such as cod roe, Norwegian caviar, fish balls, anchovies, gaff el-
biter and various other appetizers.

K. Hovden Co. — The exhibit of canned fish products by the
K. Hovden Company of Monterey, California, demonstrated how
sardines caught in the Pacific Ocean are cut, cleaned and steam
cooked within a few hours after they are caught, and cooled and
packed in different condiments such as tomato sauce, mustard sauce,
spiced vinegar, wine sauce, cottonseed oil and olive oil.

Institute of American Meat Packers — Models showing the proc¬
esses of dressed meat production and the method used in dividing
carcasses into wholesale cuts were displayed by the Institute of
American Meat Packers in order to demonstrate how the American
consumer receives his meats after they have been treated in the most
sanitary and scientific manner yet devised. Charts were shown of
the classifications and gradings of standardized meats. This ex¬
hibit occupied a large floor area and held the interest of visitors in a
marked degree.

Institute of Margarine Manufacturers — The principal part of the
exhibit of the Institute of Margarine Manufacturers of Washing¬
ton, D. C., consisted of a continuous motion picture showing the
actual processes involved in the manufacture of margarine from the
production of raw materials up to and including the packing of
the finished product.

It was shown there are two kinds of margarine. One kind is made
of animal fats, vegetable fats, salt and milk. The other kind, usually
called nut margarine, is made of vegetable fats, salt and milk.

The Jell-0 Company-— In an exhibit structure representing a
Colonial cottage the manufacturers of Jell-O displayed their prod¬
uct made into salads, relishes and desserts in molds that varied in size
and form from individual servings to huge displays that could adorn
a banquet table. Women attendants distributed samples and ex¬
plained the numerous dishes that could be made with Jell-0 as a
base.

PALACE OF AGRICULTURE AND FOREIGN EXHIBITS 347

Jeunesse d'or — Exotic French perfumes were displayed by
Jeunesse d’or of Philadelphia, American representative of Parfums
d’Orsay, Rue de la Paix, Paris. The quality of the scents used in
making the d’Orsay perfumes and the purity of the oils used as a
foundation were emphasized. The distinctive quality of the con¬
tainers in which the perfumes are offered added to the attractive¬
ness of this exhibit.

Ferdinand Keller — The prevalent craze for antiques gave signifi¬
cance to the exhibit sponsored by Ferdinand Keller of Philadelphia.
In this exhibit was a statue of a dog carved by Jules Moiguez, which
was shown at the Centennial Exposition fifty years before. Rare
pieces of furniture and a collection of armor and weapons were
outstanding attractions of this antiquary’s display.

In the armorial collection some of the pieces dated back to the
twelfth century. Weapons and armor shown included African
spears from the Congo Free State; Spanish, Italian and French
rapiers; English, Italian, French, Chinese and Japanese swords;
spears, neck-breakers and war clubs from the Fiji Islands; rare
Swiss cross-bows with “goat-foot” designs; Persian Hindoo, Italian,
French and Scotch knives, daggers, dirks; French breast and back
plates; English armor pieces; Moorish and Persian helmets, coats
of mail, powder horns and shields; knives, scimitars, bows and
arrows.

Kliambata and Dastur — French tapestry, jewelry, laces and silks
on display in the bazaar of Khambata and Dastur, attracted thou¬
sands of visitors interested in the industrial arts of other lands.

Carl F. Lauber — “Sani-Tone,” a digestive tonic made under gov¬
ernment authority, was effectively displayed by its manufacturer,
Carl F. Lauber of Philadelphia. A German mineral water was also
shown in this exhibit.

Leon M. Levy — Oriental goods, perfumes, tooled leather, ham¬
mered brasses, embroideries and beads, brought from Tunis, North
Africa, by Leon M. Levy, added to the color that this far-away
land gave to the foreign exhibits.

Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce — The resources and advan¬
tages of Los Angeles County, California, were presented compre¬
hensively by the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce in a typical
Spanish- American Building, adobe style, 35 feet by 90 feet with a
patio or inner court. The structure was three stories high and con¬
tained four large exhibit rooms, fitted with mission style furniture.
A group of Spanish musicians and dancers entertained visitors to
this building.

Dioramas in large alcoves depicted various beauty spots of the

348

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

county and illustrated its industries. Recent advances in land de¬
velopment and commerce were shown on one of the dioramas, pic¬
turing the Los Angeles County refineries and oil basin from which
were produced in 1925 more than 200,000,000 barrels, or nearly
$250,000,000 in oil. Attention was called in another diorama to
the vast scope of the moving picture industry in Los Angeles County.
Attractive new resorts and home towns on mountain top, ocean
beach and valleys were also graphically shown. Other dioramas
revealed typical agricultural and fruit growing centers.

A complete exhibit of fruits, produce and agricultural products
of the county included grape fruit, oranges, lemons, melons, canta¬
loupes, lima beans, alfalfa, barley and walnuts. Various dairy prod¬
ucts, fish game, and many by-products of the agricultural fields
were also displayed.

Giovanni Luise & Sons — Coral in all its entrancing shades and a
large assortment of ornaments made from this product were dis¬
played by Giovanni Luise & Sons, of England, together with hand-
carved cameos and articles in tortoise shell, mother-of-pearl neck¬
laces, paintings by Arabian artists, olive wood inlaid boxes, trays and
picture frames.

Maison Faustin — Millinery, lingerie, artificial flowers, jewelry,
hand bags and novelties of French manufacture, comprised the ex¬
hibit of D. Arditi, successor to the Maison Faustin, of Paris. Copies
of real stones in beads, novelty cigarette cases, feather flowers and
feather hats, shawls, scarfs, handkerchiefs, silks, china, flower bowls,
vases and feather fans, together with French candy, were also
shown.

Maison Zagha — From the Maison Zagha, Aix-les-Bains, France,
came an exhibit that combined the French love of the beautiful and
the color of the Orient. French and Oriental art goods, silks, rugs,
antique jewelry, brasses, arabesques and Oriental tapestries made up
this unique exhibit.

L. Maurice — Window shopping on a fashionable street of Paris
was the experience of visitors to the exhibit of L. Maurice, of that
city, in which were included French jewelry, bags, beads and bead-
work, tapestries, silks and shawls.

I. Maymon — The lure of the Riviera was found in the exhibit
brought from Nice, France, by I. Maymon. The piece de resis¬
tance of this display was a Louis XV tapestry. Antique Persian
rugs, fine art needle work, French linens and silks were also shown
in fascinating variety.

Maxwell House Coffee — The Cheek-Neal Coffee Company, of
Brooklyn, N. Y., exhibited “The Giant Coffee Can,” a huge fac-

Hungary.

Spain.

Czechoslovakia.

Great Britain.

Glimpses of Foreign Sectio>is in Palace of
Agriculture and Foreign Exhibits.

Exhibits in Palace of Agriculture and Foreign
Exhibits. (At Top) — The Flcischmann Com¬
pany. (In Middle) — A. Wittnaucr Co. (At Bot¬
tom) — Freihofer's.

PALACE OF AGRICULTURE AND FOREIGN EXHIBITS 349

simile of the Maxwell House Coffee container. The can was fif¬
teen feet high and seven feet in circumference. A canvas wrapper for
the can was painted in Sheridan, Wyoming, by Newby, an artist
more than seventy years of age. This painting was pronounced of
unusual merit by artists who visited the Exposition and is being
preserved by the Cheek-Neal Company.

More than one million cups of coffee were served free to the pub¬
lic from this booth, together with 500,000 pamphlets telling “The
Story of Coffee and How to Make It.”

McCormick & Co., Inc. — Specimens of Bee Brand flavoring ex¬
tracts, salad dressings and spices, and Banquet teas were displayed
in the exhibit of McCormick & Company of Baltimore. Attendants
explained the origin of many spices. Tea imported, blended and
packed by this company was brewed and served to visitors.

Monroe County Publicity Bureau — The particular advantages of
Monroe County, Pennsylvania, as a recreational center for vacation¬
ists and health seekers were presented by the exhibit of the publicity
bureau of that county.

Attention was called to the fact that this section embraces the
Pocono Mountains and the Delaware Water Gap, which abound with
forestry and wild game and fish, and has lakes, six hundred miles of
good roads, five hundred hotels and cottages, five hundred to twenty-
three hundred feet elevation, a healthful climate, excellent fishing
and hunting, thousands of camp and bungalow sites and twenty miles
of river front. The region is readily accessible by railroads and im¬
proved automobile roads.

Ernst N eumarker — German kitchen utensils, metal fancy goods,
electrical household appliances, electric waffle irons, air-tight closing
apparatus for preserving foods in cans and jars and other improved
devices were displayed by Ernst Neumarker of Westphalia, Germany.

Nissim Amram Freres — Direct from Algiers, the capital of Al¬
geria, proud possession of France, was a notable exhibit of antiques,
oriental tapestries, embroideries, rugs, beaten silver and brasses,
sponsored by Nissim Amram Freres of Algiers.

C. Nizard — Oriental rugs, tapestries, jewelry, shawls and special¬
ties comprised the exhibit of C. Nizard of Tunis, ranking high
among those sent from this French protectorate in North Africa.

Charles N unneman — The exhibit of Charles Nunneman of Ger¬
many embraced beaded bags, cutlery, leather goods, gold and silver
antique jewelry, needle-point bags, amber, and hand paintings on
black velvet.

Penn Leather Company — A new method of resoling shoes by use
of a water-proof cement and hydraulic pressure eliminating nailing

350 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

or stitching was demonstrated by the Penn Leather Company of
Philadelphia. This exhibit was housed in a structure that was lined
with oak bark used by this firm in tanning leather, an industry it had
been engaged in for 86 years. It was pointed out that many of the
craftsmen employed by this firm represent the third generation in
its business.

Phillip s-Laffitte Company — Demonstrations of labor-saving de¬
vices for the home were given by attendants at the booth of the
Phillips-Laffitte Company of Philadelphia. Among exhibits were
a machine for electro-plating without a battery; products for clean¬
ing silver ; for replating automobile radiators and faucets, for remov¬
ing rust and verdigris from metals, for paint and porcelain cleansing,
for cleaning windows, a sanitary under-the-sink strainer, a knife
sharpener, Star can opener, portable door swings, rings and trapeze
for children.

Pneumatic Scale Corporation, Limited — Collaborating with the
exhibit of the William S. Scull Company of Camden, N. J., the
Pneumatic Scale Corporation, Limited, of Norfolk Downs, Massa¬
chusetts, demonstrated a machine which automatically made tea
balls, the small gauze bags served at clubs, restaurants, and in the
home, such as are placed in the cup of hot water for brewing the
individual cup of tea. The machine automatically took a piece of
gauze from a roll, cut it into proper size, filled the proper amount of
tea into the gauze, formed the gauze into a pouch, tied the pouch with
a string, trimmed off the surplus gauze, which was removed by
vacuum, and then tied an identifying tag on the end of the string.

R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company — Heroic-sized packages of
“Camel” and “Prince Albert” smoking tobacco, leading products of
the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. of Winston-Salem, N. C., were dis¬
played by this company in a structure that depicted the portico of
a Southern home built in Colonial style.

Harold E. Rhone — -In the midst of foreign displays that carried
the visitors as if on a magic carpet to other lands was a tangible
reminder that he was still in the United States. It was a booth in
which souvenirs of the Sesqui-Centennial in the form of Liberty
Bells, medals, etc., were offered by Harold E. Rhone of Philadelphia.

The Royal Baking Powder Company — Giving prominence to
Royal Baking Powder, which was also exhibited at the Centennial
Exposition fifty years before, this company displayed its products in
a structure modeled after a seventeenth century French Renaissance
castle. Eight young ladies attractively costumed distributed replicas
of the same type of souvenir fans which the company distributed at
the Centennial Exposition and made up and served fancy moulds
of Royal Fruit Flavored Gelatin.

PALACE OF AGRICULTURE AND FOREIGN EXHIBITS

351

B. Sah — Arts and crafts of Palestine exhibited by B. Sah of Jeru¬
salem brought to mind the new era that dawned for the Holy Land
as a result of the World War. In a background suggesting both the
colorfulness and religious mysticism of the Near East were shown
hand-carved woodwork made from the Palestine olive tree, ham¬
mered brass, ivory, copper and silver-work, amber, mother-of-pearl
rosaries and ikons from Bethlehem. Here also were Nazareth needle¬
work and laces, Jerusalem pottery, arabesque furniture and Oriental
hand-made rugs and jewelry.

The C. F. Sauer Company — In the identical exhibit structure in
which it displayed its products at the Panama-Pacific Exposition at
San Francisco in 1915, winning the Grand Prix, the C. F. Sauer
Company of Richmond, Ya., showed its line of flavoring extracts
manufactured by it for more than 41 years, winning the Gold Medal.

William S. Scull Company — The “Boscul” method of preparing
coffees and teas which have been distributed by the William S. Scull
Company, Camden, New Jersey, was demonstrated at the exhibit
structure of that company.

The removal of the bitter chaff and the grinding of the roasted
coffee bean were shown on a machine installed by the Jabez Burns
and Sons Company of New York; the automatic weighing and
filling of a one-pound can by a machine installed by The National
Packaging Machinery Company, Jamaica Plains, Boston, Massachu¬
setts; and the extraction of air and sealing of the can by the machine
installed by the Thermokept Corporation of New York.

A machine installed by the Pneumatic Seal Corporation, Ltd.,
Northfield Downs, Massachusetts, demonstrated how the Boscul In¬
dividual Tea is weighed and filled in bags which are tied and tagged
in the same process. An interesting booklet upon the history of coffee
drinking in this country and the cultivation of coffee in Brazil was
distributed to visitors.

Ayash Shammath & Son — The industrial art exhibit of Ayash
Shammah & Son included French tapestries, Oriental rugs, embroid¬
eries and damasks.

Seeck & Kade, Inc. — An improved medicine cabinet containing
twelve bottles marked “boracic acid, Epsom salt, bicar. soda, rhubarb
& soda, powdered mustard, absorbent cotton, tinct. iodine, Listerine,
castor oil, Pertussin cough syrup, arom. spt. ammonia, chloroform
lin.” was displayed by Seeck & Kade, Inc., manufacturing chemists
of New York.

Rafael Seth on — The close bonds uniting France and Algeria, her
possession in North Africa, were demonstrated in the French exhibit
of Rafael Setbon of Paris. Algerian perfumes and Algerian hand¬
work were notable features of this display of French novelties and

352 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

silks, tapestries, beads, handkerchiefs, shawls, art goods, candies,
scarves, linens, rugs and brasses.

Beatrix Sherman (Silhouettes) — Beatrix Sherman, one of the
foremost artists of silhouette cutting since August Edouart (1804-
1849) in her exhibition showed autographed silhouettes of famous
men and women in all walks of life, including President Coolidge,
former Presidents Roosevelt, Harding and Wilson, the Prince of
Wales, the King and Queen of Belgium, Ignace Jan Paderewski,
Fritz Kreisler, Marshals Joffre and Foch.

Southern Aid Society of Virginia— The exhibit of the Southern
Aid Society of Richmond, Virginia, an industrial sick benefit organi¬
zation, showed through the medium of wax figures the widow of a
deceased policyholder receiving a check from a cashier in exchange
for a policy and claim papers of the company.

Spring Stopper Company — An air-tight and sanitary bottle manu¬
factured with an inside screw finish in the neck of the bottle by spe¬
cial patented machines was displayed by the Spring Stopper Com¬
pany of New York.

G. H. Taieb — A typical North African bazaar, brought from the
glamorous southern shore of the Mediterranean by G. H. Taieb of
Tunis, contained an elaborate display of the native products that trav¬
elers seek avidly. Tunisian pottery, leather goods, jewelry, furniture,
perfumes, embroideries, garments and rugs from the famed looms of
Kaivorian were here in profusion.

West Texas Chamber of Commerce — The advantages afforded by
the western section of Texas to the agriculturist were emphasized in
the exhibit of the West Texas Chamber of Commerce, which called
attention to the fact that while the territory is comparatively unde¬
veloped, yet there are many modern conveniences, such as grain ele¬
vators, grist mills, cotton gins, merchandising stores, banks, churches
and consolidated schools and educational institutions. Samples of the
commodities that can be grown with profit in the region were dis¬
played. They included cotton, wheat, brown corn, pinto beans, forage
crops, Kaffir corn, maize, feterita, sweet clover, barley and Indian
corn. Wool, mohair and dairy exhibits illustrated the possibilities for
the small stock raiser.

Although the mineral resources are imperfectly known because of
the vast section still unsurveyed, specimens of bituminous coal, iron
ore, limestone, slate, brick clay, glass sand, potash, oil and gas were
shown.

Joseph Tibi — Silk rugs and embroideries of Tunisian design were
prominently displayed in the exhibit of Joseph Tibi. The booth also
contained a display of jewelry, Arabian silver filigree, scarves, shawls
and tapestries.

PALACE OF AGRICULTURE AND FOREIGN EXHIBITS 353

A. Wittnauer Company — One of the most valuable collection of
watches and clocks ever assembled comprised the exhibition of A.
Wittnauer Company of New York, makers of “Longines, the Obser¬
vatory Watch.’ ’ The display of Longines timepieces was brought in
bond from Switzerland and was valued at $250,000. It included a
set of fine clocks in a variety of enamel cases, some with alarm and
repeating movements, as well as artistic pieces set with emeralds,
sapphires and diamonds especially made for the Exposition.

Swiss silver and metal watches, French fancy watches in platinum
and gold, English straps, Belgian hunting watches, Spanish and
Italian thin-model watches for men, models for railroad use, chro¬
nometers, etc., were also shown. Styles of watches and clocks used in
Austria, Hungary, Czecho-Slovakia, Poland, the Balkans, Asia,
China, Japan, Africa, Australia, Central and South America indi¬
cated the varying taste of these countries.

There was also a fine collection of unique pieces : a master chrono¬
graph more than five feet in diameter ; a gentleman’s platinum watch
studded with diamonds, the numerals being made with genuine rubies
set into fine calibre diamonds, the enamel dial showing a figure repre¬
senting Ariadne ; a prize-winning deck watch which had been exhib¬
ited at the world’s leading observatories ; an antique pocket sun dial
which served also as a compass, which was made in the seventeenth
century by a French master craftsman. A collection of some of the
earliest watches made in France and Switzerland included originals
by Breguet and Lapine.

A special collection of precision instruments made by the Agassiz
Watch Company was also shown in the Wittnauer exhibit. One
movement used in a lady’s watch was exhibited as the smallest ever
made in Switzerland; next to this tiny mechanism was shown a
movement twelves inches in diameter, the largest ever made.

The Majestic Watch Company displayed each of the 175 parts con¬
tained in a single movement watch. The Angeles Watch Company
had an interesting exhibit of eight-day clocks, while the Brighton
Watch Case Company presented an unusual collection of watch cases,
and showed the process of manufacturing them. All these companies
are subsidiaries of A. Wittnauer Company.

A. E. Wright Company — In an exhibit structure designed after a
French chalet the food dressing products of the A. E. Wright Com¬
pany of Chicago, Illinois, were effectively displayed. Between the
dormer windows of the chalet a shield hung upon which was a repro¬
duction about four feet high of a Wright’s French Dressing bottle.

/. W. Wuppermann Angostura Bitters Agency, Inc. — A typical
coolie cottage of the island of Trinidad, British West Indies, housed
an exhibit by the J. W. Wuppermann Angostura Bitters Agency,

354 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Inc., of New York City. The product displayed was first made more
than a century ago in the little town of Angostura, nearly 300 miles
from the mouth of the Orinoco river in Venezuela by a German phy¬
sician, Dr. J. G. B. Siegert, a veteran of the Napoleonic wars who
had migrated to that country to join forces with the liberator of Ven¬
ezuela, General Simon Bolivar. It is now manufactured in Trinidad.

N. D. Zekaria — A Turkish bazaar in Bagdad was reproduced for
the exhibit of Oriental arts and crafts by S. D. Zekaria that included
finely hand-carved inlay work on sterling silver. Called “Sebbah”
work, this is done only by about one hundred families in Iraq who
have never taught the secret process to the members of any other
caste or revealed it otherwise. The advantage of this work is that
the inlaying does not come off though it be cleaned very roughly
and even filed with a fine file. The exhibits in this style of work were
tea and coffee sets, flower vases, toilet sets, dinner sets and other
articles.

Other exhibits in this bazaar were hand-woven opera cloaks, bed
spreads, scarves of silk, wool and cotton; assorted household and
office furniture, made and carved by hand and inlaid with various
kinds of woods, mother-of-pearl, ivory bone and silver; rugs, em¬
broideries; brassware of hammered and carved design inlaid with
silver and copper in the form of household and ornamental articles ;
Turkish pipes, and a collection of pottery.

CHAPTER XXV

PALACE OF UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT,
MACHINERY AND TRANSPORTATION

DIMENSIONS OF BUILDING — PROXIMITY TO LEAGUE ISLAND NAVY YARD — MAIN GOVERN¬
MENT EXHIBIT, DESCRIBED IN SEPARATE CHAPTER — DIESEL COMBUSTION ENGINES —
HISTORIC TRANSPORTATION — INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITS.

This palace was popularly known as the Government Building be¬
cause it housed the finest and most comprehensive Federal Govern¬
ment exhibit ever seen at any exposition. Virtually every department
and every activity of the government was represented.

In addition to the government exhibit, however, there were notable
displays in the lines of machinery, mining and transportation. Stu¬
dents, mechanics and engineers found special interest in the internal
combustion engines, testing machinery, meters and valves, truck and
fire apparatus, locomotives, electrical appliances, files and tools. Great
industrial corporations installed in this building exhibits costing in
the aggregate millions of dollars.

The palace was located at the south end of Broad Street near the
entrance to League Island Navy Yard. Its high tower could be seen
from almost every section of the Exposition grounds. The overall
dimensions were 880 feet by 400 feet and the floor area was 321,800
square feet.

It was not until late in July that this palace was completed and it
was later still before the exhibits were installed, but when it was
finally ready it became the mecca of all visitors to the Exposition to
whom the bewildering diversity of things to be seen was a constant
source of surprise and delight.

Here was the NC-4, the first seaplane to cross the Atlantic Ocean.
Here were the largest electric locomotive in the world and the largest
steam locomotive. The visitor here saw Navajo Indians weaving
their matchless rugs, coin stamping machine in operation, a Well
Child Clinic functioning. He learned of pearls made from herring
bones. The lifeboat of the U. S. S. Roosevelt in which the crew of
the wrecked Antinoe were rescued was to be seen as well as a $25,000
model of the Leviathan.

A paper money printing press in operation, a lighthouse lens twelve
feet in diameter, and actual size ocean buoys were things to marvel
at. The first LYiited States patent ever issued was an interesting curi¬
osity. A miniature coal breaker in operation gave to the observer a
knowledge of mining methods. The model of the Asphalt Lake dis-

355

356 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

covered by Columbus was of unusual interest. Diesel combustion
engines of the most advanced type were in striking contrast with the
stationary steam engine built by Mathias Baldwin in 1830.

The government exhibit is described in some detail in a separate
chapter. Among the industrial exhibits were the following :

American La France Fire Engine Company, Inc. — The latest de¬
velopments in fire apparatus were on view in the exhibit of the Amer¬
ican La France Fire Engine Company of New York. One of the
most interesting individual exhibits was a Type 75, 750-Gallon Triple
Combination Pump, Chemical and Hose Car constructed for munici¬
pal service and used extensively throughout this country. Various
types of fire extinguishers and chemical engines for industrial and
fire department use were shown, ranging from extinguishers of one-
quart capacity to hand-pulled chemical engines with a capacity of
forty gallons. Other articles displayed included protective devices
used by firemen, such as gas masks, pure air masks, respirators, elec¬
tric hand lanterns, nozzles and a thawing device. A commercial truck
manufactured by this company was included in the exhibit.

The American Pulley Company — Utilization of pressed steel as a
material for the construction of pulleys, hangers and hand trucks was
illustrated by the exhibit of The American Pulley Company of Phila¬
delphia, which included a comprehensive display of its varied prod¬
ucts.

Ames Shovel and Tool Company — The part played by the plebeian
shovel in the progress of civilization was graphically shown in the
exhibit of the Ames Shovel and Tool Company of Boston, Massachu¬
setts, pioneer in the shovel making industry in this country. Captain
John Ames of Bridgewater, Massachusetts, wrought the first shovel
made in this country. Illustrated by hand, panels depicted the vari¬
ous uses to which shovels are put in war, farm work, railroad build¬
ing, placer mining and all forms of construction work.

Atlantic Refining Company — -A model of the extensive Philadel¬
phia plant of the Atlantic Refining Company as it functions in sup¬
plying gasoline and motor oils to the public gave a graphic demon¬
stration of the company’s activities of special interest to the
motorist. The methods of loading huge trucks from the great tanks
of the plant were shown as well as the workings of a loading sta¬
tion where barreled products are handled. Typical service pumps
installed by this company on highways were an integral part of the
exhibit.

The Baldwin Locomotive Works - — Ninety-five years progress in
locomotive design and power was appropriately illustrated by the
Baldwin exhibit. It consisted of four locomotives : a full-size model
of “Old Ironsides,” the original locomotive built by M. W. Baldwin

Exhibits in the Palace of U. S. Government ,
Machinery and Transportation. (At Top) —
The Baldwin Locomotive Works. (Second
from Top) — The American Pulley Co. (Third)
— Atlantic Refining Company. (At Bottom ) —
Stanley G. Flagg & Co.

Exhibits in the Palace of U. S. Government ,
Machinery and Transportation. (At Top) —
Molby Boiler Company. (In Middle) — The J.
G. Brill Company. (At Bottom) — General Elec¬
tric Company.

PALACE OF U. S., MACHINERY AND TRANSPORTATION 357

in 1831 ; a Mogul type belonging to the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad
and built in 1875 ; a Sante Fe type built in 1926 for the same railroad,
and a Mountain type for the Pennsylvania System.

“Old Ironsides” was built for the Philadelphia, Germantown and
Norristown Railroad, which used it between Philadelphia and Ger¬
mantown, a distance of 6 miles. In wet weather the locomotive was
replaced by horses. It weighed with tender about seven and a half
tons.

The Mogul type, which was exhibited at the Centennial Exposition
of 1876, showed considerable advance over “Old Ironsides,” but in
comparison with locomotives of today appeared very simple in con¬
struction and in control appliances.

The modern Sante Fe type, weighing complete writh its tender 350
tons, showed that fifty years had made very notable differences in the
size of locomotives and the devices applied to them. The tender, car¬
ried on tw*o six-wheeled trucks, holds 15,800 gallons of water and
23 tons of coal. It is coaled bv a mechanical stoker.

•S

One of 175 ordered from the Baldwin Locomotive Works by the
Pennsylvania Railroad, the Mountain type exhibited is especially
suitable for the heaviest class of passenger service but can be equally
well employed in fast freight traffic.

In addition to the locomotives there was displayed a stationary
engine built in 1830 by M. W. Baldwin which remained in continu¬
ous service until 1873 and was in perfect working order at the time
of the Exposition.

Barber Asphalt Company — The exhibit of the Barber Asphalt
Company of Philadelphia consisted of a model of the famous Trini¬
dad Asphalt Lake, in the British West Indies, from which the crude
asphalt is obtained. This lake, which is approximately 100 acres in
area, has a maximum depth in the centre of 285 feet. During the
past 40 years preceding 1926 the surface of the lake had lowered 22
feet through the removal of approximately 5,000,000 tons of asphalt.
The model showed the method by which this asphalt in the crude
state is removed from the lake to be later refined into the basic mate¬
rial for street paving, roofing, floorings, paints and allied protective
products.

Bethlehem Steel Company , Inc. — The exhibit of the Bethlehem
Steel Company, Inc., was illustrative of the contacts with, and effect
upon, industry in general of a large and completely integrated cor¬
poration engaged in the manufacture of iron and steel.

At one end of the exhibit space the company showed by pictures,
maps, models and actual products its participation in the ship-build¬
ing, ship repair and ship-fittings industry through the Bethlehem-

358 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Drysdale upright centrifugal pumps, Bethlehem- Weir reciprocating
pumps and Bethlehem- Weir turbine-driven centrifugal boiler feed
pumps, the Bethlehem-Dahl mechanical oil burner, steam turbine
blading and rotor assemblies, the contra-propeller, metal ship trim
and the Bethlehem small-unit type Diesel engine.

At the other end the company portrayed its participation in the
railroad industry of the country. Here were shown the Bethlehem
auxiliary locomotive, the hook flange guard rail, the Steelton positive
switch stands, New Century switch stands, a modern switch, rolled
steel car wheels, the Bethco rail anchor, rails of all types and weights,
a mine car, mine ties and mine rails, tie plates, plain spikes, the Beth¬
lehem screw spike, boiler tubes and axles. Pictures and parts also
illustrated its activity in the field of passenger coach, mail car, bag¬
gage car, freight car and tank car building.

Between these two exhibits was shown the transformation of iron
ore into finished iron and steel products. The back wall of the exhibit
space was decorated with pictures of the corporation’s plants and
maps showing location of plants and properties.

In assembling the exhibit particular attention was given to educa¬
tional and general interest features. With this in mind the quantities
and the flow of materials, incident to the three primary operations of
a steel plant — coking, smelting and refining — were shown by charts
and samples of materials, all properly legended.

The J. G. Brill Company — Philadelphia’s reputation as the home
of America’s foremost car-building industry was emphasized in the
exhibit of the J. G. Brill Company, which not only turns out more
cars for service in the United States than any other car builder, but
also exports a large portion of its products, both electric and steam
cars and trucks, to virtually every country in the world.

Through the medium of models of horse cars, cable cars, electric
cars, gas rail cars and gas-electric cars, mounted on the exhibit struc¬
ture, and by illuminated photographs of various types of mechanical
drive gasoline and gas-electric cars and both city and interurban elec¬
tric cars the company indicated its activities as a builder of co-ordi¬
nated transportation equipment. The horse and cable car models
showed the company’s affiliation with the public transportation indus¬
try since 1868.

Though the exhibit did not include actual cars, the General Electric
Company in the same building exhibited the standard type of double
truck cars used by the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company and the
Brooklyn City Railroad, both of which, including bodies, trucks, and
seats, are of Brill manufacture.

A specially prepared publication distributed at the exhibit, en-

PALACE OF U. S., MACHINERY AND TRANSPORTATION 359

titled “The Car-building Industry in Philadelphia,” not only traced
the company’s activities in the days of the horse car, but also em¬
phasized the wide range of transportation vehicles in which the
company is interested.

Bristol Company — Electrically operated recording instruments
comprised the exhibit of the Bristol Company of Waterbury, Con¬
necticut. The models shown included indicating and recording py¬
rometers; indicating and recording tachometers; recording volt¬
meters, wattmeters, ammeters, millivoltmeters, shunt ammeters and
electrical receiving instruments, instruments for recording, control¬
ling and transmitting temperatures and pressure gauges, thermome¬
ters, steel belt lacing and safety set screws.

Connery & Company — The exhibit of Connery & Company of
Philadelphia demonstrated the advancement made during the preced¬
ing decade in the construction of steel plate work subject to excessive
temperatures either from gas, air or other sources, excessive strains
and stresses in which expansion and contraction were features ; also
the advancement in the design and construction of road and roofing
tar and asphalt heaters.

The exhibit structure was formed of a section of breeching and
flue used in connecting boilers to steel stack for the purpose of creat¬
ing proper draft and of permitting the escape of heated gases from
the burning of fuel in large industrial heating plants and power sta¬
tions.

Crane — Valves and fittings for marine service, railways and va¬
rious industries were highlights of the exhibit of Crane in this build¬
ing. Crane also had an elaborate exhibit in the Palace of Liberal
Arts and Manufactures.

Duff Manufacturing Company — Railway, industrial and automo¬
tive jacks of all types and tonnages were exhibited by the Duff Man¬
ufacturing Company of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The display in¬
cluded governor-controlled self-lowering jacks, ball-bearing screw
jacks of 50-tons capacity and a variety of others adapted to automo¬
bile and other commercial uses.

Durant Motors , Inc. — Various models of the automotive products
of Durant Motors, Inc., were exhibited by that company. These in¬
cluded sport roadsters, sedans, coaches, coupes, trucks and a chassis.
The working parts of the chassis were exposed by a mirror on which
it was set.

Franklin Air Compressor Corporation — This company exhibited a
model of its internationally known standard air compressor which is
a machine designed primarily for the automatic supplying of free air
for garages and service stations. Literature distributed informed

360

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

visitors that Franklin compressors, manufactured in Norristown,
Pennsylvania, are used by all departments of the United States Gov¬
ernment and are in use in every country where automobiles are on
the road.

Stanley G. Flagg & Company, Inc. — Samples of malleable iron
castings which were bent, twisted and hammered down to show their
high degree of malleability, ductility, etc., together with cross sec¬
tions of fittings and castings which demonstrated the care and accu¬
racy required in machining them were shown in the exhibit of the
Stanley G. Flagg & Company, Inc., of Philadelphia. The pipe fittings
displayed were of the varieties used in connection with oil fields, re¬
fineries and gasoline fields, and for gas, steam and water.

Frick Company, Inc. — A heavy pipe railing kept covered with
frost by the action of a refrigerating machine attracted many visitors
to the exhibit of the Frick Company., Inc., of Waynesboro, Pennsyl¬
vania, manufacturer of refrigerating machinery. One of the ma¬
chines displayed illustrated the large Frick enclosed type of ammonia
compressor to be mounted on a concrete base.

General Electric Company — Massive electrically driven locomo¬
tives through which visitors were permitted to pass for close inspec¬
tion attracted great crowds to the exhibit of the General Electric
Company of Schenectady, New York. One weighing 265 tons had
been operating over heavy mountain grades in the Pacific Coast
region drawing a 1200-ton train at a speed of 28 miles per hour, a
run which ordinarily takes two of the largest steam locomotives to
accomplish at 1 5 miles per hour.

Locomotives of this type going down grade regenerate to control
the speed of the train and thereby automatically make a recovery on
the amount of current and also eliminate the wear and tear on brake
shoes and braking equipment. Sixty-one electric locomotives are in
service performing the same duties as formerly required 162 steam
locomotives. This locomotive operates on 3000 volts direct current
and takes care of the heating, lighting and re-charging of batteries
throughout the entire train.

Trolley cars as used in Philadelphia and Brooklyn and equipped
with General Electric motors, commercial motor trucks and air mail
beacon lights were also displayed.

Gulf Refining Company — The manner in which the Gulf Refining
Company caters to the motoring public was exemplified by the exhibit
of this concern in a model service station. A novel oil rack was util¬
ized to show the various grades of the company’s products. Tubes
filled with various grades and colors of refined oil into which gradu¬
ated jets of air were introduced gave the effect of constant movement

PALACE OF U. S., MACHINERY AND TRANSPORTATION 361

upward, always flowing but never escaping. Road maps and touring
information were distributed.

Heller Brothers Company — The exhibit of this company consisted
of files, rasps, blacksmiths’ and automobilists’ tools, hammers and
clay crucible tool steel manufactured under the Heller name since
1836. The company’s plants are at Newark, New Jersey, and New-
cornerstown, Ohio.

Molby Boiler Company — The exhibit of the Molby Boiler Com¬
pany of New York featured three self-coaling boilers manufactured
by this concern. One of the boilers was in constant operation to dem¬
onstrate how efficiently Molby steam, vapor and hot-water heating
boilers and Molby heavy-duty tank heaters burn the cheaper, small¬
sized hard coal known as No. 1 Buckwheat without a forced draft.

The labor-saving character of the exhibited product was seen in
the “hopper” or magazine which carries a twelve or twenty- four
hour supply of coal and feeds it down into the fire by gravity. This
magazine was not an accessory, but was built into and was part of
the boiler itself.

Morrison Safety Ladder Foot Suction Grip Company — Grips to
be fitted to ladders in order to aid in preventing them from slipping
were exhibited by the Morrison Safety Ladder Foot Suction Grip
Company of Lowell, Massachusetts.

Morse Chain Company — Silent chain drives used for the trans¬
mission of power between parallel shafts and to take the place of
belting or gears were shown by the Morse Chain Company of Ithaca,
New York. These chains, it was explained to visitors, are so con¬
structed they may be used in cases where as much as 5000 horse¬
power is transmitted and as little as the small timing chains on auto¬
mobiles.

Pennsylvania Grade Crude Oil Association — The processes of re¬
fining crude oil were outlined in the exhibit of the Pennsylvania
Grade Crude Oil Association. It was arranged so as to show all the
various crude oil products and the particular point in the refining
operation at which each is obtained. A metal frame held 40 tubes
containing the products and electric lights flashed at regular intervals
back of each tube.

Pittsburgh Steel Products Company — The exhibit of the Pitts¬
burgh Steel Products Company of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, con¬
sisted of a house built entirely of seamless steel tubing for which it
required about 50,000 feet of various sizes and shapes, together with
an interior display of finished and semi-finished products illustrating
the various phases of manufacture of seamless steel tubing and some
of the uses to which it is put. The weight of the building was approx-

362

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

imately 17,000 pounds. It was constructed in sections so it could be
readily assembled and taken down.

Safety Electric Sander Corporation — An electrically heated sand¬
ing device which facilitates the stopping of locomotives and trolley
cars was exhibited by the Safety Electric Sander Corporation of
Philadelphia. It was pointed out to visitors that this sander is heated
and insures free running sand upon the tracks over which the wheels
of the locomotive or car pass, enabling the operator to stop in a
shorter distance in stormy or inclement weather.

Sangamo Electric Company — The exhibit of the Sangamo Electric
Company was representative of three phases of electrical equipment
— electric meters, radio condensers and electrically wound clocks. A
complete line of alternating and direct current watthour meters in
both service and switchboard types and various types of amperehour
meters was displayed. The radio exhibit included moulded mica and
wound paper condensers. The electrically wound clocks were shown
in various design of both mantel and wall types.

Schutte & Koerting Company — This firm of manufacturing engi¬
neers celebrated its fiftieth anniversary in the manufacture of power
and industrial plant appliances in 1926 and honored this occasion
by exhibiting some of its products. The exhibit included valves,
heaters, coolers, oil burners and other auxiliaries for boiler room and
engine room service in steam power plants, also spray nozzles, con¬
densers, chemical apparatus, heat transfer equipment, etc., for use in
connection with process units in manufacturing plants.

The exhibit structure was panelled in ivory, gold and black, the
firm’s anniversary stationery colors. Pillars and railings were all
steel piping with valves used as top pieces.

Sun Oil Company — A reproduction of a service station of the Sun
Oil Company housed the exhibits of this concern which consisted of
its various petroleum products and a demonstration of the uses of
gasoline and oil through the medium of a refrigerating cabinet regis¬
tering a constant temperature of zero in which were placed steering
gears of a type widely used, one carrying ordinary lubricant, the
other one Sunoco steering lubricant. Steering wheels were placed so
that Exposition visitors might test for themselves which wheel turned
easiest. A similar arrangement was set up to demonstrate the efficacy
of Sunoco transmission lubricant.

Another scene contrasted two motor cars, one using Sunoco gaso¬
line and the other another type, intending to show the superiority of
the Sunoco product. Other exhibits were specimens of cutting oil,
spraying oil and petroleum asphalt used for roofing, road making,
water proofing and a binder for coal briquettes, all produced by this
company.

PALACE OF U. S., MACHINERY AND TRANSPORTATION 363

United States Cast Iron Pipe and Foundry Company — Cast iron
pipes ranging from two inches in diameter to one whose diametric
width was eight-four inches, a section of which formed an entrance
to the exhibit space, were shown by the United States Cast Iron Pipe
and Foundry Company of Burlington, New Jersey.

An historical display made up of sections cut from pipe was in the
center of the exhibit. This included some of the first pipe laid in this
country, which was imported from Scotland and used by the City of
Philadelphia in 1817, and an early American pipe cast at Weymouth,
New Jersey, which had been in service more than seventy-five years.
Moving pictures were constantly shown illustrating the various
methods of manufacture of pipe and to show the contrast between
the old and the new methods of casting.

Warren-Knight Company — This exhibit featured “Sterling*’
Transits and Levels (made in Philadelphia) consisting of 25 models
as used by engineers, contractors, builders, etc. A special feature
was the specially designed “Wire Sagging” Instrument for measur¬
ing and regulating the sag of transmission lines and cables between
towers.

Westinghouse Air Brake Company — The Westinghouse Air Brake
Company in collaboration with its subsidiary companies — the Loco¬
motive Stoker Company, National Brake and Electric Company,
Westinghouse Union Battery Company and LTnion Switch and Sig¬
nal Company — sponsored a comprehensive exhibit that illustrated by
actual equipment the progress attained in their industries since the
Centennial Exposition of 1876. Models of brake valves, compressors
and other braking facilities for use in steam railroads and automotive
fields were shown. Stokers, position light signals, color light signals,
semaphore signals, automatic timing mechanism; automotive, farm
light, radio and power batteries were included in the exhibit by the
subsidiary companies.

Westmoreland Coal Company — A feature of the exhibit of the
Westmoreland Coal Company of Philadelphia, with collieries in
Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, was a miniature model of the
type of railroad coal car built and operated by this company about the
time of the Centennial Exposition in 1876 and another of the modern
railroad cars of which the company owns more than 2000.

The exhibit included specimens of a high volatile bituminous fuel
known as “Gas Coal.”

W eston Electrical Instrument Corporation — The Weston Elec¬
trical Instrument Corporation of Newark, New Jersey, exhibiting
in conjunction with the Bristol Company of Waterburv, Connecticut,
and the Sangamo Electric Company of Springfield, Illinois, showed
types of switchboard instruments with ammeters and voltmeters for

364

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

the respective measurement of current and potential values on both
alternating and direct current, together with direct reading watt¬
meters for determining the power being supplied in an electrical cir¬
cuit and power factor meters for indicating the per cent of useful
power derived from the source with frequency indicators for show¬
ing the rate in cycles per second at which current of alternating
characteristics undergoes a complete directional change.

Among the other features of this exhibit were portable types of
indicating instruments for use on both direct and alternating cur¬
rent, instruments for maintaining efficiency in telephone and tele¬
graph systems, standards for calibrating and checking apparatus of
equal or inferior accuracy, shunts, cables, resistors and multipliers.

York Manufacturing Company— Various types of ice-making and
refrigerating machinery were shown in the exhibit of the York Man¬
ufacturing Company of York, Pennsylvania. Sections of materials
and apparatus as well as ammonia and carbon dioxide pipe fittings
used in the company’s products were also displayed. Views of the
company’s plant and a pyramid arrangement of oil receptacles show¬
ing the various kinds of oils which are blended by the company for
use in ammonia and carbon dioxide condensers were also shown.

Gulf Refining Co.

Frick Company, Inc.

Exhibits in Palace of U. S. Government, Ma¬
chinery and Transportation.

Wicaco Block House, reproduced by
the Swedish Colonial Society.

Reproduction of historical Indian
King Inn. Erected by the “ Evening
Courier,” of Camden, N. J.

View showing two notable special
buildings— at right, reproduction of
Mount Vernon; at left Sulgrave
Manor. In the background is the
India Building.

CHAPTER XXVI

SPECIAL BUILDINGS

THE GREAT AUDITORIUM — ITS $100,000 ORGAN — NOTABLE EVENTS IN THE AUDITORIUM
— THE FRANKLIN TRUST COMPANY BUILDING — MODEL SHOE FACTORY — HUDSON
BAY TRADING POST — JAPANESE TEA GARDEN AND BAZAARS — ALPINE HAUS — RUS¬
SIAN PAVILION — CAFES — JOHN MORTON MEMORIAL BUILDING — SULGRAVE MANOR
— WICACO BLOCK HOUSE — HOME ELECTRIC — MOUNT VERNON — INDIAN KING INN —
SAVE THE SURFACE HOME — TUN TAVERN — AEROCRETE BUILDING — MODEL POST
OFFICE — COAST GUARD STATION — WELFARE BUILDING — POLICE AND FIRE HEADQUAR¬
TERS — EMERGENCY HOSPITAL.

Many and various, in form and color, were the special buildings at
the Sesqui-Centennial International Exposition, apart from the main
exhibit buildings, foreign buildings, state buildings and city build¬
ings, yet architectural and chromatic harmony was achieved in rare
degree. This happy result was attained by means of careful con¬
sideration of each suggested plan for a structure, large or small, not
only in relation to the architecture and color schemes of the five great
exhibits palaces, but also to those of all other special buildings on
the grounds. The range of color was that of the rainbow, and out¬
side the realm of color there were buildings of pure white and others
so dark as to seem almost black. Remarkable contrasts were obtained
with prevailingly harmonious results.

In addition to the five exhibits palaces the Exposition management
erected the Auditorium, where many of the special events, musical
features, receptions and balls were held; the Administration Build¬
ing, containing the offices of the administrative and clerical forces ;
the Personnel Building, where the records of all Exposition em¬
ployes were kept ; the Admissions and Concessions Building, and the
Warehouse, where import merchandise was stored and duties levied
by customs officers. Besides these and sixty-seven other major spe¬
cial buildings, there were hundreds of kiosks, stands, booths and
other structures erected by concessionaires. In the Gladway section
were theatres, restaurants and various amusement and private ex¬
hibit buildings.

The spacious Auditorium was situated just inside the main en¬
trance facing Broad Street. In design, color and construction mate¬
rial it was in keeping with the other main buildings. It covered an
area of 113,300 square feet with a frontage of 274 feet and a depth
of 450 feet. It was designed for a seating capacity of 10,000.

The feature of the building was the large organ built at a cost
of more than $100,000 for the Exposition by the Austin Organ
Company. This organ was known as an “organists’ organ’’ inas-

365

366 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

much as it was designed by a committee of Philadelphia organists
comprising Henry S. Fry, Rollo F. Maitland, S. Wesley Sears, Dr.
John McE. Ward, George A. Alexander West, Mrs. Edward Philip
Linch and Frederick Maxson.

One of the largest in the United States, it ranked in quality with
the finest in the world in the opinion of many of the master musi¬
cians who played it in the course of the Exposition’s musical
program. Its mechanism and tone chambers contained 11,000
pipes, 204 stops, four manuals and seventy-eight keys.

This remarkable organ was acquired after the Exposition by Cy¬
rus H. K. Curtis of Philadelphia, who presented it to the University
of Pennsylvania, where it has been installed as an integral part of
the new Irvine Auditorium.

In order to improve the acoustic properties of the Auditorium a
system was devised by which sections of the building could be cur¬
tained off to whatever dimension the size of the audience required.
A series of thirty-two concerts was given by the Philadelphia Orches¬
tra in this building with leading conductors of the country wielding
the baton for three and four concerts. Leopold Stowkowski, leader
of the organization, conducted the last four of these concerts. Six¬
teen religious meetings, non-sectarian in character, were held on
different Sundays at which clergymen of several denominations pre¬
sided. All of the speakers were nationally known, and the meet¬
ings were well attended.

Among the most notable events in the Auditorium was the public
reception to Queen Marie of Rumania. An entertainment arranged
in connection with the event was presented on the stage of the
building. The interior was especially decorated in Her Majesty’s
honor, and a royal proscenium box was built for the royal party.

The convention of the Associated Advertising Clubs of the World
was held in the Auditorium and also that of the American Legion.

Tennis matches between Suzanne Lenglen, Vincent Richards,
Mary Browne and other professional stars brought throngs of
sports lovers to the building. The large floor area permitted hold¬
ing there one of the greatest of all dog shows, with more than 2200
entrants. The show was under the auspices of the American Kennel
Club, this being the first time this official body ever conducted an
affair of this nature.

In the rear section of the building was located a radio broadcast¬
ing station where daily concerts were put on the air.

One of the most colorful events in the Auditorium was the mili¬
tary ball given as a feature of the Flag Day celebration. The
bright-hued uniforms of different commands of the Centennial
Legion added greatly to the effect.

SPECIAL BUILDINGS

367

During the celebration of Japanese Day the interior of the huge
structure was transformed into a colossal bower by millions of real
and artificial cherry blossoms and other blooms. Gaily colored paper
lanterns added to the decorative effect.

A ball and reception to the officers of the Ancient and Arabic
Order, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, took place in the Auditorium,
and on numerous other occasions the building was taxed to capacity.

The Franklin Trust Company of Philadelphia, official depository
for all the funds of the Sesqui-Centennial International Exposition,
completed the construction of its building on the Exposition grounds
in the record time of twenty- four working days. On all sides of
the tower and on the awnings was displayed the company’s “Day
and Night” circular trademark.

In addition to the main lobby and rest rooms there were confer¬
ence rooms, a foreign exchange department and manager’s office. A
direct wire ticker service was installed in the center of the lobby.
A huge plate glass window on a specially constructed veranda af¬
forded the public a view of the bank in continuous operation until
midnight every day, including holidays, except Sundays.

One month after the opening of the Exposition branch deposits
had reached $1,000,000. At regular intervals the Exposition Asso¬
ciation collected receipts from the cashiers of four hundred conces¬
sionaires in strong pouches, approximately one thousand pouches
daily, and delivered them to the bank. Armored cars conveyed the
money pouches from the branch to the main office of the Franklin
Trust Company where the contents were counted in the money
vaults of a special Exposition department.

At night the Exposition branch building was floodlighted, and the
bank’s trademark as built in the tower of the building brought forth
many favorable comments from visitors.

The Franklin Trust Company was awarded a Medal of Honor
by the Jury of Awards, the first time in the history of a world’s fair
that a bank received such recognition. C. Addison Harris, Jr., presi¬
dent of the company, welcomed many distinguished visitors to the
building, assisted by H. Ennis Jones, one of the vice-presidents,
under whose supervision the office was operated.

Among the more pretentious of the special exhibits buildings in
the Gladway section was the one erected by the Louis Marks Shoe
Company. An especially handsome structure with ornamental
tower, it housed a model shoe factory unit in operation, showing the
making of a pair of shoes from the measuring of the feet to the
polishing of the finished product. The Michigan Fur Pageant was
housed in a typical Hudson Bay Trading Post, with stockade for
confining living fur bearing animals. The Japanese Tea Garden and

368 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Bazaars were typical of the land of cherry blossoms, and the pic¬
turesque surroundings were as much enjoyed as the tea, cakes and
other dainty foods that were served. An attractive and unique struc¬
ture was provided by the Glen-Logan Corporation, makers of maca¬
roons. The Fulper Pottery Company erected an appropriate build¬
ing in which to display many notable examples of the potter’s skill.

Many and various were the restaurants at the Exposition, the
largest and most notable being the Alpine Haus, built and arranged
in reproduction of the Nuernberger Hauptmarkt of Bavaria, Ger¬
many, where the servitors were attired in their native peasant cos¬
tume; the Russian Pavilion situated in the Canoe House, a perma¬
nent building serving Oriental food; Muller Brothers’ restaurant,
the World Acquaintance cafeteria, the Cafe de la Paix, a French
restaurant, and the Y. W. C. A. cafeteria in the Mount Vernon
House.

A permanent building was erected to memorialize John Morton,
one of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, who was
of Swedish descent. This building was sponsored by the Swedish-
American Society, a national organization, and the funds were sub¬
scribed by American citizens of Swedish descent. The building was
not completed at the time the Exposition closed but will serve as a
splendid memorial.

The style of its architecture was a blending of the Swedish about
the end of the Seventeenth Century and of the American architec¬
ture of our Colonial period. The building is two stories high and
of fire-proof construction. The exterior is of white portland cement,
trimmed with Bedford stone. The roof is of copper and surmounted
by a cupola which so often distinguishes Swedish public buildings.

In the center of the building is a hall of fame, twenty-eight feet
wide, forty-two feet long and thirty-five feet high. In this hall are
statues and busts of prominent citizens of Swedish lineage and the
walls are decorated with mural paintings commemorating special
events in American history in which Swedish- Americans have played
a prominent and conspicuous part.

In addition to this hall of fame are sixteen rooms in the building
named after prominent citizens of Swedish origin. In these rooms
are exhibited inventions and other contributions to American
progress by Swedes. The John Hanson room, in memory of John
Hanson, “President of the United States in Congress Assembled,”
is a replica of a reduced scale of the Signers’ Room in Independence
Hall. The cost of the building was approximately $250,000. It was
designed by Colonel John A. Nyden of Chicago.

The National Society of Colonial Dames of America sponsored

SPECIAL BUILDINGS

369

the erection of a reproduction of Sulgrave Manor, the home of
George Washington’s grandfather at Northants, England. The re¬
production, faithful in every detail, was dedicated early in June,
1926. It symbolized the friendship existing between England and
the United States.

The time-worn appearance of the original building was cleverly
duplicated by skillful workers, while members of the organization
were able to portray the interior appearance as it was in the early
Sixteenth Century.

On the first floor of the Manor, the entrance to the great dining
hall led through a narrow^ corridor at the end of which was placed
a bronze bust of George Washington done by Houdan and now the
property of John Frederick Lewis of Philadelphia. In the stained
glass windows were crossed the national flags of the United States
and Great Britain.

The dining hall was particularly well appointed. Sunlight filtered
through the stained glass windows of a long room, handsome in
its hand finished woodwork and hand wrought iron work. In the
center was a table, a duplicate of the ancestral piece that stands at
Sulgrave. At the far end of the room a large fireplace added to
the home-like atmosphere.

Two staircases led from the hall to a large room that served as
a tea room and a center for the historical exhibit of the Colonial
Dames. A winding stairway led to a large bedroom on the second
floor. The original Sulgrave Manor was built in 1523 and then given
to Lawrence Washington by a grant of Henry VIII in 1589.

Wicaco Block House, a reproduction of a Philadelphia fort built
by the early Swedish settlers, was the contribution of the Swedish
Colonial Society and the patriotic endeavor of Colonel and Mrs.
Henry D. Paxson of Philadelphia. The building, which was in¬
spected by the Crown Prince and Princess of Sweden upon the oc¬
casion of their visit to the Exposition, was the means of bringing
to the public a better knowledge of the important part the Swedish
pioneers took in the building of Colonial America. It was con¬
structed of logs brought from the Paxson estate.

The advancement in the adaptation of electricity in household con¬
venience was effectively shown in the Home Electric building erected
by branches of the electrical industry of Philadelphia.

This building, which was one of the most unique and attractive
at the Exposition, was designed as a twin house, the size being
fifty-two feet wide by forty-six feet long. There were eight rooms,
including two baths and a laundry. The exterior finish was in stucco.
The roof line was broken by Spanish tile pent and eaves. Iron bal-

370 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

conies added to the Spanish effect of the design. The rough tex¬
ture of the walls and ceiling, the quaint fireplace with sloping sides
and the stained mill work gave to the interior of the house a de¬
cidedly Spanish tinge which was heightened by a hand wrought
iron railing on the stairways.

Since the house was designed as an electric home, virtually every
known form of electrical appliance was installed. There were elec¬
trical ranges, refrigerators, dish-washers, ironers, heaters, burglary
switches, attachments for lawn mowers and many other devices. The
bathrooms were artistically decorated with colored tile, attractively
designed, and heating apparatus was installed throughout. Every
form of electric illumination was employed.

The Young Women’s Christian Association conducted a cafeteria
built in reproduction of Washington’s home at Mount Vernon. The
building which was eighty-five feet by one hundred and twenty-five
feet was of wooden construction with boards grooved on edges and
sectionally to represent stone blocks. The roof sloping down on four
sides contained six dormer windows. The cupola in the center was
twenty feet above the ridge of the roof.

A small building, two-fifths the size of the original Indian King
Inn, a building around which were centered historic events in Had-
donfield, New Jersey, was the contribution of the Camden Courier,
a daily newspaper of Camden, New Jersey. This was located on a
site opposite the New Jersey state building.

A series of buildings, each being a copy of an original building
which figured in Colonial and Revolutionary history formed a re¬
production of High Street, Philadelphia, in Colonial times. A de¬
tailed description of this outstanding feature of the Exposition will
be found in the chapter on women’s participation.

A small modern six-room cottage and garage completely fur¬
nished and the various rooms painted in different colors and effects
so as to show to advantage the proper application and various uses
of paint and varnish in producing decorative schemes was built by
leading national paint and varnish manufacturers.

Each visitor to this house was given a card which had a number
and at the close of the Exposition one of these cards was drawn
by lot and the holder was accorded the option of accepting $1000,
or of dismantling the cottage and garage and removing same. On
September 30, members of the Paint and Varnish Association at¬
tended the Exposition and music and refreshments were served in the
cottage and on the lawn.

The United States Marine Corps was first organized in a build¬
ing in Philadelphia called Tun Tavern, and in connection with the

SPECIAL BUILDINGS

371

detachment of members of the Corps who were stationed at the Ex¬
position a reproduction of this building was erected.

In order to demonstrate the efficiency of the material manufac¬
tured by the Aerocrete Corporation, this organization was repre¬
sented by a building constructed entirely of this product.

A model post office thoroughly equipped with the most modern
devices for the handling of mail was erected as part of the Federal
participation. The building also contained interesting exhibits that
had special reference to the development of the postal bureau of
the government.

A thoroughly equipped Coast Guard Station constituted the ex¬
hibit of the United States Coast Guard Service. Every facility for
rescue work in the case of disabled ships and other departments of
the service were included in the exhibit.

A model recreational municipal centre was shown in the ex¬
hibit of the Department of Public Welfare of the City of Philadel¬
phia, which included a building equipped for the entertainment of
children and outdoor apparatus for playgrounds.

A headquarters for the police and fire forces attached to the Ex¬
position was erected and maintained on the grounds. Every detail
essential in the administration of these bureaus was included in the
equipment.

The safeguarding of the health of Exposition employes and visi¬
tors made it imperative that a thoroughly equipped field hospital be
established. A medical and nursing staff was attached to this
emergency hospital.

CHAPTER XXVII

THE GLAD WAY, AMUSEMENTS, AND CONCESSIONS

LOCATION OF GLADWAY — HIGH STANDARDS MAINTAINED — CONCESSION CONTRACTS —
TREASURE ISLAND — LAKES AND LAGOONS — TYPICAL AMUSEMENTS — BATHING
BEACH — AQUATIC SPORTS — THE “LEIF ERIKSON” — RESTAURANTS — CHINESE, TU¬
NISIAN AND INDIAN VILLAGES.

Early in the Exposition’s preparation it was determined that the
nature of the amusement features would be in keeping with the policy
of a dignified celebration, and that no amusements would be per¬
mitted that would possibly offend the most refined tastes. Pursuant
with this principle the character of each attraction for which the
owner sought a concession was scrutinized in order to eliminate any¬
thing that might in any way be considered objectionable.

It was decided to call the general amusement section of the grounds
the Gladway. The major portion of the Glad way area was situated
in the region west of Broad Street and immediately south of Packer
and north of Pattison avenues. Artificial lakes and lagoons were
provided in the area to permit the passage of gondolas from Edge-
water Lake to other points in the grounds. These gondolas were
exact reproductions of the famed boats that traverse the canals of
Venice and were manned by gondoliers from Italy who in addition
to their prowess as steersmen were vocalists of tested ability who
sang as they plied their craft along the waterways. Motorized
launches also provided rides on the picturesque lakes and lagoons.

Several problems confronted Exposition authorities in arranging
for concession contracts. The chief problem was to obtain agree¬
ments which would contribute to the attractiveness and high charac¬
ter of the Exposition. Because of the late start in construction, many
possible concessionaires hesitated to go to the expense of erecting
costly structures before receiving convincing evidence that the Expo¬
sition would be completed at least early in the summer.

Captain Baker, on his two trips to Europe, already had granted
several highly important concessions, among them those for Treasure
Island; the India Pavilion of the Taj Mahal Trading Corporation;
the British Section, in charge of J. Vandersteen; Austrian Section,
Max Grab; Nuernberger Hauptmarkt, Heinrich Mueller; Czecho¬
slovakia Section, Oscar Moser, and the Tunisian Villege with Mo-
hamed Djamal in charge.

Difficulties were encountered in convincing various prospective
concessionaires that any building, kiosk, booth or other structure
must be designed and constructed with due regard to the general high
standards of the Exposition as a whole, rather than for purely com¬
mercial purposes. In spite of all difficulties, a total of 310 conces¬
sions were granted, making a highly gratifying showing as early as
the first week in July.

372

A croivded stretch of the Gladway.

“Bitlldogging” at the Rodeo in the Stadium

Spanish Troubadours, whose daily perform¬
ances in front of the Los Angeles County
Exhibit Building attracted many visitors.

John Philip Sousa , the March
King, at the Exposition.

THE GLADWAY, AMUSEMENTS, AND CONCESSIONS

373

The various privileges granted may be classified as follows:
Amusements and sports, 28; restaurants and food, 18; exhibitors’
sales, 97 ; sales outside the Exposition grounds, 1 1 ; contracts for a
coffee house, doll market and other concessions in the “High Street”
section, 21. The other concessions which yielded a profit to the Ex¬
position included transportation on land and water, sale of programs,
soft drinks, ice cream, “hot dogs,” souvenirs and novelties.

Most of the early concessions agreements entered into by the first
director were with Philadelphians, with the exception of the Gladway
amusement attractions, which generally were installed by showmen
from other cities who had obtained experience at other expositions.

Of the 310 contracts entered into, thirteen were cancelled before
the close of the Exposition. Three of the amusement concessions
never were started, because of the unsatisfactory condition of the
sites assigned. One, the dance pavilion, of elaborate steel construc¬
tion and octagonal in shape, an unusually attractive structure of its
type, was closed early in the season for lack of patronage. Although
good music was provided, the overwhelming majority of Exposition
visitors found too much of interest to care to give time to dancing.

Early concession contracts had been executed on a basis of low
percentages of return to the Exposition, and numerous exclusive
rights and privileges had been granted. As the Exposition rounded
into shape, and it became apparent to even the most casual observer
that there would be some months of large and increasing attendance,
it no longer was necessary to give special inducements in order to
bring in concessionaires of the class and character desired.

As a result every form of such entertainment offered was of the
highest character that could be provided. This was particularly true
of Treasure Island, previously the feature of the Wembley Exposi¬
tion in London, England, which was the largest amusement conces¬
sion granted. Major E. A. Belcher, who headed the enterprise when
it was presented in London, arranged to have it reproduced on a
considerably larger scale in the Exposition. The facilities which it
afforded for the entertainment of children made it very desirable.

Treasure Island represented the Canadian Rocky Mountains, a
section and station of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, with miniature
train and engine to carry visitors about the grounds, and many scenes
from stories loved by youngsters and by their elders as well. The
group of buildings and decorated grounds formed an architectural
and scenic fairyland where children and adults were delighted by the
privilege of meeting beloved characters from the tales of Stevenson,
Barrie, Carroll and other writers of stirring adventures and delight¬
ful fantasies.

374 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

An educational feature of the Gladway was a reproduction of the
Battle of Gettysburg, the most thrilling conflict of the Civil War, in
which panoramic scenes of the struggle were shown. Some concep¬
tion of the interesting features of this entertainment can be seen from
the fact that it was possible to view scenes enacted over a territory
of twenty-two miles. All of the figures were life-size in character
and were taken from a painting of the battle reproduced in exact
detail.

“Fire and Flame” depicted the obstacles confronting the municipal
fire department in New York City during the progress of a fire in
the lower Bowery section a quarter of a century ago. Living char¬
acters enacted the roles in this melodramatic production, more than
150 persons participating. Every phase of life in that quarter of the
metropolis was portrayed in the events leading up to the actual con¬
flagration. In the work of extinguishing the blaze in the tenement
house, fire-fighting apparatus drawn by galloping horses was used,
and in the rescue scenes veteran firemen scaled ladders and manned
hose lines.

A cross section of Chinese life was shown in the Chinese Village,
which consisted of a theatre, restaurant and a score of stores where
Oriental merchandise was sold. The style of building was typically
Chinese with pagodas flanking the entrances. The theatre was oper¬
ated by a Chinese theatrical company of New York while the other
establishments in the concession were under the management of
Chinese restaurant owners and merchants.

Several carousels and scenic railways, miniature airplanes sus¬
pended in the air and devices known in the amusement world as rides,
with thrilling features, completed the entertainment section especially
designed for children, while a toy railroad transported passengers to
different sections of the Gladway grounds.

One of the lakes was dredged in order to provide a bathing beach
where aquatic sports could be indulged in perfect safety. Life
guards were on duty at this beach.

Moored to a wharf in Edgewater Lake was a seemingly frail craft,
the Leif Erikson, named after the intrepid Norse navigator, in which
a crew of five men left Norway on June 13 and after a hazardous
voyage following the route of Erikson arrived in this country on
August 11. Equipped with only a small area of sail, the other means
of propulsion of the craft was by the physical effort of Captain Fol-
gero and his crew who rowed the vessel when becalmed. A little dog
also shared the hardships of the trip with the crew.

The refreshment stands of the Gladway were in keeping with the
refined tone of the Exposition. Nothing garish was permitted in the
construction of the stands and the beverages and confections offered

THE GLADWAY, AMUSEMENTS, AND CONCESSIONS

375

for sale differed from the ordinary type both in quality and variety.
The Breyer Ice Cream Company, Allendale Farms Inc., Glen Logan
Company and others were among the leading purveyors of light re¬
freshments, while several restaurants provided delectable menus with
a large variety of wholesome foods.

Notable among these was the Alpine Haus, a commodious build¬
ing with a capacity for seating five thousand persons, which was
built in reproduction of the Nuernberger Hauptmarkt and Restau¬
rant Oberbayern of Bavaria, Germany. In order to provide a true
German atmosphere a number of native Bavarian men and women
were brought to this country. During the course of the Exposition
this restaurant was taken over by the Exposition management. Mul¬
ler Brothers restaurant was located on Pattison Avenue in the central
section. The Russian Pavilion, under the direction of Mrs. Rav
Davidson Rosenbaum, was on the shores of Edgewater Lake, in a
permanent structure. The World Acquaintance Cafeteria and sev¬
eral sandwich stands were operated by Dr. Julian Lewis.

Near the outskirts of the Gladway area were located an Oriental
bazaar, where dancing girls and Arabian musicians performed. A
stockade enclosed a village wherein were encamped several hundred
native American Indians in charge of Colonel Cummings. These
were quartered in wigwams and tepees. They performed tribal
dances as part of the entertainment program.

In another section of the Exposition grounds a Tunisian village,
comprising a collection of booths in which Oriental merchandise was
offered for sale, was located. This offered a cross section of Afro-
Mohammedan life, with merchandise bazaars, lute players, snake
charmers, dancing girls and sleepy-eyed camels and dromedaries.

Captive balloons located in the Exposition grounds permitted pas¬
sengers to obtain a bird’s-eye view of the area. Sightseeing airplane
flights were to be had from an adjacent field.

As a means of conveyance through the grounds a new form of
motorized passenger cars with seats running lengthwise was intro¬
duced. Roller chairs also were introduced into the Exposition so that
it was possible to view the whole area in a comparatively short space
of time.

In addition to all the amusement concessions to which entrance
fees were charged, numerous free forms of diversion were offered
by exhibitors, and on Sundays even those which at other times re¬
quired admission fees to be paid were free.

Daily drills by the picked troops of Uncle Sam’s military forces
were attended by great numbers of visitors, and the dog, poultry and
live stock shows were open to the Exposition visitors while they were
in progress.

CHAPTER XXVIII

CELEBRATION OF SPECIAL DAYS

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF SPECIAL DAYS — THE MOST NOTABLE — U. S. S. CONSTELLATION
SCENE OF HAWAIIAN DAY CELEBRATION — OHIO DAY — MARYLAND DAY — LITHU¬
ANIA DAY — NEW JERSEY DAY — LABOR DAY — POLISH DAY — BALTIMORE DAY —
CHILE DAY — ILLINOIS DAY — PITTSBURGH DAY — JAPANESE DAY — CHICAGO DAY —
COLUMBUS DAY — BRITISH DAY — VIRGINIA DAY — NORWEGIAN- AMERICAN DAY —
ARGENTINE DAY — AUSTRIAN DAY — CZECHO-SLOVAK DAY — OTHER CELEBRATIONS.

The story of the celebration of special clays at the Sesqui-Cen-
tennial is a record of diversified entertainment. An opportunity to
enjoy the best in music, drama, sports and the spectacular, together
with many colorful and important ceremonials, was continuously
offered to the visitor at the Exposition.

The special events of the Exposition were largely the outward evi¬
dence of the inward meaning of the celebration. The special days
were celebrated with ceremonies and exercises of varying character.
In almost every instance the programs included music, speaking and
military features. In many cases luncheons, banquets and dramatic
performances were given.

The international character of the Exposition brought to it as
guests many foreign ambassadors and ministers and many gov¬
ernors of states and mayors of cities, to whom special honors were
paid. In these affairs the cooperation of the various military units
stationed at the Exposition was of tremendous importance.

The development of appropriate programs for so many diversified
occasions involved considerable research work. A careful study of
the history of each country and state was made to determine a day
it would be especially appropriate to celebrate. It usually was an an¬
niversary of an event of interest to the people of the nation or state
to be honored.

The days celebrated, in number and classification, were as follows :
33 Foreign Days, 38 State Days, 33 City Days, 18 Fraternal and
Society Days.

The most significant celebration participated in by foreign nations
was Pan-American Day.

The outstanding individual foreign nation day from the stand¬
point of military ceremonies was British Day.

The most beautiful indoor presentation by a foreign nation was
on Japanese Day.

The two most brilliant state day celebrations and pageants were
those of Virginia and Maryland.

376

CELEBRATION OF SPECIAL DAYS

377

The most elaborate day and night city celebration was that of Bal¬
timore Day.

The most spectacular city day celebration was that of Pittsburgh.
Following is the list of days arranged in chronological order :

May

Opening Day

June

1-4

Shriners’ Days

June

Swedish Day

June

Red Men’s Day

June

Masonic Clubs’

Dav

June

Flag Day

June

Connecticut Day

June

Magna Carta

Day

June

Missouri Day

June

19-26

German Week

June

Arizona Day

June

Italian Day

June 20

West Virginia

Day

June 23

Finnish Day

June

Colonial Dames’

Dav

June

Jefferson Day

June 29

Marine Corps Day

July

National Advisory

Commission Day

July

President’s Day

July

Penna. State

Assembly Day

July

Hawaiian Day

July

Artisan Day

July

Wyoming Day

July

Orangemen’s Day

July

French or Bastille

Day

July

3rd Division Day

July

Post 50 Yeomen

Day

July

Ohio Day

July

Colombia Day

July

Haiti Day

July

Governor’s Day

July

Utah Day

July

Florida Dav

July

Venezuelan Day

July

Children’s Day

July

Peruvian Day

July

Bristol Children’s
Day

Aug.

Coast Guard Day

Aug.

Bolivia Day

Aug.

Reading Chil¬
dren’s Day

Aug.

Winchester (Va.)
Hadley High
School Day

Aug.

Ecuador Day

Aug.

Vineland Dav

Aug.

Dominican Re¬
public Day

Aug.

New Mexico Day

Aug.

Lebanon County
Day

Aug.

Waterbury, Conn.,
Day

Aug.

Librarian Dav

Aug.

Middleburg Day

Aug.

Mississippi Day

Aug.

Indiana Day

Aug.

Women Suffrage
Day

Aug.

P. O. S. of A. Day

Aug.

Maryland Day

Aug.

West Texas Day

Aug.

Lithuania Dav

Aug.

German Day

378 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Aug.

Hungarian Day

Sept. 20

Delaware Day

Aug.

Rhode Island Day

Sept.

New York Day

Aug.

Pennsylvania Day

Sept.

Illinois Day

Aug.

Scottish Day

(Lincoln Day)

Aug.

New Jersey Day

Sept.

Pittsburgh Day

Sept.

American Legion

Sept.

Nebraska Home¬

Endowment

stead Day

Fund Day

Sept.

West Virginia

Sept.

79th Division Day

Day

Sept.

Model Yacht Day

Sept.

Mifflin County

Sept. 25

Accountants’ Day

Day

Sept.

P. R. T. Day

Sept.

Trenton City Day

Sept.

Artillery Day

Sept.

Ahepa Day

Sept.

Massachusetts

(Greece)

Day

Sept.

National Puzzlers’

Sept.

Kentucky Day

Day

Sept.

Colorado Day

Sept.

Polish Day

Sept.

Jersey City Day

Sept.

American Federa¬

Sept.

Phcenixville Day

tion of Labor

Day

Oct.

Mayflower Day

Sept.

Lafayette-Marne

Oct.

South Dakota Day

Day

Oct.

Waynesboro Day

Sept.

Sunbury Day

Tunney Day

Sept.

Chester City Day

Oct.

B’rith Abraham

Sept.

Atlantic City

Day

Oct.

Port of Philadel¬

Sept.

Baltimore Day

phia Day

Sept.

Government Day

Oct.

Maine Day

Sept.

National Grange

Oct.

5-7

Firefighters’ Days

Day

Oct.

Japanese Day

Sept.

Philadelphia Bus¬

Oct.

Civil Engineers’

iness Men’s Day

Day

Sept.

Swiss Day

Oct.

District of

Sept.

Grand Army Day

Columbia Day

Sept.

17-18

Constitution

Northeast Phila¬

Day

delphia Day

Sept.

Danish- American

Oct.

Asheville, N. C.,

Day

Sept.

Chile Day

Oct.

Cuban Day

Sept.

Brooklyn-Long

Oct.

Chicago Day

Island Day

Oct.

Public School

Sept.

Conshohocken

Children’s Day

Day

Oct.

China Day

CELEBRATION OF SPECIAL DAYS

379

Oct.

9-16

American Legion
Week

Oct.

North Carolina
Day

Oct.

Cape May and
South Jersey
Day

Oct.

Danbury, Conn.,
Day

Oct.

Columbus Day
Spanish Day

Oct.

Lehighton-Carbon
Countv Dav

J y

Oct.

British Dav

Oct.

Ohio American
Legion Day

Oct.

Virginia Day

Oct.

Williamstown
Valley Day

Oct.

Alaska Day

Oct.

Georgia Day

Oct.

Ambler Day

Oct.

Conestoga Wagon
Day

Oct.

Norristown Day

Oct.

Queen Marie Day

Oct.

Pan-American

Day

Oct.

Texas Day

Oct.

Lebanon Valley
Day

Oct.

Norwegian Day

Oct.

Navy Day

Oct.

Theodore Roose¬
velt Day

Oct.

Czechoslovak Day
(National)

Oct.

University of
Michigan
Alumni Day

Oct.

Argentine Day

Oct. 31

Hotelmen’s Day

Oct. 31

4th Estate Square
Club (Masonic)
Day

Oct. 31

Irish Day
Postponed to
Nov. 7

N ov. 4

West Reading
Children’s Dav

Nov. 5

Military Schools
Day

Nov. 5

Austria Dav

Nov. 6

Women’s Benefit
Day (Macca-
‘ bees’)

Nov. 6

Roberts-Beach
School Day
(Catonsville,
Md.)

Nov. 6

Czechoslovak-
American Day

Nov. 8

Montana Day

Nov. 10

South Carolina
Day

Nov. 11

Armistice Day

Nov. 11

Bridgeton, N. J.,
Day

Nov. 11

Pine Grove Day

Nov. 11

Lancaster Day

Nov. 12

New York City
Dav

Nov. 15

Brazil Day

Nov. 16

Civil Legion Day

Nov. 19

Gettysburg Day

Nov. 23

Arkansas Day

Nov. 23

Wyoming Dav

Nov. 27

Louisiana Day

Nov. 30

Commemoration

and Closing Day

380

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Accounts of the ceremonies and activities connected with many
of these special days will be found in the chapter on “Notable Cere¬
monies and Occasions” and in other parts of the book to which they
are closely related. Others are noted, necessarily briefly, in the fol¬
lowing pa^es. Italian Day — June 19

Working in connection with the Italian Sesqui-Centennial Com¬
mittee, the Department of Domestic Participation and Special Events
created the operatic pageant “Italia” in which Metropolitan Opera
Company singers and some three thousand others took part. This
pageant depicted the glories of ancient Rome, Venice and Florence.

Jefferson Day — June 28

The observance of this day at the Exposition marked the begin¬
ning of a nation-wide celebration ending July 5, known as “Ameri¬
can Independence Week.”

Working in cooperation with the executives of the Thomas Jef¬
ferson Memorial Foundation, a program was arranged by the Expo¬
sition. The famous gig of Thomas Jefferson was convoyed from
Monticello to Philadelphia with a military escort and made the center
of the ceremonies of the day. When the convoy from Virginia
reached the Exposition gates, it was met by units of the Army, Navy
and Marine Corps and escorted to the Virginia pylon in the Forum
of the Founders, where exercises took place.

After these ceremonies the gig, with military and civilian escort,
was taken to High Street. Here it was met by members of the
Women’s Committee in Colonial costume and escorted to the Jeffer¬
son House, where it remained on view during the Exposition period.

Marine Corps Day — June 29

Marine Corps Day at the Exposition was marked by special dedi¬
catory exercises at Tun Tavern, the replica of the old building where
the first Marines were enlisted in Philadelphia for service in the
Revolutionary War.

Major-General John A. Lejeune, Commandant of the United
States Marine Corps, who commanded the Marines in the World
War, was the guest of honor and speaker at the exercises. Four flags
were raised from the veranda of the tavern. These were the Pine
Tree Flag, the Rattlesnake Flag, the original Stars and Stripes of
the thirteen states, and the present national emblem. These four
flags were kept flying during the Exposition.

Hawaiian Day — July 7

Hawaiian Day on July 7 was marked by ceremonies aboard the
old U. S. S. Constellation moored at the Philadelphia Navy Yard
and a part of the Naval exhibit of the Exposition. A group of

Governor A. Harry Moore , of New Jersey,
and official party, arriving for dedication of
the permanent New Jersey Building, shown
below.

CELEBRATION OF SPECIAL DAYS

381

Hawaiian dancers and a large delegation of the Daughters and Sons
of Hawaiian Warriors came from the Hawaiian Islands to partici¬
pate in the day’s events.

During the afternoon there was a reception to visitors on board
the Constellation, with music by a Hawaiian orchestra and Hawaiian
dancing in costume. In the evening a concert by native musicians
was given.

The Constellation was stationed in Hawaiian waters in 1843 at
the time the British fleet pulled down the Hawaiian flag. The United
States frigate took the royal Hawaiian family aboard as a token of
American friendship.

Bastille Day — July 14

The Independence Day of the French nation was observed by
exercises in front of the Tower of Light on July 14.

The red, white and blue flag of France was hoisted to the top of
the flagpole while two companies each of U. S. Infantry, Marine
Corps and Navy stood at attention, forming a hollow square around
the decorated platform which served as a speakers’ stand.

A national salute of 21 guns was fired from Camp Anthony
Wayne in honor of the French flag, while a squadron of airplanes
circled above the assemblage.

The French consul at Philadelphia represented his government in
the exercises and Mayor Kendrick delivered an address of welcome.

Post 50 Yeomen (F) (American Legion) Day — July 17

Post 50, Yeomen (F) American Legion, made up of young
women who served in government forces at the time of the World
War, arranged for a special day at the Exposition on July 17. They
held a meeting in the Pennsylvania Building, where they were the
guests of Miss Martha G. Thomas, official hostess, and later attended
a reception and tea given in their honor by Miss Thomas.

They then made a tour of High Street and in the old Shippen
House were tendered a reception and tea by Mrs. J. Willis Martin,
chairman of the Women’s Committee of the Exposiiton.

Colombia Day — July 20

The first of the Pan-American countries to have an official day at
the Exposition was Colombia. Dr. Enrique Olaya, Minister of Co¬
lombia to the United States, and an official party from Washington
took part in the ceremonies. The South Americans were met at their
train, taken to City Hall, where a reception was held, and then
escorted to the Exposition, where military honors were given the
Minister.

Preceding the tour of the grounds, a tablet was unveiled at old St.

382

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Mary’s Roman Catholic Church by Dr. Olaya in honor of Manuel
Torres, the Colombian patriot.

Ohio Day — July 20

The dedication of the Ohio Building and the general exercises of
Ohio Day were held on July 20. A special train came from Ohio
bearing Governor A. V. Donahey and his official escort, the Cleve¬
land Grays, the school children winners of the Ohio Sesqui-Centen-
nial essay contest and members of the Ohio Commission.

The party, which numbered approximately three hundred, paraded
from the Liberty Bell through the Exposition grounds to the Forum
of the Founders, where Adjutant General Henderson of Ohio raised
the state flag. The official party was escorted by police, Army, Navy
and Marine units, headed by the United States Army Band and the
historic Cleveland Grays. The ceremonies were attended by several
hundred members of the Ohio Society of Pennsylvania.

After the raising of the flag, the parade continued to the Ohio
Building, where a reception was given to the visitors and a brief
dedicatory ceremony held. Governor Donahey presented the building
to the Exposition on behalf of the state.

Special exercises in which the Ohio members of the Women’s
Committee of States took part were held at the Slate Roof House
in High Street during the afternoon, at which time the Ohio flag
was presented.

Haiti Day — July 22

Haiti Day at the Exposition was honored by the presence of His
Excellency Hannibal Price, Minister of Haiti. This dignitary was
escorted to the Navy Yard, where he was received by Rear Admiral
T. P. Magruder and accorded a salute of fifteen guns. After a tour
of the Navy Yard he visited Camp Anthony Wayne and was received
by Brigadier General H. G. Learnard and staff with full military
honors.

Following a luncheon at the Russian Pavilion at which he was the
guest of Exposition officials, a tour was made of the Exposition and
at 4 o’clock the ceremonies in connection with the opening of the
Haitian exhibit in the Palace of Agriculture and Foreign Participa¬
tion began. The U. S. Marine Corps band played during exercises.
His Excellency spoke, as did officials of the Exposition.

Venezuelan Day — July 24

Venezuelan Day at the Exposition was honored by the presence
of His Excellency, Carlos F. Grisanti, Minister of Venezuela to the
United States, who was accompanied by his wife, Senora Dona Ana
Teresa de Grisanti, and their three daughters. By request the mili¬
tary and naval honors to the minister were omitted but the flag of

CELEBRATION OF SPECIAL DAYS

383

Venezuela was flown from the Administration Building and also
from the official flagpole at the Court of Honor. On the arrival of
the ministerial party at the grounds, it was taken at once to the
Venezuelan exhibit in the Palace of Liberal Arts and Manufactures,
where the Minister was received by Dr. Yanes and the other dele¬
gates.

Children’s Day — July 26

In the midst of official ceremonies attendant upon the visit of state
dignitaries, government officials, royalty, and representatives of for¬
eign countries, a day was set aside by the Exposition management
for the entertainment of crippled, underprivileged and orphan chil¬
dren of Philadelphia.

These children were gathered at recreation centers, hospitals and
orphanages and transported to the Exposition.

A program that embraced all forms of entertainment was arranged
and included field sports and games in which many of the children
competed. These events, which were held in the Stadium, consisted
of obstacle, crab, wheelbarrow, potato and three-legged races, sprints,
climbing the greased pole, peanut-eating and pie-eating contests and
dancing. Music for the dancing as well as for the entertainment of
the children was furnished by a number of bands.

For the crippled children who were unable to participate in the
athletic contests, there were button races, contests for the best smiles,
funniest faces and the most freckles. The squadron of airplanes
stationed at Camp Anthony Wayne executed a series of maneuvers
while a special performance of the Rodeo was produced in the after¬
noon when all amusements were free to the little visitors.

At noon a luncheon consisting of thousands of sandwiches, milk,
ice cream and candy was distributed to the children.

Peruvian Day — July 28

On Peruvian Day His Excellency, Dr. Hernan Velarde, Peruvian
Ambassador to the United States, visited the Exposition. This day
celebrated the 106th anniversary of the independence of Peru.

The official party was met and escorted to the City Hall, where
the ambassador and his entourage were officially received by the
Mayor.

From the City Hall the distinguished visitors were taken to the
Exposition grounds, preceded by a motorcycle police escort. As they
passed through the Court of Honor, the Peruvian flag floated from
the official flagpole. The party proceeded through the Exposition to
the Navy Yard, where the ambassador was received by Rear Admiral
T. P. Magruder and his staff and a guard of honor. As the ambassa¬
dor alighted at the Navy administration building, the Navy Band

384 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

played the Peruvian national anthem, while the guard gave the am¬
bassador his honors. The naval battery fired a salute of nineteen
guns. The admiral then escorted the ambassador over the Navy
Yard, bidding him farewell at the gate.

The official party then proceeded to Camp Anthony Wayne, where
General Learnard and Colonel Beacham came forward to receive the
ambassador. The 3d Battalion, 12th Infantry, was drawn up in front
of the headquarters building and stood at salute while the Army
Band played the Peruvian national anthem. A composite air corps
squadron maneuvered over the camp while the reception was taking
place.

From Camp Anthony Wayne the ambassador was taken a tour of
the Exposition grounds and then to the Russian Pavilion, where he
was entertained at luncheon.

Coast Guard Day — August 4

Ceremonies in honor of the 136th anniversary of the founding of
the United States Coast Guard were held August 4. A parade and
review of the Coast Guard forces ; the dedication of the Coast Guard
Building by Rear-Admiral Billard, commandant of the United States
Coast Guard; and boat and capsizing drills in the lake opposite the
building were features of the program which took place in the after¬
noon. Rescue drills and the operation of the breeches buoy were
demonstrated at night.

Bolivia Day — August 6

Bolivia Day was marked by an official reception to His Excellency,
Ricardo Jaimes Freyre, Minister of Bolivia to the United States,
who motored to Philadelphia from Washington, accompanied by
Madame Freyre, Miss Yolanda Freyre, Senor Don George de la
Barra, First Secretary of the Embassy, and Senora de la Barra, and
Senor Don Victor Jaimes Freyre, Second Secretary. The official
party proceeded direct to the Exposition grounds, where the Bolivian
flag was flying from the official flagstaff in the Court of Honor.
Passing through the Exposition grounds to the Navy Yard, His
Excellency was received at headquarters by Rear Admiral Magruder.
A guard of honor was drawn up. The Navy Band played the
Bolivian national anthem, which was followed with a salute of fifteen
guns in honor of the distinguished visitor.

From the Navy Yard, the official party proceeded to Camp An¬
thony Wayne, where His Excellency was received by Brigadier-Gen¬
eral Learnard and staff and was accorded honors befitting his rank.
An inspection of the features of the Exposition’s exhibits concluded
the visit.

Release of pigeons, symbolizing inter)iatio)ial
peace, at the colorful Pan-American Day cere¬
monies.

Marching thousands entering the Exposition
grounds for the celebration of Irish Day.

His Excellency Tsuneo Matsndairo, Japanese
Ambassador to the United States (with ca)ie),
Madame Matsndairo, staff and official party
at celebration of Japanese Day.

Frank A. N. Vincent, administrator of the ex¬
hibits by merchants of India, speaking at the
exercises in connection with the opening of
the India Building.

CELEBRATION OF SPECIAL DAYS

385

Reading Children’s Day — August 9

Reading Children’s Day on August 9 was typical of many similar
events held for the children of various sections.

More than 3500 children accompanied by 500 adults as guides and
guardians visited the Exposition as guests of the Reading Times.
They came in five special trains and assembled on Packer Avenue
and marched into the Exposition to the music of the Hamburg Ro¬
tary Club Band. All the boys and girls were tagged wdth their names
and addresses, the name of the adult in charge and the number of
the train and coach.

At noon the 3500 youngsters were massed in front of the Penn¬
sylvania State building and marched to a suitable section of the
grounds, where they were met by Mayor Kendrick and a picnic
luncheon was served. The rest of the day was spent on amusement
devices.

Ecuador Day — August 10

Owing to the absence of the minister from Ecuador and the ill¬
ness of the charge d’affaires, the exercises were necessarily curtailed.
Ecuador was represented by Senor Don Carlos Mantilla, attache of
the legation in Washington, and Luis Mata, consul of Ecuador in
Philadelphia.

Lebanon County Day — August 20

One of the largest excursions to the Exposition came from Leb¬
anon County, Pennsylvania, on August 20. This delegation of
10,000, headed by Mayor John Walter, of Lebanon, and John Wein¬
stein, was escorted to the Auditorium of the Exposition, where a
reception was held, followed by a program of speeches and music.
Mayor Kendrick welcomed the visitors and Mayor Walter replied.
The B. P. O. E. Band of Lebanon gave concerts before and after
the speaking.

Mississippi Day — August 25

An official party from the state of Mississippi headed by Lieuten¬
ant-Governor Dennis Murphree was tendered a reception at City
Hall by Mayor Kendrick and a luncheon by Rear-Admiral Magruder
at the Navy Yard. Speeches and musical exercises were staged in
the Towrer of Light. Mayor Kendrick delivered the address of wel¬
come. Lieutenant-Governor Murphree responded.

Maryland Day — August 27

An assemblage of Maryland residents gathered in the Forum of
the Founders August 27 to participate in the Maryland Day exer¬
cises. Governor Albert C. Ritchie was the guest of honor for the
day and accompanying him were many distinguished men and women
of Maryland. Special trains brought thousands of visitors from the

386

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Maryland cities, together with military escorts and civilian bodies in
Colonial costumes.

Governor Ritchie and his staff were received at the Administration
Building, after which the official party paraded into the Exhibition
to the decorated platform prepared for the day’s ceremonies.

The parade formed at the Liberty Bell and was headed by a troop
of United States Cavalry. Members of the Colonial Dames, Daugh¬
ters of the American Republic, National Society of the United Sons
of 1812, the Service Star Legion, Daughters of the Revolution and
Daughters of the American Revolution dressed in Colonial costumes,
formed a body-guard and marched in a hollow square with the Gov¬
ernor’s car in the center. A fifteen-gun salute was fired as the official
party entered the Sesqui-Centennial grounds, where Army, Navy and
Marine units were drawn up. A squadron of airplanes acted as an
overhead escort.

The formal ceremonies consisted of speaking and the performance
of musical numbers by the military band and the Baltimore Evening
News Newsboys’ Band. Governor Ritchie delivered a patriotic ad¬
dress. After the speaking exercises, the Governor and his official
party, escorted by military contingents, marched to the Maryland
pylon, where a wreath was laid in honor of the Maryland Signers of
the Declaration of Independence.

After a brief visit to Sulgrave Manor, the governor and official
party visited the Slate Roof House in High Street, where the Mary¬
land flag was presented with the usual beautiful ceremony which was
one of the notable features of the activities of the Street of ’76.
Among those present at this ceremony were the four Maryland
women chosen as having done most for the progress of women in
Maryland during the preceding fifty years. These were Miss M.
Carey Thomas, former president of Bryn Mawr College ; Mrs. Mary
R. Garrett, Mrs. Charles Ellicott and Mrs. A. Leo Knott.

Lithuania Day — August 28

Lithuania Day was celebrated at the Exposition August 28, at
which time His Excellency, Kazys Bizauskas, the Lithuanian min¬
ister, was the guest of honor. The Lithuanian Day committee of
Philadelphia organized a splendid parade with floats portraying an¬
cient Lithuania; the period of that country’s oppression; the nation’s
rebirth; the ideals of Lithuania.

The day’s program commenced with the reception of His Excel¬
lency, the Lithuanian minister, by Mayor Kendrick.

The minister, accompanied by the Lithuanian committee, then
went to Independence Hall, where a wreath was placed on the statue
of George Washington. From Independence Hall the official party

CELEBRATION OF SPECIAL DAYS

387

proceeded to the Navy Yard, where the minister was received by
Rear-Admiral Magruder and a guard of honor, while the Navy
Band played the Lithuanian national anthem and the batteries fired
a salute of fifteen guns in his honor. After a tour of the Navy Yard,
the party proceeded to Camp Anthony Wayne, where the minister
was officially received by Brigadier-General Learnard and staff. The
Army Band played the Lithuanian national hymn and Battery “C,”
6th Field Artillery, fired a salute of fifteen guns in his honor. Troops
stationed at Camp Anthony Wayne were drawn up on parade and
every honor was extended by the Army to the distinguished visitor.
From Camp Anthony Wayne the ministerial party proceeded to the
Russian Pavilion, where it was entertained at luncheon by the Lithu¬
anian committee. After the luncheon, the minister joined the parade
which had formed at Nineteenth Street and Logan Square. Headed
by the minister and the members of the committee, the parade arrived
at Oregon Avenue and Broad Street, where Troop “G,” 3d U. S.
Cavalry met the minister and became his military escort in the Ex¬
position grounds.

German Day — August 28

In the absence of Baron Ago Maltzan, the ambassador of Ger¬
many, who was abroad, Germany was represented on German Day at
the Exposition by Dr. Hans Heinrich Dieckhoff, charge d’affaires,
and Dr. Edwart von Salzam, secretary of the embassy. The flag of
Germany was hoisted at the official flagstaff in the Court of Honor
and remained flying all day. Their first destination was the Navy
Yard, where they were received by Rear-Admiral Magruder and a
guard of honor. The Navy Band played the German national anthem
and a salute of eleven guns was fired in honor of Dr. Dieckhoff.
After a tour of the Navy Yard, the official party proceeded to Camp
Anthony Wayne, where Dr. -Dieckhoff was received by Brigadier-
General Learnard and members of his staff. As the representative
of Germany approached the Army parade grounds he received a
salute of eleven guns from Battery “C,” 3d Field Artillery. A visit
to the Exposition buildings followed.

New Jersey Day — August 31

New Jersey celebration commemorated not alone the 150th anni¬
versary of the Declaration of Independence but the 150th anniver¬
sary of the inauguration of Governor William Livingston, the first
governor of the state of New Jersey.

The program included speeches from the balcony of the New Jer¬
sey Building, music by the Jersey City Policemen’s Glee Club and a
reception and luncheon to distinguished guests.

388

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Governor A. Harry Moore, his military staff and several thousand
visitors from various parts of the state arrived on special trains in
the morning. Mayor Kendrick received the official party in the
Mayor’s reception room, City Hall, after which the party went to the
Exposition grounds. At Broad and Oregon Avenue the cavalcade
was met by military units from Camp Anthony Wayne. A salute of
fifteen guns was given Governor Moore as he entered the grounds.
The party proceeded through columns of United States marines,
soldiers and sailors to the New Jersey pylon, where a wreath was
placed at its base by war veterans and patriotic societies in honor of
the New Jersey Signers of the Declaration of Independence. The
New Jersey flag was raised to the yardarm of the main flagpole in
the Forum of the Founders and the procession moved on to the New
Jersey Building, which was decorated for the occasion.

Newton A. K. Bugbee, Comptroller of New Jersey, acting as
chairman, introduced Mayor Kendrick, who delivered an address of
welcome. Governor Moore responded.

A tea was later given for the Governor by the women of High
Street and then followed the ceremony of the presentation of the
New Jersey flag at the Slate Roof House.

Polish Day — September 5

Polish Day, under the direction of the Polish committee comprised
of Felix Piekarski, Walter S. Dytiles and Leon Alexander, was an
expression of appreciation of America’s part in Poland’s progress
and also a tribute to Polish heroes who aided America in her fight
for freedom in the Revolution. More than 50,000 attended the cele¬
bration. As special guests of honor, Plis Excellency, Jan Ciechanow-
ski, Minister of Poland, and his suite came from Washington. The
day’s ceremonies began at 10 A. M. with the raising of the Polish
national colors on the official flagstaff in the Court of Honor. De¬
tails of soldiers from Camp Anthony Wayne with Marines from
Camp Samuel Nicholas and sailors from the Philadelphia Navy Yard
took part in this ceremony. The United States Army Band played
the Polish anthem.

An inspection of the Exposition and a luncheon at the Russian
Pavilion followed, after which a parade was organized on Pattison
Avenue. There were 10,000 in line, comprised of veterans of the
Polish wars, veterans of American wars, Polish- American men of the
American Legion, the Polish Falcons, Polish gymnastic organiza¬
tions and 5000 Philadelphia Polish school children. Civilians were
in colorful national costumes and all along the line were massed
Polish and American flags and emblems. For an hour and a half the

Governor Small, of Illinois, addressing the
assemblage at the dedication of the Illinois
Building.

One of the French taxis that saved Paris —
a feature of the American Legion parade.

CELEBRATION OF SPECIAL DAYS

389

procession passed in review before the Polish minister and dis¬
tinguished guests in the President’s tribune in the Stadium.

An evening performance in the Auditorium featured a ceremonial
tribute to Kosciusko and Pulaski on the 150th anniversary of their
arrival in America. To drum beats and fanfare of trumpets, the
portraits of these two great Polish generals were displayed on the
Auditorium stage surrounded by Polish and American flags. The
Polish minister presented the portraits to the city of Philadelphia
through the Exposition. Mayor Kendrick accepted the portraits and
in his address dwelt upon the service Kosciusko and Pulaski had
rendered the struggling American colonies.

Labor Day — September 6

On the day nationally recognized as the working man’s holiday,
the Exposition became the playground of the American Federation
of Labor. September 6, 1926, will be remembered as one of the
greatest in the annals of the Federation in Philadelphia. Over sixty
thousand persons participated in the day’s events which were begun
by exhibition flying over the grounds by units of the composite air
squadron. During the morning, troops from Camp Anthony Wayne,
including all branches of the service, paraded on the Exposition
grounds and executed special drills and maneuvers. An exhibition
drill was also given by the Marines stationed at Camp Samuel Nicho¬
las. All through the day concerts were given in various parts of the
grounds by musical organizations, including the eighty-piece United
States Army Band. An athletic program in the Stadium attracted
many.

The Auditorium was thronged at 4.30 P.M., when Mayor Ken¬
drick in a special welcome opened the formal exercises. He was fol¬
lowed by William Green, president of the American Federation of
Labor, Matthew Woll, vice-president, and James Maurer, president
of the Pennsylvania Federation.

Atlantic City Day — September 13

The city authorities, hotel and business organizations of Atlantic
City joined in this day’s celebration as the culmination of the beauty
pageant in Atlantic City and the participants were made the center
of interest in the program of the day.

Escorted by delegations representing the city’s varied interests,
the contestants were brought to Philadelphia by special train and
tendered a reception by Mayor Kendrick at City Hall. After the
reception, the “beauties” were taken to the Exposition, where a roll¬
ing chair parade was organized. Each rolling chair, handsomely

390 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

decorated, was flanked by a sailor and a Marine, while the procession
was led by a detachment of United States Marines and the United
States Army Band. After a luncheon at the Alpine Haus, presided
over by Mayor Kendrick, the parade proceeded through a throng of
Exposition visitors to Broad Street and then to Camp Anthony
Wayne, where the participants were received by General Learnard
and his officers, Exposition officials and distinguished guests.

Swiss Day — September 15

Swiss Day ceremonies were honored by the presence of His Excel¬
lency, Marc Peters, Minister of Switzerland to the United States.

The Swiss Day committee, of which Charles Vuillermier, Swiss
consul in Philadelphia, was president, prepared an elaborate program.
On the arrival of the minister in Philadelphia, he was met by the
members of the committee and the party went direct to the Bellevue-
Stratford Hotel, where the minister and officials of the Exposition
were the guests of the committee. After luncheon the minister was
escorted to the City Hall, where he was officially received by Mayor
Kendrick. From the City Hall the minister was taken to Indepen¬
dence Hall and then proceeded to the Exposition grounds, where he
was officially received, and thence to the Navy Yard, where Rear-
Admiral T. P. Magruder and his staff were waiting to receive him
in front of the Navy Administration Building. As the minister left
his automobile, the Navy Band played the Swiss national anthem
and a guard of honor came to the salute, while guns boomed a salute
of fifteen guns. After a tour of the Navy Yard, in which he was
escorted by the admiral, the minister was taken to Camp Anthony
Wayne, where Brigadier-General Learnard officially received him
on behalf of the Army. As the minister approached the parade
grounds, Battery “C,” 6th Field Artillery, thundered forth a salute
of fifteen guns, and as the official party reached the flagstaff in front
of the Army Headquarters Building, the Army Band played the
Swiss national anthem.

After the distinguished visitor had inspected the 3d Battalion, 12th
U. S. Infantry, drawn up in his honor, he proceeded to the Court of
Honor, where the exercises and addresses of the day followed.

At 4 P.M. the minister and his party were entertained at tea in
the Girard House on old High Street by the Foreign Relations Com¬
mittee of the Women’s Committee of the Sesqui-Centennial. The
hostesses were Mrs. J. Willis Martin, Mrs. George Horace Lorimer,
Mrs. George Dallas Dixon, Mrs. Stanley G. Flagg, Jr., and Mrs.
H. G. Learnard.

Following the tea, the official party made a tour of the Exposition

CELEBRATION OF SPECIAL DAYS

391

grounds, visiting the different palaces, and at 6 o’clock became the
guests of the Swiss-American Day Committee at the Alpine Haus.
The dinner was followed with a Swiss Day program in the Audi¬
torium of the Exposition, which commenced at 8 P.M. and lasted
until midnight. There were selections by the Swiss band, choruses
of Swiss singing societies, a scene depicting the founding of the
Swiss Republic on August 1, 1291; an address by the Hon. Marc
Peter, Minister of Switzerland to the United States; violin solos;
drills and gymnastics by the Swiss Turner Society of Philadelphia;
an address by Dr. Charles Yuillermeir, Swiss Consul at Philadelphia,
a scene from “Columbia and Helvetia” and many other numbers,
concluding with “The Star-Spangled Banner.”

Baltimore Day — September 13

The most elaborate and spectacular day and night city celebration
was that of Baltimore Day, September 13. Selection of the date was
made by Mayor Howard W. Jackson to give national significance to
Baltimore Day, as it would be coincident with the celebration of the
112th anniversary of the writing of “The Star-Spangled Banner”
by Francis Scott Key.

On September 12, 1814, the battle of North Point and the British
fleet’s bombardment of Fort McHenry occurred, the heroic defense
of which inspired Key to write the immortal words of America’s
national anthem. As the anniversary fell on Sunday this year, the
event was celebrated on the Monday following.

Through the efforts of A. S. Goldsborough, National Advisory
Commissioner for the state of Maryland, Joseph W. Shirley and
Thomas C. McGuire, the citizens of Baltimore became interested in
the event and as a result many thousands came to Philadelphia on
special and regular trains and in motor caravans to take part in the
ceremonies. Following are some of the societies and associations
that participated: Kiwanis, Engineers’ Club, National Society U. S.
Daughters of 1812, Baltimore Press Club, Daughters of American
Revolution, Women’s Civic League; N. E. Baltimore Improvement
Association, Tall Cedars of Lebanon, Independent Retail Grocers of
Baltimore, Maryland League of Women Voters, City Club, Lumber
Exchange of Baltimore, Traffic Club of Baltimore, Automobile Club
of Baltimore, Children of American Revolution, Children of Con¬
federacy, Builders’ Exchange, Real Estate Board, Scimitar Club,
Western Maryland Railway, Charles Street Association, Baltimore
Association of Purchasing Agents, Federation of Republican
Women of Maryland, Association of Commerce, Advertising Club,
E. Baltimore Business Men’s Association, Knights of Columbus,
Quota Club, South Baltimore Men’s Association.

392 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Mayor Jackson and his official party consisting of his cabinet,
members of City Council and distinguished men and women of Balti¬
more, arrived at Twentieth Street and Oregon Avenue at 11.30 A.M.
They were met and escorted to the Administration Building, where
a reception was held.

A parade was formed on Broad Street with its head at the Liberty
Bell. The street was lined with soldiers standing at salute as the pro¬
cession proceeded to the Forum of the Founders. The parade was
a brilliant affair. At its head with an honor guard was the great seal
of Baltimore. Then followed the Baltimore Municipal Band; 12th
U. S. Cavalry; members of fraternal, business and civic organiza¬
tions in special dress, headed by the Tall Cedars in gorgeous uni¬
forms and with their fife and drum corps. Immediately behind this
first line of costumed organizations marched delegates of other
organizations with badges and insignia ; also members of the Balti¬
more city departments carrying massed Baltimore city flags.

The Mayor of Baltimore, Mayor of Philadelphia and official par¬
ties followed in automobiles with cavalry escorts. The speaking exer¬
cises of the day took place from a specially prepared grandstand in
front of the Tower of Light. American flags were flying from all
flagstaff s and thousands of small flags were carried by those in the
audience. The following is a summary of the morning’s program :

America
Call to Order
Invocation
Address

Historical Sketch —

“The Significance of the
Battle of North Point
and the Bombardment
of Fort McHenry”
Music
Address

“Star-Spangled Banner”
Benediction

Municipal Band
James W. Chapman, Jr.

Rt. Rev. Monsignor Jos. A. Cannane
Mayor Howard W. Jackson

Rabbi Morris S. Lazaron

Municipal Band

Mayor W. Freeland Kendrick

Municipal Band

Rev. John T. Esner

After the ceremonies in the Forum of the Founders, the official
party was given a luncheon at the Alpine Haus by Mayor Kendrick
and Exposition officials. The afternoon was spent in sightseeing and
in anticipation of the event of the evening.

From 7.30 to 8.30 P.M. the U. S. Army Band and the Baltimore
Municipal Band gave concerts at the Coast Guard Station and the

CELEBRATION OF SPECIAL DAYS

393

Russian Pavilion and thousands of visitors massed along the north
and east shores of Edgewater Lake awaiting the spectacle of the
storming of Fort McHenry, arranged as a fitting climax. The wharf
at the Coast Guard Station was elaborately decorated and assigned
to Mayor Jackson and invited guests. From this point there was a
clear view of the battle on the west shore of the lake.

The site selected for Fort McHenry was just south of the Cuban
Building, which in the darkness gave the impression of a real forti¬
fication. The British fleet was out of sight beyond the ridge to the
west of the Exposition grounds.

At 8.40 the lights in the buildings and the grounds surrounding
Edgewater Lake were turned off and through the darkness could be
seen flares on the five points which indicated the outlines of Fort
McHenry. An aerial pyrotechnic display opened the battle for the
British. For thirty minutes chromatic, national, streamer and signal
rockets shot into the air, followed and interspersed with barrage,
artillery, crosset and silver shells, which burst with the roar of can¬
non manned by artillery from Camp Anthony Wayne and great mag¬
nesium flares in red and green. The display was thrilling. Bombs
bursting in air and the fierce cannonade in response, recalled the
anxiety of that September night in 1814. It was considered one of
the greatest battle spectacles ever seen in an exposition.

In the deep silence which followed the final salvo, a bugle call
sounded and searchlights from Camp Anthony Wayne, the Tower of
Light and other points were trained on the flagpole erected in the
temporary fort, and at its peak waved triumphantly the stars and
stripes.

Simultaneously the massed bands broke into the national anthem
and the spectators joined in the singing.

Danish-American Day — September 17

Danish- American Day was celebrated on this date with a delight¬
ful program participated in by His Excellency Constantin Brun,
Minister of Denmark to the United States, who arrived in Philadel¬
phia from Washington and was taken to the Mayor’s reception room,
where he was officially received by Mayor Kendrick and a committee
of distinguished citizens.

At 3 P.M. the official party, accompanied by Mayor Kendrick,
entered the waiting automobiles and, preceded by a motorcycle police
escort, drove down Broad Street to the Exposition, and thence
through the grounds to the Navy Yard, where His Excellency was
received by Rear-Admiral Magruder and staff. A guard of honor
stood at the salute and the Navy Band played the Danish national

394

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

anthem as the minister alighted from his car. This was followed
with a salute of fifteen guns in his honor, fired by a naval battery.

After a tour of the Navy Yard, His Excellency was conveyed to
Camp Anthony Wayne. As he approached the Camp Battery “C,”
6th Field Artillery gave him a salute of fifteen guns. The official
party then drove across the parade grounds to the flagpole in front
of the headquarters building, where the minister was received by
Brigadier-General Learnard and staff.

As soon as the official party ascended the steps to the speaker’s
platform in the Court of Honor the flag of Denmark was hoisted
at the flagpole, and the band played the American and Danish na¬
tional anthems. Addresses were made by Mayor Kendrick, George
Beck, Danish consul-general, and Dr. Brun. While the minister was
speaking airplanes flew over the Court of Honor dropping tiny red
flags with a white cross of Denmark. At the Court of Honor 500
Danish- Americans joined the official party in special cars and accom¬
panied it on a tour of the Exposition grounds.

Mrs. J. Willis Martin, aided by several members of the Women’s
Committee, served tea to the minister and the members of his staff at
the Shippen House on High Street. In the evening a special enter¬
tainment with a Danish-American program was held in the Audi¬
torium.

Chile Day — September 18

Those in the official Chilean party which arrived September 17,
included His Excellency, Senor Miguel Cruchaga, the Chilean Am¬
bassador; the special legal advisor of the Chilean Embassy, Senor
C. C. Claro, and Mme. Claro ; the counsellor of the Chilean Embassy,
Colonel Carlos Gar has ; secretary to the Chilean Embassy, Senor B.
Cohen ; consul-general of Chile in the United States, Senor G. Muni-
zaga and his wife and daughter; Enrique Bustos, Chilean consul in
Philadelphia.

From West Philadelphia Station the party was taken by motor¬
cycle police escort to Independence Hall, where the ambassador placed
a wreath upon the Liberty Bell. Following this the party was
escorted to the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel, where the ambassador and
party were the guests at an official dinner given by Mr. and Mrs.
Stanley G. Flagg, Jr.

The following day marked the 116th anniversary of Chilean inde¬
pendence and the 139th anniversary of the adoption of the Constitu¬
tion of the United States. At 9.45 A.M. the ambassadorial party
was met at the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel by the mayor’s aides and
representatives of the director-in-chief of the Exposition and with
motorcycle police escort was taken down Broad Street to Oregon

CELEBRATION OF SFECIAL DAYS

395

Avenue, where it was met by a troop of cavalry from Camp Anthony
Wayne and Marines from the Navy Yard. At the main gates of the
Exposition a salute of nineteen guns was fired in honor of the am¬
bassador. The party then continued to the official flagstaff opposite
the Court of Honor, where the Chilean flag was hoisted while the
band played the Chilean national anthem.

After the raising of the colors, exercises were held on a stage espe¬
cially arranged for the occasion opposite the Court of Honor. An
address of welcome was made by Samuel M. Vauclain, president of
the Baldwin Locomotive Works. The ambassador responded.

Following these exercises the party then visited the Navy Yard,
where an official call was made upon Rear-Admiral Magruder and
where a salute of eleven guns was fired in honor of the ambassador.
From the Navy Yard the party proceeded to Camp Anthony Wayne,
Camp Samuel Nicholas and High Street, where it was informally
received by Mrs. J. Willis Martin, chairman of the Women’s Com¬
mittee.

Following this reception the members of the party proceeded to
the Russian Pavilion and were entertained at luncheon by E. T.
Stotesbury, there being also present Major-General Douglas Mac-
Arthur, commander of the 3d Corps Area of the Army.

After the luncheon the party was escorted to the stand erected in
front of the Palace of Fine Arts for the ceremonies in connection
with the unveiling of the Washington statue, which was arranged as
part of Constitution Day events.

Upon the completion of the unveiling ceremonies the party par¬
ticipated in the further exercises arranged for that day in the Audi¬
torium. Mayor Kendrick entertained at an official private dinner in
the ambassador’s honor. After dinner the members of the ambassa¬
dorial party were the guests of the city at a military tattoo in the
Stadium.

Illinois Day — September 21

Illinois Day served a triple purpose, the dedication of the Illinois
Building, a tribute to Abraham Lincoln, and commemorating Illinois’
interest in the Exposition. Governor Len Small, accompanied by a
number of distinguished men and women of Illinois, represented his
state at this joint celebration.

Two special trains brought the Illinois delegation to Philadelphia.
The governor and his official party were met at the station and
escorted to the Exposition grounds. At Twentieth Street and Ore¬
gon Avenue the Governor was met by the military units from Camp
Anthony Wayne and as he entered the grounds was given a gover¬
nor’s salute by the 3rd Field Artillery.

396 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

The dedication of the Illinois Building took place at 12.15 P.M.,
with State Senator Joseph H. Forrester acting as chairman. After
an invocation by the Rev. Harry B. Lewis, D.D., pastor of the Grace
M. E. Church of Jacksonville, Illinois, the band played “America.”
The building was then formally presented to Governor Small by
Edward Hines, a member of the Illinois State Sesqui-Centennial
Commission. Following the address of Mr. Hines and the reading
of the report of the Illinois Commission by Senator Randolph Boyd,
the band played “Illinois,” the official state song.

In accepting the building, Governor Small dwelt upon the objects
and aims of the Sesqui-Centennial and in turn presented the build¬
ing to Mayor Kendrick, acting for the Exposition. Mayor Ken¬
drick’s response was in the form of a general welcome and apprecia¬
tion of Illinois’ participation.

A reception and tea in the gardens of Slate Roof House of High
Street in honor of Governor Small, his staff and the visitors from
Illinois was held at 4 o’clock. The U. S. Army Band supplied the
music. The reception at Slate Roof House was in honor of the four
outstanding women of Illinois, chosen for having done the most for
the progress of women for the last fifty years in art, civics, literature
and music. These women chosen were Mrs. Medill McCormick, Mrs.
Jacob Baur, Miss Jane Addams and Mrs. Joseph Bowen, all of Chi¬
cago. The Illinois state flag was later presented.

Pittsburgh Day — September 23

Just as Pittsburgh’s building participation in the Exposition was
the greatest of all cities, so the Pittsburgh Day celebration was the
most spectacular. A famous composer and a great pioneer battle,
both linked forever with the history of the great industrial city, were
honored on September 23 with exercises, ceremonies and a spectacle
which will long be remembered by thousands of Exposition visitors.

The events of the day were the result of preparation on the part
of representatives of the Pittsburgh commission, consisting of Wil¬
liam T. Kerr, Daniel Winters, President of Pittsburgh City Council,
and William T. Stevenson, general chairman of the Pittsburgh Ses¬
qui-Centennial Commission.

September 23 was selected because it commemorated the 150th
anniversary of the assembling of the American militia at Fort Pitt
when at that time a general Indian War was considered inevitable.
At a conference September 23, 1776, at Fort Pitt, the Six Nations
Indians agreed with the Colonials to keep the truce which makes Fort
Pitt an outstanding historic point of America, and the program of
Pittsburgh Day at the Exposition was arranged to emphasize that
fact.

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Dedication of the unique Pittsburgh Building ,
one of the architectural gems of the Exposi¬
tion.

The monument to
“Steel,” presented to the
Exposition by the Jones
& Laughlin Steel Cor¬
poration of Pittsburgh.

Cuba’s pavilion, 'which was the scene of nu¬
merous entertainments.

The picturesque Russian Pavilion, where many
distinguished visitors were guests at official
luncheons.

CELEBRATION OF SPECIAL DAYS

397

On Mr. Kerr’s request September 23 was also designated as Ste¬
phen Collins Foster Day, Foster having been born in Pittsburgh
July 4, 1826. In the exercises the songs and music of the author
of “My Old Kentucky Home’’ predominated. Pittsburgh musical
organizations contributed special musical features in addition to the
regular Pittsburgh Day program.

At 10.30 A.M. the Pittsburgh party met the commissioners, execu¬
tive officers and City Council of Pittsburgh at the Liberty Bell and
accompanied by Mayor Kendrick and Exposition officials, were es¬
corted to the Pittsburgh Building by detachments of the Army, Navy
and Marine Corps. The following is a summary of the program of
the day :

Selection — United States Army Band

Presentation of Chairman by William T. Kerr

Presiding — William T. Stevenson, Gen. Chairman

Selections — United States Army Band

Selections — (a) Aunty Skinner’s Chicken Dinner Fields

(b) Close Harmony O’Hara

P. R. R. Red Arrow Quartet

Presentation of Mayor Kendrick — Daniel Winters, President,

Pittsburgh Council

Address — W. Freeland Kendrick, Mayor of Philadelphia and

President of the Exhibition Association

Selection — United States Army Band

Selections — (a) Nellie Was a Lady Foster

(b) Oh, Susanna Foster

P. R. R. Red Arrow Quartet

Presentation of Mayor Kline — Daniel Winters, President, Pitts¬
burgh Council

Address — Mayor Charles H. Kline

Selections — United States Army Band

Reproduction of attack by Indians on Fort Pitt, representing
scenes in the history of Pittsburgh, 1758.

Foster’s music was played and sung not only in the Pittsburgh
Building during the exercises, but all over the grounds by bands and
orchestras. Wherever the visitor might be, the sweet strains of some
of the following were to be heard: “Come Where My Love Lies
Dreaming,” “Gentle Annie,” “Hard Times,” “I Dream of Jennie,”
“Massa’s In the Cold, Cold Ground,” “My Old Kentucky Home,”
“Nelly Was a Lady,” “Oh, Boys Carry Me ’Long,” “Old Black
Joe,” “Old Dog Tray,” “Old Folks at Home,” “Oh, Susanna,”
“Swanee River.”

398

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Seventy-ninth Division Day — September 25

At the request of the officers of the Seventy-ninth Division, this
day was set aside in honor of the reunion of the men who served in
this division overseas with the American Expeditionary Forces.

With the approval of the governor and the adjutant-general of
Pennsylvania, the flags carried by the various regiments of the divi¬
sion, now stored at the state capitol, were brought to the Sesqui-Cen-
tennial and paraded with the veterans in their reunion review.

About 3000 men participated in the day’s exercises.

Dinner was served in the Alpine Haus at six o’clock in the evening,
completing the formal part of the program. The parade and review
scheduled in their honor by the troops of Camp Anthony Wayne was
omitted on account of wet parade grounds.

Artillery Day — September 26

Artillery Day was designated in honor of the visit of the 244th
Coast Artillery Regiment of the New York National Guard. The
regiment, comprising about 800 in command of Colonel J. J. Byrne,
arrived at the Exposition at about 10 A.M. and, after marching
down Broad Street, placed a wreath on the New York pylon in the
Forum of the Founders.

The members were in full uniform and under arms. Arriving at
the Stadium, they stacked arms and inspected the Exposition and its
exhibits until “assembly” was sounded at 5 P.M.

The regiment then formed at the Stadium and passed in review at
5.30 P. M. in honor of the Mayor. A special reviewing stand had
been erected in front of the replica of Washington’s headquarters at
Newburgh-on-the-Hudson, one of the New York state buildings.

The 108th Field Artillery of the Pennsylvania National Guard
placed two of its tanks in the Court of Honor and also supplied its
standard of colors in honor of the visiting artillery regiment from
the neighboring state.

Gene Tunney Day — October 2

Through the office of Mayor Kendrick, the officials of the Exposi¬
tion were requested to set aside Saturday, October 2, to be known as
Gene Tunney Day, on which occasion the victor in the world’s cham¬
pionship boxing contest held in the Stadium on September 22 was
to visit the Exposition.

Mr. Tunney announced through his friends in Philadelphia that
he would like to meet the boys and girls of Philadelphia on that occa¬
sion so as to tell them about right living, taking care of their health,
and manifesting an interest in physical culture.

CELEBRATION OF SPECIAL DAYS

399

The Mayor named a committee for the day, including Director
of Public Welfare Charles H. Grakelow as chairman, Jules E. Mast-
baum, Frank Buehler, Abe Einstein, Mrs. J. Willis Martin and
others. Several meetings were held in advance of the day, and spe¬
cial invitations were sent to the children of the city of Philadelphia,
including Boy and Girl Scouts and kindred organizations.

The champion on his arrival was received by a military escort
composed of one company of troops from Camp Anthony Wayne,
accompanied by Headquarters Band, the 43rd Company of Marines
from Camp Samuel Nicholas in command of Captain Louis E.
Fagan, two companies of Marines from the Philadelphia Navy
Yard, the combat company of Marines in command of Major An¬
thony J. Drexel Biddle, and the Congress of Indians stationed in
the Sesqui-Centennial grounds. With this escort Mr. Tunney was
taken to the Stadium, where upward of 10,000 children had as-
sempled to greet him.

An elaborate program of events arranged for the occasion included
selections by the Boys’ Harmonica Band, dances by the Indians,
drills by Company “L” of the 12th Infantry, 43rd Company of
Marines and Major Biddle’s combat company. In the combat com¬
pany’s drill, Mr. Tunney acted for the first time in his new capacity
of Lieutenant, U. S. Marine Reserve Corps.

Port of Philadelphia Day — October 4

At one of the July meetings of the board of directors Mayor Ken¬
drick as president of the Association directed that the week begin¬
ning October 4 should be set aside as All Philadelphia Week. Later
it was arranged that the commercial and maritime organizations of
Philadelphia should celebrate October 4 as Port of Philadelphia Day.

George F. Sproule, City Director of Wharves, Docks and Ferries,
called a meeting of the representatives of the Commercial Exchange,
the Philadelphia Ocean Traffic Bureau, the Maritime Exchange, the
Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce, the Philadelphia Commercial
Museum and kindred organizations. As a result Hubert A. Horan,
president of the Commercial Exchange, was requested to act as the
chairman of a meeting to be held on October 4 in the Auditorium.

For the week, the Departments of Wharves, Dock and Ferries and
Welfare, together with one of the large steamship companies, made
special displays in the Liberal Arts Building.

The meeting in the Auditorium was well attended, there being
in the aggregate several thousand men and women representing all
the city’s commercial, business and transportation companies ; repre¬
sentatives from the economic courses in the University of Pennsyl-

400 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

vania, Temple University, and the Y. M. C. A. in attendance. Music
was furnished by the Sesqui-Centennial Band and the evening’s pro¬
gram was concluded with motion-pictures showing the improved
facilities of the port of Philadelphia.

Mr. Horan presided and addresses were made by the Mayor, who
reviewed the expansion of the port’s facilities; by Director Sproule;
H. DeWitt Irwin; and B. Hoff Knight, representing the Philadel¬
phia Ocean Traffic Bureau; M. J. I. Eysmans, vice-president of the
Pennsylvania Railroad; J. S. W. Holton, president of the Maritime
Exchange; P. H. Gadsden, president of the Chamber of Commerce;
Charles H. Ewing, vice-president of the Philadelphia and Reading
Railroad; Philip Godley, vice-president of the Philadelphia Board of
Trade; Ex-Governor John J. Cornwell of West Virginia, represent¬
ing the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ; Thomas F. Armstrong, repre¬
senting the Manufacturers’ Club of Philadelphia; and Emil P.
Albrecht, president of the Bourse.

Japanese Day — October 5

This day was set aside as Japanese Day in commemoration of the
sixty-fifth anniversary of the visit to Philadelphia in June, 1861, of
the first Japanese commission to visit the United States. The pro¬
gram of the day, featured by an entertainment in the Auditorium,
was presented jointly by the Japanese Commission and the Exposi¬
tion. A Japanese festival was presented and all the artists excepting
the orchestra were Japanese.

The Japanese Ambassador to the United States upon his arrival
in Philadelphia was received by Mayor Kendrick at his office, and
later with official honors at both the Navy Yard and at Camp An¬
thony Wayne. The streets within the grounds were gaily decorated
with Japanese colors and lanterns.

Two performances of the Japanese festival were given in the Audi¬
torium, afternoon and evening, which were attended by many thou¬
sands of visitors. The stage and the entire interior were gaily dec¬
orated with Japanese colors, lanterns, paintings and cherry blossoms.
The program of the entertainment included vocal and instrumental
music; gymnastic exhibitions, including a display of Jiu Jitsu;
Japanese dancing, etc.

Northeast Philadelphia Day — October 6

This day, which was also the day set aside for the parade of the
state firemen of Pennsylvania, and for the meeting in commemora¬
tion of the early German settlers in Germantown under Pastorius in
1683, drew a very large attendance of visitors.

Northeast Philadelphia through its Chamber of Commerce spon¬
sored a parade into the Exposition participated in by a large number

Japanese Day
Personalities

(At Right) — One of the grace¬
ful Japanese dancers zvho ap¬
peared before the Japanese
Ambassador at an entertain¬
ment in the Auditorium.

(At Left) — Sessue Hayakawa,
Japanese stage and screen ac¬
tor, and Madame Tamaki,
Japan’s famous prima donna.

(At Top) — Circus elephant planting tree on
site of Save the Surface Home , shown below.

CELEBRATION OF SPECIAL DAYS

401

of its business men. A number of specially designed floats was in¬
cluded.

Chicago Day — October 9

On the morning of October 9 more than 300 prominent Chica¬
goans, headed by Mayor William E. Dever, arrived in Philadelphia
to participate in Chicago Day exercises which were held on the 55th
anniversary of the great fire which swept their city. Members of the
City Council, the Chicago Centennial Commission, railroad officials,
bankers and industrialists comprised the party.

After a formal reception at City Hall by Mayor Kendrick the
party was escorted to the Illinois Building, where the following pro¬
gram was carried out in the rotunda :

Music by United States Army Band from Camp Anthony Wayne

Address of Welcome- — Mayor Kendrick

Response — William E. Dever, Mayor of Chicago

Address — Edward N. Hurley, General Chairman, Chicago Cen¬
tennial Commission

Address — A. R. Brunker, Chairman, Chicago, Sesqui-Centennial

Committee

Music by the United States Army Band

After a luncheon given in honor of the distinguished guests at the
Alpine Haus, the party visited the Navy Yard and later a special
review, parade and drills were given in their honor by the troops at
Camp Anthony Wayne.

In the evening a special pyrotechnical display was given in the
Arena and a patriotic, historic and musical program was staged in
the Auditorium.

Cuban Day — October 9

Cuban Day was celebrated with addresses by Mayor Kendrick,
Hon. Rafael Martinez Ybor, Commissioner General of Cuba, and a
representative of the Exposition. In the evening, a reception and
dance were held in the Cuban Pavilion from 9 to 12 P.M. The music
was provided by the U. S. Army Band from Camp Anthony Wayne.
A delightful program was arranged. Between the dances there were
duets and solos by well-known artists.

Public School Children’s Day — October 9

By direction of the Mayor this day was set aside for the children
of the public schools of Philadelphia, who were invited guests of
the city and the Exposition.

The invitation to the children was extended through William
Rowen, president of the Board of Education, and upon its acceptance
Dr. Edwin C. Broome, superintendent of public instruction, and Wil¬
liam Dick, secretary of the board, directed all teachers to ascertain

402

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

how many students would go to the Exposition. The total number
accepting by October 4, was 202,848, which number was slightly
increased during the week.

October 9 was clear and at an early hour in the day every street
leading to the Exposition was thronged with children. So great were
the crowds that the trolley and transportation systems were unable
to accommodate all those who were bound for the Exposition. It was
impossible to pass all through the turnstiles at the main gates and
the children were admitted in large numbers through the automobile
gates. For this reason the total attendance of the day was not re¬
corded, though it was one of the largest and most orderly of the
Exposition period.

From three to five o’clock in the afternoon there was a special
patriotic musical concert for the children, during which addresses
were made by Mayor Kendrick, Mr. Rowen, Dr. Broome and Mr.
Dick.

Notwithstanding the large number of children, many without the
guidance of parents or teachers, it was a noticeable fact that no
disorder of any kind was reported, nor was any damage done to
property or exhibits. Most of the children, especially those unaccom¬
panied by parents, left the Exposition grounds before six o’clock in
the evening.

China Day — October 11

China Day was celebrated by a dinner given to the officials of the
Exposition at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel by the Hon. Ziang-ling Chang,
Commissioner General of China to the Exposition, and the members
of the Commission. This date commemorated the fifteenth anni¬
versary of the foundation of the Chinese Republic.

Spanish Day — October 12

Spanish Day at the Exposition was celebrated on October 12 with
impressive ceremonies, contemporaneously with Italian or Columbus
Day. Five hours after His Excellency Senor Don Alejandro Padilla
had presented his credentials to President Coolidge, the new Spanish
ambassador arrived in Philadelphia to represent his country and to
take part in the ceremonies of the day.

Early in the day the Spanish flag was hoisted from the flagstaff
in the Court of Honor and the ambassador and his party, who were
escorted by motorcycle police, left for the grounds, arriving at the
main gate at 10.45 A.M.

Troop “G” 3d U. S. Cavalry was drawn up inside the gate to
receive the ambassador and, after giving him the sabre salute, be¬
came his escort through the Exposition grounds to the Navy Yard,
where His Excellency was received by Rear-Admiral Magruder and

CELEBRATION OF SPECIAL DAYS

403

staff. A guard of honor was drawn up in front of the Navy Admin¬
istration Building and the Navy Band played the Spanish national
anthem as the ambassador left his car to greet the Admiral. This
was followed by a salute of nineteen guns in honor of the distin¬
guished visitor. Admiral Magruder entered the car of the ambassa¬
dor and escorted him around the Navy Yard, parting with him at the
gate, where the waiting cavalry became his escort to Camp Anthony
Wayne. As the ambassador approached the parade grounds Battery
“C” 6th Field Artillery gave him a salute of nineteen guns. At the
flagstaff in front of the Headquarters Building the ambassador was
received by Brigadier-General Learnard and the Army Band played
the Spanish national anthem. The ambassador inspected the 3d Bat¬
talion 12th U. S. Infantry drawn up in his honor.

From Camp Anthony Wayne the ambassador proceeded to the
Spanish Building to take part in its official dedication. On his arrival
he found a scene of colorful animation, with troops from the Army,
Navy and Marine Corps drawn up on the lake front of the building
and the Army Band to the left. Spanish soldiers in the striking red,
white and blue uniforms of the Guadia de Civile, the special guard
of honor sent by King Alfonso, patrolled the halls of the pavilion.
The ceremonies, which commenced with the blessing of the building
by His Eminence, D. Cardinal Dougherty, consisted of raising the
American flag by Senor Don Cesar de Madariaga, Commissioner
General of Spain, while the Army Band played “The Star-Spangled
Banner,” and the Spanish flag by Rear-Admiral H. O. Stickney,
U. S. Commissioner to the Exposition, the Army Band playing the
Spanish national anthem, and speeches by His Excellency the Ambas¬
sador, Rear-Admiral Stickney, Mayor Kendrick and others.

Following the ceremonies, the ambassador and his party were con¬
veyed to the Ritz-Carlton Hotel where His Excellency was the guest
of honor at a luncheon.

Columbus Day — October 12

Columbus Day was celebrated at the Exposition in an elaborate
manner and participated in particularly by the Italian and Spanish
citizens of the city.

During the day, His Excellency, Nobile Giacomo de Martino, the
Italian ambassador, and His Excellency, Senor Don Alejandro Pa¬
dilla, the Spanish ambassador, were the distinguished guests of
honor.

Upon his arrival at the Exposition the Italian ambassador was
escorted through the grounds to the Navy Yard by military con¬
tingents from Camp Anthony Wayne. After being received by Rear-
Admiral Magruder following a salute fired in his honor, His Excel-

404 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

lency was escorted to Camp Anthony Wayne, where similar honors
were extended.

The program for the Italian celebration was arranged by a com¬
mittee consisting of Eugene V. Alessandroni and Chevalier C. C. A.
Baldi. The feature of the day was an interesting musical perform¬
ance in the Auditorium in the evening. Grand opera stars and other
singers and instrumentalists of distinction took part.

More than 3000 school children from the Philadelphia parochial
schools were given the freedom of the grounds in honor of the cele¬
bration, which was held as a tribute to Christopher Columbus on the
434th anniversary of his discovery of America.

British Day — October 13

The British ambassador selected October 13 as the day on which
Great Britain would pay her tribute to the commemorative idea of
the Sesqui-Centennial Exposition. Frederick Watson, British consul
general ; Captain R. P. Craft, acting as liaison officer for Rear-Ad¬
miral Magruder, and Henry A. Ansell, representing the British soci¬
eties, assisted in preparing the program.

In honor of the occasion, the British Admiralty sent to Philadel¬
phia two warships, “Capetown” and ‘“Calcutta,” in command of
Vice-Admiral Sir Walter Cowan, B.T., K.C.B., D.S.O., M.V.O.,
and Commander-in-Chief of the North American and West Indies
Squadron. The embassy at Washington was represented by H. B.
Chilton, C.M.G., charge d’affaires.

After a formal visit to Independence Hall, the official British
guests were taken to the Exposition, where an Army and Navy
parade was held, a two-mile march with every unit of the U. S. Army
at Camp Anthony Wayne taking part, as well as the Marine Corps
units and sailors from the Navy Yard. Two companies of sailors
and marines from the warships also participated. The troops and
bands formed in squares in the Forum of the Founders in front of
the speakers’ stand, which was decorated with British and American
flags.

At 2.30 P.M. the following program took place with Consul Gen¬
eral Watson presiding :

Invocation

Selection

Address of welcome

Response

Selection

American national anthem
Benediction

Rev. William J. Cox
Band of H.M.S. Calcutta
Mayor Kendrick
Vice-Admiral Sir Walter Cowan
United States Army Band
United States Army Band
Rev. Edward Hawks

British Day at the Exposition, marked by
military display.

(At Top ) — Tunisian-Souks, where life and
products of North African protectorate were
displayed. (In Middle) — Exhibit room in
Czechoslovak Building. (At Bottom ) — Dedica¬
tion of Czechoslovak Building.

CELEBRATION OF SPECIAL DAYS

405

The evening entertainment was truly British in character and was
given in particular for the sailors and Marines of the British war¬
ships. For the occasion the committee took over Treasure Island as
a whole. A water gymkhana, boxing and other sports and contests
were held. The Calcutta Band and the Caledonian Pipers supplied
the music. At the close prizes were given to the winners in each con¬
test by the British consul general and as a final feature of the day
there was a pyrotechnical display.

Virginia Day — October 14

Virginia’s contribution to the Sesqui-Centennial constituted one of
the most significant of all State Days.

The program was arranged with the committee of the American
Legion of Virginia. Because Virginia was not represented at the
Exposition either by a building or by an exhibit, the governor of the
state determined to make a special effort to show Virginia’s appre¬
ciation of the great event which was being celebrated in Philadelphia.
One result was the creation of a great pageant in float form, which
paraded from City Hall to the Exposition.

Governor Harry Flood Byrd and a party of distinguished men
and women from Virginia were escorted to the Bellevue-Stratford
Hotel, where a breakfast in honor of the governor, his staff and mili¬
tary commanders was given by the American Legion, Department
of Virginia. Later the governor and his party were formally re¬
ceived at City Hall by Mayor Kendrick, Exposition officials and
members of the reception committee. The visitors were then taken
to the Exposition gates, where they were met by cavalry escort and
passed through lines of sentries at rigid salute, to the Forum of the
Founders. With Army, Navy and Marine Corps units at parade and
a squadron of airships overhead, and with the bands playing the old
melodies of the Southland, the scene was a colorful one.

Just preceding the speaking exercises, members of the American
Legion of Virginia placed a wreath at the foot of the Virginia pylon
in honor of Virginia’s signers of the Declaration of Independence.

Mayor Kendrick delivered the address of welcome. Governor
Byrd in response, outlined Virginia’s historic part in the building of
the nation. Between the two addresses the bands played “Dixie” and
at the close “The Star-Spangled Banner.”

The parade formation on Broad Street and into the Exposition
was as follows :

Police escort

John Marshall High School Band

Richmond Light Infantry Blues

406

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Governor and staff with distinguished guests
Charlottesville Municipal Band
The Monticello Guard
Eight Historic Floats :

First Assembly in Virginia in 1619
Thrusting out of Governor Harvey in 1635
Bacon’s Rebellion

Patrick Henry before the House of Burgesses
George Washington Assumes Command of the Continental
Army

Virginia’s Instructions to Declare for Independence
Richard Henry Lee Offering Resolution of Independence
Thomas Jefferson Writing the Declaration of Independence
Band

Richmond Grays

Gray’s Float (history of first Virginia Regiment)

Jefferson’s Gig

Woodstock Float

Fort Royal Float (Forest Scene)

B. and O. Float (Thomas Jefferson and Virginia’s First Locomo¬
tive)

Band

Massed Colors American Legion

Virginia Flag with Honor Escort

Department, Legion and Auxiliary Flags

Massed Post Colors

Legionnaires marching

Other Virginians marching

Band

Auxiliary members and other Virginians in cars
Immediately upon completion of the program in the Forum of the
Founders, the governor and his official party were escorted to High
Street. In Slate Roof House the Virginia flag was presented and
later a reception was given at the Jefferson House.

In the evening the governor and his party and distinguished guests
were tendered a dinner at the Alpine Haus.

Governor Byrd and his military staff and escort were later guests
of honor at the military ball given by the American Legion in the
Auditorium.

Norwegian-American Day— October 23
In collaboration with Mathias Moe, Norwegian Consul at Phila¬
delphia, a program was arranged for the celebration of Norwegian-
American Day.

CELEBRATION OF SPECIAL DAYS

407

The celebration was more than local, as the Norwegian societies in
New York and Boston developed widespread interest among their
members. As a result of this interest and of many articles dealing
with the day and published in papers with a Norwegian following,
a large out-of-town attendance was secured.

In one cavalcade alone more than 100 automobiles and busses
from northern New Jersey and New York arrived at the Exposition
in the afternoon.

Mayor Kendrick officially invited both the Norwegian Minister to
the United States, His Excellency, Helmer Bryn, and the Norwegian
Consul General at New York, Hans Fay, to participate in the obser¬
vance of the day and both accepted. Through the interest and activi¬
ties of Mr. Moe, an interesting and entertaining program was de¬
veloped for the Auditorium that evening. The order of events for
the day was as follows :

10.15 A.M. Norwegian minister accompanied by party and

Mayor’s military aides with motorcycle police escort
left the Ritz-Carlton for Mayor’s office, where a
reception was held by the Mayor at 10.30 A.M.
10.45 A. M. Official party left for the Exposition, where it was

received by Troop “G,” 3d U. S. Cavalry from
Camp Anthony Wayne and escorted to the Navy
Yard, where a salute of fifteen guns was fired, and
where Rear-Admiral Magruder received the party.
11.40 A.M. The party arrived at Camp Anthony Wayne and was

received by Brigadier-General Learnard. An offi¬
cial visit was made to the Government Building and
the visitors were escorted to the Ritz-Carlton Hotel,
where a luncheon was given by R. L. Taylor.

The program after lunch was in charge of the Norwegian Society,
which arranged the following:

2.00 P. M. Party proceeded to Delaware River Bridge, where it

met the official Norwegian party from New York
with the Norwegian Consul General, and then to
the State House, where a wreath was placed on the
statue of Washington and the Liberty Bell viewed.

From there the party proceeded to Fairmount Park,
where a wreath was placed upon the statue of
Thorfin Karlsefni. Following this the Exposition
was again visited. At 3.30 in the Court of Honor
services were held while the Norwegian flag was
raised. Upon the completion of this ceremony the
party proceeded to the ship “Lief Erickson,” where
a short ceremony was held.

408

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Following dinner at the Alpine Hans, where special arrangements
had been made to provide for the Norwegian guests, the day’s activi¬
ties closed with the entertainment in the Auditorium, with the fol¬
lowing participants and features :

United Norwegian Singers of New York under the leadership of
Ole Windingstad, accompanied by the Sesqui-Centennial Or¬
chestra led by Lieut. Frankel.

Norwegian Folk Dancers of New York.

Norwegian Society of Turners of New York.

Travel picture and lecture on Norway by Ben Blessum.

Dr. L. J. Men son, organist, New York.

Argentine Day — October 30

In view of the fact that the Argentine Government had partici¬
pated extensively in the Exposition and had erected there a building
of a permanent nature which was to be given to the Exposition, and
later to the City of Philadelphia, it was desired to do all that was
possible to make this day an outstanding one in the annals' of the
Exposition.

October 30 was selected as Argentine Day as it was on this day
that the building was formally dedicated and presented to the Expo¬
sition.

The complete program for the day was as follows :

The Argentine charge d’Affaires, Felipe A. Espil, and the presi¬
dent of the Argentine delegation to the Sesqui-Centennial, Dr.
Tristan Achaval Rodriguez, were met upon their arrival at West
Philadelphia Station by an official reception party from the office of
the Mayor and from the Sesqui-Centennial Exposition staff, also
Eduardo Rossas, the Argentine consul at Philadelphia, and Senor
Don Carlos C. Reissig de Albornoz, commissioner of the Argentine
government to the Exposition, and others. In addition there were
also appointed two military aides to the Argentine charge d’affaires
and the president of the Argentine delegation, who were to remain
with them during their visit.

The Second City Troop, under command of Captain Arthur Kin¬
sley, acted as a military escort to the party down Market Street to
the City Hall, in addition to a mounted police escort. Outside the
City Hall the Second Troop rendered appropriate honors to the
Argentine charge d’affaires, after which the party was escorted to
the Mayor’s office, where the charge d’affaires was introduced to the
Mayor, U. S. Commissioner Stickney, Rear-Admiral Magruder,
Brigadier-General Learnard and others.

Following a short reception in the Mayor’s office the party entered

CELEBRATION OF SPECIAL DAYS

409

automobiles and with the same escort proceeded down Broad Street
to the Exposition.

At South Street the Second Troop left the procession, the escort

then being made up of motorcycle police. At Broad and Oregon

Avenue, Troop “ C ,” Third U. S. Cavalry, took position as escort

to the party. At the gates to the Exposition a nine-gun salute was

fired, the party meanwhile proceeding to the Tower of Light. Here

was assembled the director-in-chief and his official staff to receive

the party, together with troops from Camp Anthony Wayne and
detachments from the Navy Yard. The director-in-chief delivered
an address of welcome, following which he presented to the Argen¬
tine charge d’affaires an illuminated scroll containing his message.
The Argentine flag was then raised opposite the Court of Honor
while the troops stood at salute. A band played the Argentine na¬
tional anthem and a salute of twenty-one guns was fired.

The party proceeded to High Street, where the officials were
formally received by Mrs. J. Willis Martin, chairman of the
Women’s Committee. Here also the Argentine charge d’affaires pre¬
sented to Mrs. Martin for High Street a large palm indicative of
the friendship existing between the two nations.

After this ceremony the party proceeded to the Argentine Build¬
ing, where in the presence of assembled troops the United States and
Argentine flags were raised simultaneously by the charge d'affaires
and Commissioner Stickney, while the national anthems were played
and salutes fired.

The troops then passed in review, following which exercises were
held in the Argentine Building and addresses made by the president
of the Argentine delegation, the charge d’affaires, the Mayor, the
U. S. Commissioner and Dr. L. S. Rowe, director general of the
Pan-American Union.

The Argentine Building thus having been formally dedicated and
presented to the Sesqui-Centennial Association and accepted by the
Mayor, the exercises came to an end with the parading of the colors
of Argentine and the United States through the building, while the
band played the national anthems of the two countries.

Austrian Day — November 5

Austrian Day at the Exposition brought to Philadelphia His Ex¬
cellency, Edgar L. G. Prochnik, the Minister of Austria, and
Madame Prochnik, accompanied by Dr. Friedrich Fischerauer, the
Austrian consul general. The members of the official party were
escorted to City Hall, where they were received by Mayor Kendrick
and a number of distinguished citizens. They arrived at the Exposi-

410

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

tion gates at 11 A.M. Here the minister was met by Troop “G,”
Third U. S. Cavalry, which, after paying him honors, escorted the
visiting party through the Exposition grounds to the United States
Navy Yard, where the minister was received by Rear-Admiral
Magruder and his aides, and also with a salute of fifteen guns as
the Navy Band played the Austrian national anthem. A tour of the
Navy Yard was then made under the personal escort of Admiral
Magruder.

The official party then proceeded to Camp Anthony Wayne, where
Brigadier-General H. G. Learnard was waiting to receive the min¬
ister. As the automobiles crossed the parade grounds, Battery “C”
of the Sixth Field Artillery rendered honors with a salute of fifteen
guns. On reaching the Army Headquarters Building, the minister,
Madame Prochnik, and the other members of the party left the auto¬
mobiles and were officially received by General Learnard and Colonel
Beacham. The minister, General Learnard and Colonel Beacham
then made an inspection of the 3d Battalion 12th U. S. Infantry,
which was drawn up in parade form to receive them, while Madame
Prochnik was received by Mrs. Learnard, Mrs. Beacham and other
ladies.

At 11.55 A.M. the party re-entered the automobiles and was
driven to the Austrian exhibit in the Palace of Agriculture and For¬
eign Participation, where the band of the U. S. 12th Infantry was
stationed. Addresses were made at the Austrian exhibit by the Min¬
ister, Dr. Fischerauer and a representative of the Exposition.

The ministerial party then became the guests at luncheon of Mr.
and Mrs. J. Bertram Lippincott at their residence at 1712 Spruce
Street. Following the luncheon, the official party returned to the
Exposition and made a tour of the Government Building, from
whence it proceeded to High Street, where tea was served at the
Girard House by the Women’s Committee of the Exposition.

Military School Day — November 5

Upon the suggestion of the officials of the Bordentown Military
Academy, Bordentown, N. J., a Military School Day was arranged
for November 5. Due to the lateness of the date and conflict with
academic work at the schools, but three were able to attend, as fol¬
lows : Bordentown, N. J. ; Wenonah, N. J. ; Clason Point, N. Y.

A military competition and drill between units of forty from each
school was held on the parade grounds, Camp Anthony Wayne, and
under the supervision and direction of the United States Army offi¬
cers stationed at the Exposition camp. The winning unit was that of
Clason Point, to which was awarded a silver cup presented by the
Exposition.

CELEBRATION OF SPECIAL DAYS

411

Czechoslovak Day — November 6

Czechoslovak Day was under the supervision of the Czechoslovak
Section of the Exposition and the Czechoslovak societies in America.

The declaration of Czechoslovak independence having been signed
in Philadelphia in the same room and on the same desk where the
American Declaration had its origin, Czechoslovak Day at the Ex¬
position was an occasion commemorating this historic event. Six
thousand citizens of Czechoslovak origin gathered for this purpose
in Philadelphia. Special trains brought representatives of the
Czechoslovak colonies from Pittsburgh, Chicago, Baltimore, New
York and other cities to attend these exercises.

The preparatory work for Czechoslovak Day was begun by the
Czech and the Slovak societies of Philadelphia under the guidance
of August Pribramsky, Upon their invitation, the Czechoslovak so¬
cieties of Baltimore, Allentown, Bethlehem, Trenton, Newark, New
York and environs, Bridgeport, Conn., and other places sent dele¬
gates to meetings which took place in Philadelphia, where the pro¬
gram was discussed and all necessary preparations were made. Dr.
Jaroslav Novak, Czechoslovak Consul General at New York and
President of the Czechoslovak Exhibition Committee, presided at
these meetings of the delegates. The executive committee was com¬
posed of August Pribramsky, Mrs. Mary Chvojka, Anthony Uhlarik
and Emil Abeles of Philadelphia.

The program of the day began at 3 o'clock at Independence Hall
in Philadelphia, where the Czechoslovak Minister to the United
States, Zdenek Fierlinger, together with the Consul General, dec¬
orated the statue of George Washington with a wreath. Dr. Novak
and John Krafcik spoke.

The main feature of Czechoslovak Day was a festival in the Audi¬
torium in the evening. The building was decorated for this purpose
with American and Czechoslovak colors and a space in the center
was used for the gymnastic drills and dances of the Czechoslovak
sokol societies. The building was filled to capacity. The following
were on the platform : Minister Fierlinger ; Dr. T. W. Davis, repre¬
senting the Mayor of Philadelphia; Rear-Admiral H. O. Stickney,
Commissioner of the United States to the Exposition; Jan Cervenka,
President of the Czechoslovak National Council in America; Dr.
Novak; Charles J. Vopicka, American Minister to Roumania during
the World War; Frank Oslislo, General Secretary of the Sokol
Union in America; Thomas Capek, President of the Bank of Europe
in New York; John Krafcik, President of the National Slovak So¬
ciety in America; and Jan Zeman, Chairman of the Slovak Sokol
Union in America.

412 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Dr. Novak opened the festival, reading the message of the Czecho¬
slovak Minister of Commerce for this special occasion and Mr. Fier-
linger, Admiral Stickney, Dr. Davis, Mr. Cervenka and Mr. Oslislo
delivered speeches.

The varied and colorful program which succeeded these speeches
was one of the most interesting and impressive of those given in the
Auditorium. There were calisthenic drills by the Czechoslovak
Sokol, an organization which became well known all over the world
by the influence it had on the formation of the Czechoslovak armies
in Siberia during the war, and performances of the Bohemian Work¬
ing Men’s and Women’s Gymnastic Union of America. There were
also national dances performed to the melodies of folksongs and
danced in gay and colorful national costumes. The songs of the Car-
patho-Russian choir and Rev. Bednar’s Philadelphia choir, together
with the performance of old chorals on the organ by F. Rybka, com¬
pleted the program, which gave a true impression of the spirit of the
new nation.

Mayor Walker Day — November 12

At the request of Mayor Kendrick, the late Jules E. Mastbaum,
member of the board of directors of the Exposition, was named
as chairman of the committee in charge of the arrangements for
Mayor Walker Day, in honor of Mayor Walker, of New York City.
A delegation from New York came in two special trains, one carry¬
ing four hundred police and firemen, later the guests of Rodman
Wanamaker at a luncheon in the Wanamaker store. Immediately
afterward the special train bringing Mayor Walker and his party
arrived at Broad Street Station.

Almost simultaneously with the arrival of Mayor Walker at the
station, Governor Smith of New York, with a party of friends, also
arrived from Atlantic City. The combined party was escorted direct
to Independence Hall, where a wreath was placed upon the Liberty
Bell by the Mayor of New York. The party then went to the Belle-
vue-Stratford Hotel, where luncheon was served with Mayor
Kendrick presiding. Governor Smith and Mayor Walker spoke.

At 2.30 P.M. a parade was formed in front of the hotel and,
escorted by the Philadelphia police, the police and fire details from
New York City marched to the Exposition, with the distinguished
visitors in automobiles and busses.

Exercises were held in Federal Hall, one of the two New York
State Buildings.

Brazil Day — November 15

This day was featured by the visit of His Excellency, S. Gurgel
do Amaral, the Brazilian Ambassador to the United States.

As Mayor Kendrick had a previous engagement that took him

(At Top of Page) — Branch of Frank¬
lin Trust Company , official deposi¬
tory of Exposition. (From Top to
Bottom at Left) — Police Headquar¬
ters, “ House Electric.” (From Top
to Bottom at Right > — Girl Scouts'
House , Welfare Building, Emergency
Hospital.

Some of the Special Buildings

Columbus Day celebration, in which Italian-
American Societies and Spanish representa¬
tives joined.

Street dancing at night within the Exposition
grounds, popular with hundreds of partici¬
pants and thousands of onlookers.

CELEBRATION OF SPECIAL DAYS

413

out of the city on November 15, he requested that an official luncheon
be given to the Brazilian Ambassador at one o’clock in the Bellevue-
Stratford Hotel and that William C. Sproul, former Governor of
Pennsylvania, formally welcome the ambassador to Philadelphia.

The following program for Brazil was carried out :

10.15 A.M. The ambassador and party were escorted from the
Ritz-Carlton to the main gates of the Exposition where he was
officially greeted by the director-in-chief of the Exposition, E. L.
Austin, and met by Troop “G,” Third United States Cavalry, as his
official escort. The Brazilian flag was displayed.

From the main gates the distinguished visitor was taken direct
to the Navy Yard, where he was officially received by Rear-Admiral
T. P. Magruder and official honors accorded him. The party was
then escorted to Camp Anthony Wayne, where at 11.10 A.M. the
appropriate salute to the ambassador was fired by Battery “C,” 6th
United States Field Artillery. A review of all the arms represented
in the camp then took place.

The official luncheon at the Bellevue-Stratford followed. After
the luncheon, the ambassadorial party again returned with motor¬
cycle police escort to the Exposition and visited the Palace of Fine
Arts.

Governor Nellie Tayloe Ross Day — November 23

This day was set aside in honor of Nellie Tayloe Ross, Governor
of the State of Wyoming, on the occasion of her official visit to
the Exposition and the presentation to the States Committee of the
Women’s Committee of the Sesqui-Centennial of the flag of Wy¬
oming for the collection of state flags.

Governor Ross visited Independence Hall in the morning and
placed a wreath on the Liberty Bell.

From the State House, escorted by motorcycle police, the Gov¬
ernor and her party proceeded to Carpenters’ Hall, Chestnut Street
below Fourth; thence to Christ Church, Betsy Ross House and the
grave of Benjamin Franklin, and then at noon, called upon the
Mayor in his office in City Hall, where she was officially offered the
freedom of the city by the Mayor and welcomed on behalf of the
city’s two million people.

After the reception in the Mayor’s office, the governor and her
official party were escorted to the Philadelphia Art Alliance, where
luncheon was served. In the afternoon she visited the Exposition
for the ceremonies in her honor.

CHAPTER XXIX

RELIGIOUS EVENTS

INTERDENOMINATIONAL SERVICES IN AUDITORIUM — RELIGIOUS EXHIBITS — FIELD MASS
IN STADIUM — CHOIRS AND SOLOISTS — ADDRESSES BY RELIGIOUS LEADERS.

No exposition could tell of the progress of the world and its
achievements without due emphasis being given religion. Therefore
the religious leaders of this and other countries were afforded at the
Sesqui-Centennial International Exposition an opportunity to show
in terms of religious exhibits and religious activities to the people of
the world what religion is accomplishing for the advancement of
civilization. This opportunity was given alike to Protestants, Catho¬
lics, Jews, orthodox and non-orthodox believers and all creeds.

In 1923, three years before the opening of the Exposition, a letter
was sent from the executive committee to religious leaders asking
for their cooperation. The Mayor appointed a committee on religion
representative of the leading religious groups in the city of Phila¬
delphia. It was made up of an executive committee and the general
committee. Those forming the executive committee were: Joseph
M. Steele, chairman; Rev. W. B. Forney, vice-chairman; Allan
Sutherland, secretary; A. I. Wood, treasurer; G. B. St. John, repre¬
sentative; Rev. Rufus M. Jones, Rev. Edwin H. Delk, Rev. Dr.
Floyd Tomkins, Dr. Cyrus Adler and James M. Willcox. The general
committee consisted of Dr. James M. Anders, Rev. W. B. Anderson,
Dr. Cyrus Adler, Bishop Joseph F. Berry, Mrs. William Boyd,
Edward H. Bonsall, Rev. Daniel Daly, D. Cardinal Dougherty, Rev.
Edwin H. Delk, Rev. W. B. Forney, Rabbi William R. Fineshriber,
William S. Furst, Ellis A. Gimbel, Rev. N. L. Hunton, Monsignor
J. L. J. Kirlin, Miss Mary Johns Hopper, Dr. Rufus M. Jones, Alba
B. Johnson, Rev. William B. Lampe, Rev. Clarence E. MacCartney,
Joseph M. Steele, Rev. Lewis S. Mudge, Rev. E. A. E. Palmquist,
Harry Paisley, Rev. Wm. G. Russell, W. D. Reel, Levi L. Rue, J.
Henry Scattergood, Allan Sutherland, Rev. Chas. E. Schaeffer, Rev.
H. N. Tope, J. H. Sakohl, James M. Willcox, John Walton, Robert
L. Latimer, John J. Sullivan, Rev. Geo. H. Toop, A. L. Wood, Dr.
Wilbur K. Thomas, Rev. Chas. A. Findley, Walter M. Wood, Rabbi
Max D. Klein, Rev. Dr. Floyd Tomkins, Rev. James R. Clinton and
Rev. Henry M. Speaker.

Arrangements were made for a series of Sunday services, interde¬
nominational in character, to be held in the Auditorium of the Ex¬
position. These meetings began July 6, 1926, and ended with Octo-

414

RELIGIOUS EVENTS

415

ber 31 because it was not found practicable to heat the building. In
addition to the Auditorium services each Sunday but one, a Field
Mass was celebrated in the Stadium October 3.

More than 50,000 persons attended the Auditorium services, the
attendance ranging from 2000 to 5000, with an average of 3000.
It was estimated that 250,000 attended the Field Mass, including an
overflow gathering outside the Stadium.

At each of the Auditorium services there was a splendid choir
ranging from the twenty soloists who made up the Fidelis Male
Choir to the Temple Combined Choruses, consisting of three
choruses with a total of 250 voices, and 500 of the Sesqui-Centennial
Festival Chorus. Robert Lawrence, National Organizer, War Camp
Community Singing, was one of the song leaders, and Anna Case of
the Metropolitan Opera Company, Ciro de Ritis, formerly with the
San Carlos and Chicago Grand Opera companies, and Mary Shall-
cross Hammond were among the soloists. Throughout the entire
period of these services the soloists and choruses were provided by
Herbert J. Tily, Director of Music of the Exposition. In addition
to speakers of national reputation, there was the added attraction of
splendid vocal programs, cello solos, and wonderful never-to-be-for¬
gotten organ recitals on one of the largest and most powerful organs
in the world, installed at a cost of over $100,000. At the console
were such organists as William Svlvano Thunder, Dr. Philip H.
Goepp, Russell King Miller and S. Wesley Sears.

It was not necessary to pay for admission to the Exposition in
order to attend these services. One side of the great Auditorium was
located on Packer Avenue, which crossed Broad Street just outside
the grounds, and at half -past two each Sunday afternoon the en¬
trances from this street were thrown open to the public. It is worth
observing, however, that ninety per cent of those who attended the
services were people who had paid admission to the Exposition.

When the committee on religion ascertained definitely that the
Exposition was to be open on Sundays, Bishop Joseph F. Berry of
the Methodist Episcopal Church and other members resigned. The
Exposition officials decided to continue the meetings under the au¬
spices of the Department of Education and Social Economy.

Considerable space was set aside in the Palace of Education for
religious exhibits. Exhibiting in a group here were the Gideons ; the
Church of the New Jerusalem; the Unitarian Churches; the Moody
Bible Institute of Chicago; the Progressive Thinker, a paper devoted
to Spiritualism ; the Theosophical Society ; and the Synagogue Coun¬
cil of America. The Diocese of Pennsylvania had a splendid exhibit
showing the influence of the Episcopal Church in the building of the

416 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

nation. The Salvation Army gave a graphic picture of the various
kinds of relief and evangelistic work done by the Army, both here
and in other parts of the world. The Christian Science exhibit occu¬
pied an important place on the floor of the Palace of Education, as
did a very graphic exhibit of the Christian work of the Seaman’s
Church Institute.

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia had a large and
comprehensive exhibit showing various lines of activities. There was
also an interesting exhibit of the Catholic Historical Society.

The first interdenominational religious meeting, held July 4, was
addressed by the Rev. John Haynes Holmes of the Community
Church, New York City, on the subject of “Independence.” The
soloist was Anna Case of the Metropolitan Opera Company. On
July 11 the Rev. Joseph Fort Newton, D.D., of the Memorial Church
of St. Paul, Overbrook, Philadelphia, spoke on “Christian Citizen¬
ship.” At the third meeting, July 18, the Rev. Carl Agee of the First
Christian Church, Philadelphia, delivered the address, on “The
Gospel of Unity.” W. D. Eddowes, musical director of the church,
was the soloist.

“We Would See Jesus” was the subject of the address delivered
at the meeting of July 25 by the Rev. John H. Clifford, honorary
chaplain, U. S. M. C. The fifth interdenominational religious meet¬
ing, August 1, was addressed by the Rev. Robert Arthur Elwood,
pastor of the Boardwalk Church, Atlantic City, N. J. The soloists
were Ciro de Ritis and Bernard Poland. The Rev. Dr. Luther Little,
pastor of the First Baptist Church, Charlotte, N. C., delivered the
address, on “God’s Gardens,” August 8. The following Sunday
Joseph R. Wilson, author of “A Chapel in Every Home,” spoke.
George C. Detwiler was the soloist.

At the eighth meeting, August 22, the Rev. David M. Steele, D.D.,
rector of St. Luke and Epiphany Church, Philadelphia, was the
speaker, his topic being “Service.” George Ernes and Ednyfed Lewis
were the soloists. “What Are We Seeking, Where Are We Going?”
was the subject of the address August 29, delivered by the Rt. Rev.
Charles Fiske, Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Central New York.
The violinist was Elizabeth Levy of Portland, Ore., and the soloists
were Dorothy Fox, soprano; William H. Carmint, tenor, and Ernest
T. Freas, baritone. The chorus of 500 voices was composed of mem¬
bers of the Temple Glee Club, Shrine Choir, West Philadelphia Mus¬
ical Association and the First Baptist Church Choral.

Rabbi William H. Fineshriber of the Reform Congregation Kene-
seth Israel delivered the address at the tenth meeting, September 5,
his subject being “The Higher Meaning of the Sesqui.” The solo-

(Above) — View of
part of the grounds
from Edgewater Lake,
Palace of Fine Arts
on left and Russian
Pavilion at right.

( Right) — Singing gon¬
dolier, one of several
brought from Venice,
Italy, to man gondo¬
las on the Exposition
canals.

Partial view of grounds. Photographic Build¬
ing conducted by J. D. Car din ell, official pho¬
tographer , in the foreground; gladioli gardens
and part of Gladway in background.

Alpine Haus, the largest of the Ex¬
position restaurants, reproduction of
the famous structure at Nuremburg,
Bavaria.

Cafe de la Paix, a bit of Paris boule¬
vard reproduced for the Exposition
and the pleasure of visitors fond of
French cooking.

RELIGIOUS EVENTS

417

ists were the members of the Temple Keneseth Israel Quartet. The
eleventh meeting, September 12, was addressed by the Rev. Peter K.
Emmons, pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Trenton, N. J.,
the subject being “A Vision From the Ramparts.” The soloists were
Mme. Blanche Yedder-Wood, Daytona Beach, Fla., and Robert
Morris Carson, Philadelphia. ‘‘Religion and the Exposition” was
the subject of the address September 19, by the Rev. Dr. Edgar De¬
witt Jones, pastor of the Central Christian Church of Detroit, Mich.
The soloist was Mary Shallcross Hammond. Also participating was
the Sesqui-Centennial Festival Chorus under the direction of Bruce
A. Cary.

The fourteenth interdenominational religious meeting in the Audi¬
torium, set for October 3, was suspended for the celebration by His
Eminence D. Cardinal Dougherty of Solemn Pontifical Mass in the
Stadium. This was the most stupendous religious spectacle ever wit¬
nessed in Philadelphia. More than 150,000 persons crowded into
the Stadium, filling the seats and the ground area, while a separate
low mass was celebrated by the Rt. Rev. Monsignor Joseph A.
McCullough in a field near by for 100,000 who could not be ad¬
mitted.

More than 80,000 persons marched to the Stadium from all parts
of the city, forming a column thirty- two abreast on the Parkway
and South Broad Street.

The deacons of honor to His Eminence were the Revs. John J.
Mellon and John J. Hickey, J.C.D. The Very Rev. Hugh L. Lamb,
chancellor, was the assistant priest. The deacon of the Mass was
the Rev. Edward F. Cunnie and the sub-deacon was the Rev. Richard
W. Gaughan. The imposing ceremonial of the Solemn Pontifical
Mass was carried out with strict adherence to the exacting ritual
under the direction of the Right Rev. Monsignor Thomas F. Mc¬
Nally, diocesan master of ceremonies, assisted by the Rev. William
P. McNally, S. T. L., Ph.D., and the Rev. Dr. Gerald P. O’Hara.

The fifteenth interdenominational religious meeting in the Audi¬
torium, October 10, was addressed by Dr. Elbert Russell, professor
in the School of Religion at Duke University, Durham, N. C., on
the subject, “The Christian Alternative to a World of Force.” The
chorus was the Temple Combined Choruses of 250 voices, under the
direction of Dr. J. Marvin Hanna. On October 17 Judge Florence
E. Allen of the State Supreme Court of Ohio spoke on “Our Heri¬
tage, the Constitution.” Music was furnished by Florence Haenle,
violinist; Bertrand Austin, cellist; Dorothy Johnstone Baseler, harp¬
ist, and the Y. W. C. A. Choir under the leadership of W. D.
Eddowes.

418 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

At the seventeenth meeting, October 24, the Rev. Roger S. Forbes,
pastor of the Unitarian Church of Germantown, Philadelphia, de¬
livered the address, his subject being “Denominational Boundaries
a Menace to Religion.” The soloists were Mildred Matthews, so¬
prano; Ruth Montague, contralto; Frederick Anne, tenor, and Fred¬
erick S. Caperoon, bass.

The eighteenth and concluding interdenominational religious meet¬
ing in the Auditorium, October 31, was addressed by the Rev. Arthur
C. Baldwin, D.D., pastor of the Chestnut Street Baptist Church of
Philadelphia, on “The Discovery of God.” The soloist was Royal
P. McClellan.

CHAPTER XXX

THE MUNICIPAL STADIUM
By Edward P. Simon

THE MUNICIPAL STADIUM AS AN ASSET TO THE EXPOSITION — ITS PERMANENT VALUE
TO THE CITY — SITE — DESCRIPTION — FACILITIES FOR HANDLING GREAT CROWDS —
SCENE OF NOTABLE EVENTS — DIVERSIFIED USES.

Virtually every city in which an international exposition has been
held has been enriched by the acquisition of permanent structures
built as an integral part of the exposition. Memorial Hall and Horti¬
cultural Hall in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, two outstanding
buildings of the Centennial Exposition of 1876, are striking ex¬
amples. They are still of interest and still serve their original pur¬
poses.

The Municipal Stadium erected within the grounds of the Sesqui-
Centennial International Exposition and the scene of many of its
most colorful events will long remain not only as a memorial of the
Exposition but as a substantial contribution to the facilities of the
city for staging large outdoor events and athletic games.

It is a matter of record that in 1923 during the deliberations of
the members of the Sports Committee of the proposed Exposition
the erection of such a stadium was deemed imperative, not only to
provide an athletic field where contests might be held before vast
throngs but also one that might be used for the outdoor activities of
the schools of the municipality. The suggestion was first introduced
by Dr. George W. Orton. It was approved by the committee and
Judge J. Willis Martin and Dr. Orton were named to interview
Mayor J. Hampton Moore upon the subject. Mayor Moore agreed
that such a stadium should be built and the item was placed in the
Loan Bill, City Council afterward authorizing its construction.

The value of the Stadium to the Exposition was incalculable in
that many of the principal events of its program were held within its
confines. Without its existence it would have been extremely dif¬
ficult to present under such ideal conditions the stupendous spectacles
that were staged there. It was the scene of a series of athletic con¬
tests that rivaled the famed Olympic games. It saw the passing of
the world’s heavyweight boxing championship. One of the greatest
outdoor dramatic productions ever attempted was shown there in a
series of performances. Solemnization of a Field Mass brought
within its gates the largest congregation that ever attended a like

419

420

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

ceremony. The President of the United States and many other dig¬
nitaries of this and other nations spoke from its rostrum. Renowned
personages were accorded receptions there and its other uses were
manifold and various.

The site chosen for the Stadium was East League Island Park, in
the heart of the Exposition grounds, comprising about thirteen and
a half acres. This is bounded by Broad Street, Pattison Avenue,
Eleventh Street, and a cross drive lying to the south of Terminal
Avenue. Ground was broken for the structure early in 1925. It was
designed and supervised in construction by George H. Biles, Director
of Public Works, John Molitor, City Architect, and Simon & Simon,
special architects.

The Stadium structure is in the form of an immense letter “U,”
710 feet in breadth and 721 feet in length, with its open end toward
the north. Towers at the northeast and northwest corners terminate
the arcaded brick and limestone-trimmed exterior wall. The enclosed
field is 350 feet in width and 840 feet in length, projecting 300
feet north of the terminal towers. The northern portion of the field
is bounded by a brick and limestone-trimmed wall. The overall
dimensions of both the stadium structure and the field are 1020 feet
in length and 710 feet in width.

A circulation plaza exclusively for pedestrian traffic is laid out be¬
tween the surrounding streets and the outer walls of the Stadium.
Provided with radial and cross walks of generous breadth, it affords
ample area for groups to form without congregating about gates or
ticket windows and permits spectators to circulate to their proper
entrance gates without any confusion or “milling” about in the
streets. To the north of the Stadium beyond the wall at the open
end is an area of sufficient size for the marshaling of parades and
pageants.

The seating capacity of the Stadium is rated at 100,000. Of this,
73,830 seats are permanently located upon the reinforced concrete
deck of the superstructure, while space for the remaining seats of
demountable type is provided within the inner wall of the structure
without encroaching on the central playing field. At the Dempsey-
Tunney fight approximately 135,000 seats were provided, running
from the ring back to the outer walls of the permanent stands, and no
seat was located more than 448 feet from the ringside.

The permanent structure provides a vast single seating deck in¬
clined in a manner to afford to all spectators an equally good view
of events in the field. Seventy-seven rows of seats arise from a low
field side wall to terminate in the arcaded exterior wall, the total
length of which is 1852 feet. Spaced at regular intervals in this

View of one of the parking sections inside
the gates, the Stadium and Live Stock Show
tents in the background.

Looking east from Edgewater Lake toward
the Stadium, with some of the State and for¬
eign buildings in the middle distance.

(At Left) — The
Delaware Building,
Colonial type of
structure housing
exhibits showing
the progress of the
Diamond State.

The Illinois Building, in which were comprehensive exhibits of the state's activities.

(Right) — The Con¬
necticut Building
representing the
old State House in
Hartford, which
served as the home
of the State Gov¬
ernment from 1796
to 1S7S.

THE MUNICIPAL STADIUM

421

outer wall are thirty-nine entrance doorways alternating with thirty-
eight exit archways. In addition to these openings there is an impos¬
ing doorway in each terminal tower, while the north enclosure wall
is provided with two great thirty- foot gateways flanked by pylons
pierced by smaller openings.

The system of circulation for arriving and departing spectators is
such that spectators may purchase tickets at booths set near the street
sidewalk line and at a sufficient distance from entrance doorways to
prevent any mingling with spectators entering the Stadium. To
equalize the use of the entrance doorways it is arranged that specta¬
tors enter the structure only at the gate nearest their seats. From the
outer circulation plaza these proper entrances may be found without
annoyance and confusion.

Within the entrance gates is a covered concourse forty feet in
width and making the complete circuit of the Stadium structure.
This concourse is well lighted through arches piercing the outer wall.
Directly opposite each entrance gate a ramp of moderate slope leads
upward from the concourse to a portal piercing the seat deck. Thence
spectators ascend or descend to their seats, the farthest of which are
not more than half the height or depth of the deck.

From any seat an unimpeded view may be had of the field of six
and three-quarter acres, having the so-called “triple feature" of foot¬
ball gridiron, baseball diamond and a quarter-mile track, and in addi¬
tion two straightaway sprint lanes of 220 yards. The straightaways
of the track are extended northward beyond the enclosure wall and
are connected by a curved portion of track to make the half-mile
circuit.

The thirty-nine portals, each ten feet wide, provide an aggregate
width equivalent to nearly three and a half times that of Broad
Street, while the thirty-eight exit arches, each eighteen feet wide,
afford a total exit width equivalent to nearly six times that of Broad
Street. It is interesting to note there are no stairways in the path of
spectators entering or leaving the Stadium between the surrounding
streets and the inner portals to the seats.

A unique achievement in crowd handling was observed at the Field

Mass held in the Stadium. The crowd was estimated at more than

13 5,000 seated in the stands and massed on the field. Approximately

100,000 of those seated and those in the field adjacent to the stands

were dispersed to the circulation plaza in less than seven minutes.

The remainder of the spectators, in the center of the playing field,

were dispersed through field aisles to the regular and special gates in

the north enclosure wall without delav or confusion.

■/

In order to avoid the trouble and congestion often created by the

422

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

arrival of dignitaries at a public affair where large numbers of people
are in attendance, a roadway or drive of sufficient width for two
vehicles to pass each other is located beneath the stands. Official con¬
veyances may enter the drive from the north end at the field level,
proceeding directly and without interference to an enclosed lobby,
below the seat deck, which forms an entrance to each one of three
special boxes projecting slightly into the field at the centers of the
east, south and west stands. Another route to these special boxes is
by means of a stairway leading from the concourse to the private
driveway.

Two separate locker rooms with showers, rub-down and doctor’s
rooms occupy the space under the seats at the north end of the struc¬
ture, where there is direct light and ventilation. Team locker rooms,
with space for doctors and officials, as well as the general locker
rooms provide, on each side of the field, for the accommodation of
500 athletes, or 1000 in all.

Press boxes are located at the top of the stands in the central por¬
tion of the west straight stand and at the central portion of the south
curved end, each with a microphone booth for the proper handling
of radio communication. Various other accommodations include
administrative office, first-aid and police stations.

Mechanical provision for supply of heat to toilets and locker rooms
in severe weather, and an all-year supply of hot water for shower
baths when desired consists of three small plants located at the middle
and two ends of the structure. Each plant is quite independent of the
others in operation.

The track was constructed on a specially prepared and drained sub¬
grade in two layers of material to a total thickness of three feet. The
lower layer was composed of coarse hard boiler cinders two and one-
half feet in thickness. The upper layer or the top dressing of the
track was composed of screened cinders and loam, in the proportions
of two to one respectively, six inches in thickness.

The track is sloped transversely three inches in its thirty foot width
for surface drainage. A curb of two inch cypress separates the track
from adjacent turfed areas. This curb is set flush with the track and
turf surfaces in accordance with the recent rules of track and field
sports.

The central or playing field area within the track was constructed
upon a prepared and specially sloped sub-grade. Upon this sub-grade
was placed a drainage strata of coarse hard boiler cinders one foot
thick. Upon the drainage layer was placed one and one-half feet of
soil. Upon this, manure was spread and above it the topsoil was
replaced and specially fertilized in addition to the manure. The entire

THE MUNICIPAL STADIUM

4 23

field is sloped or crowned from the center towards the edge for the
purpose of surface drainage.

At night the field can be brilliantly lighted by 190 electric projec¬
tors, each equipped with a 1500-watt Mazda lamp. These projectors
are located upon steel towers or masts extending above the outer
wall of the Stadium. This lighting has been most successful and
there is little or no glare affecting the spectators.

To make the Stadium a civic asset of greatest future usefulness it
was designed to afford facilities of as broad a scope as are possible
in a structure of this character.

The diversified uses to which the Stadium was put during the
course of the Exposition included track and field sports, lacrosse,
football, field hockey, horse races, bicycle, boxing and wrestling,
baseball, fencing, gymnastics, mounted police sports, a Rodeo, Cos¬
sack riding, parades, pageants, band concerts, chorus singing, and
dancing.

CHAPTER XXXI

SPORTS EVENTS
By Robert T. Paul

President of Philadelphia Sporting Writers' Association

INTERNATIONAL SCOPE — DEMPSEY-TUNNEY CONTEST FOR WORLD’S HEAVYWEIGHT BOX¬
ING CHAMPIONSHIP — INDUSTRIAL, SERVICE AND WOMEN ATHLETES — EVERY SPORT
REPRESENTED — TRACK AND FIELD EVENTS — MARATHON — SWIMMING — TENNIS —
OTHER EVENTS.

Philadelphia, due to the most complete and comprehensive sports
program ever arranged for one city, was the center of championship
competition during the Sesqui-Centennial Exposition. Athletes from
the world over came to Philadelphia to compete with America’s best
and to seek American and world titles.

Virtually every known sport was included in the program arranged
by a committee under the direction of Judge J. Willis Martin, which
co-operated to the fullest extent with Dr. George W. Orton, director
of the Stadium. In addition to the track and field, swimming, base¬
ball, tennis, rowing and boxing contests, so familiar to the American
sports public, a lacrosse match between two of the greatest Indian
teams in the world — the Caughnawaga Indians, of Canada, and the
Onondaga Tribe, of Syracuse — was held in the Stadium. So was a
game of Kavkas between the Russian Cossacks and the United States
Marines stationed at League Island. The Marines never had seen the
game played before the Sesqui-Centennial Exposition but they ac¬
cepted the challenge of the Cossacks to play their national sport —
and beat the Cossacks in a thrilling battle that looked to the spectators
like a combination of football, basketball, soccer and rugby. Then,
as a climax to the summer of record-breaking activities, came the
bout between Jack Dempsey and Gene Tunney for the world heavy¬
weight boxing championship. Under the enchantment of Tex Rick¬
ard’s promoting, sportsmen came from every section of the world to
see Tunney dethrone Dempsey in a rain-marred bout that set world
records for attendance and receipts.

The year-around trained club and college athletes had to share
attention with the industrial, service and woman athlete. Never had
such opportunities and encouragement been given to industrial ath¬
letics as afforded by the sports committee of the Sesqui-Centennial.
Special championships were held for industrial workers in many
sports ; railroads in this country and Canada participated in another
series of title games; the so-called “sandlot” baseball teams held the

424

SPORTS EVENTS

425

finals of a nation-wide tournament in the Stadium ; a great American
Legion Junior World Series in the Stadium was the fitting end to a
national tournament that took three months to complete, while ama¬
teur boxers performed many times in the Stadium ring.

By permission of the government, championship events for men
in the service were placed on the program. This included a thrilling
boxing tournament between the champions of the Army, Navy and
Marine Corps ; a championship baseball series between the Quantico
Marines and the pick of the Navy ; and the annual tennis match be¬
tween the Army and Navy for the Leech Cup.

Athletics for women reached heretofore unsealed heights. Record
after record was shattered by the contestants in the women's track
and field and swimming championship meets. These two meets were
the greatest ever held in the United States. From as far west as
California, as far north as Canada and from Panama in the south
came the new generation of female athlete. “At least a record a day”
seemed to be their slogan.

The professional sports naturally were headed by the Dempsey-
Tunney championship fight. In danger of being postponed indefi¬
nitely by the failure of the New York Commission to sanction this
contest in New York, Tex Rickard accepted the invitation of the City
of Philadelphia and Sesqui-Centennial International Exposition to
hold the bout in the Stadium. He received the fullest co-operation of
everyone in Philadelphia, with the exception of the weather man.
The largest gathering to witness a sports event in the United States,
122,000, sat in the Stadium the night of September 23. The receipts
totaled $1,700,000. Rain fell during the bout — but no one cared.
The spectacle of the crowd and the crowning of a new champion
gripped all.

Another professional sport feature brought together Georges Car-
pentier, of France, and Tommy Loughran, of Philadelphia. It was
promoted by Herman Taylor and Robert Gunnis, Philadelphians.
Loughran won. Several championship wrestling bouts also were held
during the summer with Joe Stecher retaining his world title.

The list of events held during the Exposition included contests in
archery, baseball, bicycling, boxing, canoeing, fencing, football, golf,
gymnastics, handball, field hockey, lacrosse, motorboat racing,
mounted police gymkhana, rodeo, rowing, soccer, swimming, tennis,
track and field, and trapshooting.

Track and Field Events

Depressing heat, punctuated with showers, failed to halt the con¬
certed assault of American and foreign track and field stars on

426 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

A. A. U. and world records in the national amateur junior and senior
championship meets held in the Stadium July 3, 5 and 6.

The cinder track, built under the personal supervision of Lawson
Robertson, coach of the University of Pennsylvania track teams and
business manager of the American Olympic team, was pronounced
by athletes, critics and coaches as the best and fastest in the United
States at that time. And the performances of the athletes, represen¬
tative of the world’s finest, bore out these statements. Only the
showers and the resultant softening of the cinder path prevented
more records from being wiped from the A. A. U. books.

One American and four A. A. U. records were bettered in the
senior championships. These events were held Monday, July 5, after
a series of showers Sunday and early Monday morning. Despite this
the winners registered times that compared favorably with world
records. Especially was this true of the one-mile run in which Lloyd
Hahn, of the Boston Athletic Association, tried to lower Paavo
Nurmi’s world record. Running on a soggy track and without com¬
petition after the half-mile mark, Hahn tore over the water-covered
cinders to finish very close to Nurmi’s best. On a dry track Hahn
would have established a new world record.

Harry Hinkle, of the New York Athletic Club, set a new American
record in the three-mile walk. His time was 21 minutes, 35 1-5
seconds. Hinkle was pushed to his victory by a teammate, Joe Pear-
man, and Michael Pecora, of the Hazleton, Pa., Y. M. C. A., the
junior champion.

Leighton Dye, Hollywood A. C., De Hart Hubbard, Century A. C.,
and Johnny Kuch, Kansas Teachers’ College, were the athletes to
shatter A. A. U. championship meet records.

Dye, of the University of Southern California and winner of the
120-yards high hurdles title at the Intercollegiate Games two weeks
previously, finished first in this event in the exceptionally fast time
of 14 2-5 seconds. This race, like others, was run in rain. This,
many critics believed, robbed him of a world record.

Hubbard took only one leap in the running broad jump. This was
sufficient to establish a new record of 25 feet 2 1-4 inches, bettering
a jump that had stood for six years. Hubbard was nearly a foot
ahead of the second man.

In the javelin throw, Kuch won with a throw of 199 feet 7 inches,
nearly six inches beyond the existing mark. Kuch was pressed closely
by Creth B. Hines, of the Chicago A. A., second place winner, who
tossed the javelin 199 feet 4 inches.

The sprints furnished the biggest surprise of the three-day meet.
Charley Borah, young Hollywood A. C. athlete, leaped past three

SPORTS EVENTS

427

veterans — Scholtz, Hubbard and Bowman — to win the 100-yard dash
in 9 4-5 seconds. Until this race, Borah was somewhat of an un¬
known in the East, though he had forced Charley Paddock to the
limit on the Pacific Coast.

George Sharkey, of Miami, provided another upset in the 220-
yard dash. The last event on the program and run over a series of
puddles, Sharkey defeated Scholtz, the Olympic champion, and also
Borah. The time was 21 2-5 seconds, remarkable for the condition
of the track.

Another youngster to win national fame was Philip Osif, an In¬
dian who followed his victory in the national junior championship
six-mile race with a win in the same event for seniors. Ove Ander¬
son, of Finland, gave Osif a bitter struggle for four miles. Then
Osif went ahead to finish far in front. His time, 31 minutes and
34 3-5 seconds, broke the championship record.

Lee Barnes, Hollywood A. C., was another Olympic champion to
suffer defeat. Barnes lost to Paul Harrington, Boston A. A., in the
pole vault. Harrington cleared 13 feet.

The relay championships held on the third day of the meet resulted
in record-breaking victories in four of the five events. The Newark
A. C. quartet — Bowman, Cunnings, Harwood and Clarke — set a
world record of 41 6-10 seconds in the 440-yard relay. The same
four men also finished first in the 880-yard relay. In the two-mile
relay, Sansone, Welch, Martin and Hahn of the Boston A. A. broke
the existing championship, American and world record. Their time
was 7 minutes and 41 4-10 seconds. Members of the Illinois A. C.
broke championship records in the one- and four-mile events. Ste¬
venson, Taylor, Oestriech and Kennedy ran on the one-mile team
in 3 minutes 17 4-5 seconds, while Watson, Payne, Sivik and Dodge
traveled the four miles in 17 minutes and 54 seconds.

As expected, Harold Osborne, Olympic champion of the Illinois
A. C., won the decathlon title. Osborne scored 7187.836 points.
Frieda, a teammate, tallied 6820.346. Hoffman, of the Olympic Club,
was third with 6348.4625 points. Heat bothered the athletes, who
started their ten-event competition in the morning and did not finish
until late in the afternoon.

The junior championships, held the opening day, also resulted in
remarkable performances. Six junior records were bettered. These
were in the three-mile walk, half-mile, pole vault, discus, javelin and
hop, step and jump. The Newark A. C. won the j union championship
team prize.

Records also went by the boards in the annual track and field
championship for women. This easily was the finest meet of its kind

428

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

ever held in this country. Athletes came from all over the United
States and Canada. The high calibre of the competition caused new
American and world records.

Lillian Copeland, Pasadena Athletic and Country Club, was the
individual star. Miss Copeland won three championships and in each
one broke the American record. She finished first in the discus, shot
put and javelin.

The Toronto Ladies’ Club relay team twice tied the world record
for 440 yards. Helen Filkey, of Chicago, won the 60-yard hurdles
in the best time ever recorded in this country. Alta Cartright, of the
Northern California A. C., did the same in the 50-yard dash. Cath¬
erine Maguire, of St. Louis, leaped 4 feet 11 1-4 inches in the run¬
ning high jump to set a new championship record. Members of the
Pasadena A. and C. C. won the team championship.

Marathon

A full-distance marathon from historical and picturesque Valley
Forge to the Stadium was the initial sports event of the Sesqui-Cen-
tennial. Clarence De Mar, Melrose, N. Y., defeated a field of 80
runners including Stenroos, the 1924 Olympic marathon champion;
Percy Wyer, of Canada; and Albert Michelson, of Port Chester,
N. Y.

The course took the runners through many of the more populated
sections between Valley Forge and Philadelphia and it is estimated
that nearly 1,000,000 people watched the race. For several miles
Stenroos, De Mar, Michelson, Zuna, Kennedy and Ramsay were
bunched. Then Stenroos developed blistered feet and he had to quit.
De Mar forged ahead and finished a quarter-mile in front. Michel¬
son was second; Frank Wendling, Buffalo K. of C., third; Frank
Zuna, Newark, fourth; Bill Kennedy, Port Chester, N. Y., fifth;
Harvey Frick, New York, sixth; Percy Wyer, Toronto, Canada,
seventh; George Ramsay, Philadelphia, eighth; John Rosi, Port
Chester, N. Y., ninth; and F. D. O’Donnell, Canadian N. R. C.,
tenth.

The Cygnet A. C., of Port Chester, N. Y., won the team trophy,
with the Melrose A. C., of New York, second and the Shanahan
C. C., of Philadelphia, third.

Swimming

With the greatest men and women swimmers of the world com¬
peting, it was natural for the national A. A. U. championships to
provide the swimming classics of the year and establish new Ameri¬
can and world records.

The Stadium equipped with field seats for
the heavyweight championship contest be¬
tween Jack Dempsey and Gene Tunney, Sep¬
tember 22, ig26.

"Fight Night” at the
dium, when a crowd
world’s champion win

S esq ui-Centen nial
of 122,000 saw a
his crown.

Sla-

new

Soft drink booths at the Exposition, typical
of more than a hundred minor structures,
which conformed to the architectural and
artistic standards insisted upon.

Two refreshment booths combining originality
with attractiveness, in keeping with the general
architectural scheme of the Exposition.

SPORTS EVENTS

429

Held in the Sesqui-Centennial Lake, the men’s championships cre¬
ated record-breaking thrills in virtually every event. Arne Borg,
formerly of Sweden, competing for the Illinois Athletic Club, stole
the spotlight from America’s featured merman — Johnny Weissmuller,
also of the Illinois Athletic Club. Borg broke two world records and
was a valued member of the Illinois Athletic Club relay team which
set a world mark in the 880-yard championship. Borg shattered the
existing world records in the one-half mile and one-mile free style
events. His teammates on the relay team were Weissmuller, McGilli-
vray and Schwartz.

Walter Spence, of the Central Swimming Club, Brooklyn, won the
300-meter medley and 440-yard breast stroke championships in
American record-breaking time. Paul Wyatt, of the Uniontown,
Pa., Y. M. C. A., was forced to a new American record in winning
the 220-yard back stroke event.

Peter Desjardins, of the American Olympic team, competing for
the Rooney Plaza Pools of Miami, made a clean sweep of the three
diving championships. He won the 10-foot springboard, plain and
fancy high championships.

Aided by the remarkable performances of Borg and Weissmuller,
the Illinois Athletic Club had an easy time retaining its team cham¬
pionship.

The women’s championships, held a week later, also were replete
with record-smashing achievements. In fact a victory in a final heat
without a new record was unusual.

Members of the Women’s Swimming Club of New York, in win¬
ning the team championship of the United States for the ninth con¬
secutive year, lowered most of the existing marks. The 880-yard
relay team of this organization set a new world record in defeating
the Carnegie Library Club, of Honesdale, Pa.

Martha Norelius, of the W. S. C., placed two new American rec¬
ords on the A. A. U. books in winning the 440-yard and 880-yard
free style championships. Miss Norelius also swam on the record-
breaking relay team.

Another member of the W. S. C., Agnes Geraghty, finished a
winner in the final of the 220-yard breast stroke, under her own
American record. Ethel McGary, of the W. S. C., in defeating Mar¬
garet Ravoir, of Philadelphia, clipped seconds off the American one-
mile free style record.

Ethel Lackie, the only representative of the Illinois A. C. compet¬
ing, succeeded in shattering her own American record for 100 meters
free style. Her record-breaking sprint enabled Miss Lackie to retain
the A. A. U. title she had won the year previous.

430

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Diving honors were divided by Helen Meany and Esther Foley,
both of the W. S. C. Miss Meany won the springboard diving cham¬
pionship and Miss Foley the platform competition.

Martha Norelius and Adelaide Lambert, of Panama, competing
for the W. S. C., were the only double place winners. Miss Lambert
won the 220-yard back stroke and the 300-meter medley races.

Tennis

In keeping with the program of other sports, the tennis tourna¬
ments possessed an international flavor. The high spot of the turf
and clay court competition was the Challenge Round of the Davis
Cup held on the historic courts of the Germantown Cricket Club.

The United States and France met in the Challenge Round, the
survivors of international play that had extended six months among
more than twenty nations. The United States, relying on the un¬
canny ability of Bill Tilden, Billy Johnston, Vincent Richards and
R. Norris Williams, defeated Rene Lacoste, Jean Borotra, Henri
Cochet and Jacques Brugnon, of France, four matches to one. La¬
coste scored France’s lone point when he defeated Tilden in a four-
set match.

Another tournament of unusual merit was the annual title play of
the Intercollegiate Association held at the Merion Cricket Club. Two
youths who had come across the continent from California met in
the final round. In this, Edward G. Chandler, of the University of
California, defeated Cranston Holman, of Stanford University, in
a torrid five-set struggle. The Pacific Coast also won premier honors
in the doubles championship when Chandler, paired with Tom Stow,
won from Holman and Lionel Ogden in the the final round. Chand¬
ler was the first youth to win the singles championship two years in
succession since Malcom G. Chase, of Yale, repeated in 1896.

A California miss — Louise McFarland — proved supreme in the
national girls’ singles championship on the turf courts of the Phila¬
delphia Cricket Club. Miss McFarland passed through a field of
young stars to defeat Clara L. Zinke, of Cincinnati, by more accurate
stroking in a three-set contest. Honors in the doubles went to the
East when the two Palfrey sisters of Boston — Lee and Marion — won
the final round from Dorothy Andrus and Anne Page, of Philadel¬
phia.

City champions from the country over competed in the fourth
annual National Public Parks championship held on a block of thirty-
one courts in Fairmount Park. No member of a private tennis club
can compete in this tournament.

After a series of close matches, Theodore Drewes, of St. Louis,

SPORTS EVENTS

431

entered the final round with Dooly Mitchell, of Washington. Mit¬
chell won the first set only to have Drewes make a strong comeback
to take the next three sets and the title.

Drewes, paired with Harry Schaberg, also of St. Louis, tried to
win the doubles championship. He was unsuccessful, Gabriel Lavine
and Gus Amsterdam, of Philadelphia, gaining the title in three
straight sets.

As one of the features of the athletic events for service men, the
annual tennis competition between the Army and Navy for the Leech
Cup was held at the Germantown Cricket Club. The Army record
of two consecutive victories finally was broken by the Navy players.
The members of the Navy team were Robert Elliott, seaman; Lieut.
Richard M. Watt, Jr., Ensign Charles H. Lyman, Captain Walter
S. Anderson, Lieut. Comdr. Vincent M. Godfrey, Lieut. Stewart S.
Reynolds, Lieut. Ralph B. Hunt, Lieut. Dewitt C. Redgrave and
2nd Lieut. John S. E. Young. The Army players were Col. Wait C.
Johnson, Major J. D. Elliott, Major A. M. Patch, Captain R. C.
Van Vleit, Captain Thomas Finley, Captain C. W. Christenberry,
First Lieut. H. P. Bantt, Second Lieut. W. L. Richey, Second Lieut.
R. B. Oxreider and Sergeant S. H. Buck.

Industrial Athletics

A comprehensive program for industrial athletics was arranged
under the supervision of Chairman John T. Coleman. Three cham¬
pionship athletic carnivals were held : industrial meet, open to all
industrial establishments of the world; Pennsylvania Railroad out¬
door championship games ; and a world railroad championship meet.

The industrial meet was the biggest ever held in this country.
More than 1100 athletes competed in the men’s and women’s events.
First prize was won by the John Wanamaker Stores, with the Penn¬
sylvania Railroad second, Prudential Insurance third, Brooklyn Edi¬
son fourth, Otis Elevator fifth, New York Stock Exchange sixth,
Reliance Insurance seventh, Consolidated Gas Company eighth, Jus
Ryt Dental Manufacturing Company ninth, and the Philadelphia
Electric Company, Electric Storage Battery Company, David Lup-
ton’s Sons, Industrial Indemnity and New York Curb tied for tenth.

More than 50,000 gathered to see the Pennsylvania Railroad cham¬
pionships in track, baseball, tennis, swimming, trap shooting, quoits,
golf and rifle shooting.

Fourteen railroad systems sent representatives to the world rail¬
road championship meet. After a series of stirring finishes in track,
swimming, baseball and tennis, the championship honors were won
by the Pennsylvania System, the Southern Pacific was second, Union

432 SESQUI-CEMTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Pacific third, Long Island fourth; Baltimore and Ohio fifth, Inter-
boro Railway, New York, sixth, and Canadian National and Phila¬
delphia and Reading tied for seventh.

Other Events

In addition to the above, the National Baseball Federation ama¬
teur and industrial championships were decided in the Stadium. Fif¬
teen cities sent their best amateur teams to compete for the Federa¬
tion title while five others were represented in the series for the
industrial championship. Both tournaments were held under the
supervision of Harry A. Sommer, of Philadelphia.

The industrial championship was won by the Indianapolis Light
and Heat Club. This team defeated the Michigan Railroad Club of
Detroit in the final game 4—1. More than 10,000 watched this game.
The Cornell© Club of Cincinnati and the Checker Cab of Detroit ad¬
vanced to the final round of the amateur tourney. Three games were
played. Detroit won the first 10-7, Cincinnati the second 6-3 and
also the third, 6—5, in ten innings.'

Rowing Regattas
By Henry Penn Burke

Chairman, S esqui-C entennial Rowing Committee

There were five large regattas held in Philadelphia as part of the
great Sesqui-Centennial sports program. They were the American
Regatta, May 31, on the opening day of the Exposition; the Schuyl¬
kill Navy Regatta, June 19; the People’s Regatta, July 5; the Inter¬
national Regatta, August 4, 5, 6; and the Middle States Regatta,
September 6. As a result 1926 was a most glorious and successful
year in rowing. The city was the center of attraction for all rowing
men and closer contacts than ever before were established between
American rowing associations and those in other countries, princi¬
pally Canada, Argentine, England, France and Cuba.

The members of the Sesqui-Centennial Rowing Committee, which
made arrangements for the regattas, were Henry Penn Burke, chair¬
man; Russell H. Johnson, Jr., secretary; Samud H. Truitt, James
M. Daly, George G. Melloy, C. W. Preisandanz, John J. F. Mulcahy,
William H, Harman and William Innes Forbes.

All of the regattas were witnessed by vast crowds which lined the
banks of the Schuylkill River in beautiful Fairmount Park along the
“National Course.” There was keen competition and several new
records were made.

SPORTS EVENTS

433

In the American Regatta there were fourteen events and fifty-one
entries, most of which were university and college crews. The dis¬
tance was one mile and 550 yards. The Schuylkill Navy Regatta was
over a distance of one and one-quarter miles with twenty-two events
and ninety-one entries. In the People’s Regatta ninety-three entries
competed in twenty-one events over the same distance. Thirty-seven
rowing events with 100 entries over a distance of one and one-quar¬
ter miles and twelve canoe events with ninety- four entries over a
half-mile course were included in the International Regatta. The
Middle States Regatta had twenty-five events with ninety-five entries
over a mile course.

The National Canoe Racing Association held its canoe racing
championship events in connection with the People's Regatta and the
International Regatta.

CHAPTER XXXII

CONVENTIONS, CONGRESSES AND OTHER EVENTS

RECORD NUMBER OF CONVENTIONS BROUGHT TO PHILADELPHIA BY THE EXPOSITION —
WORK OF CHAMBER OF COMMERCE COMMITTEE — ASSOCIATED ADVERTISING CLUBS OF
THE WORLD — NOBLES OF THE MYSTIC SHRINE WEEK — AMERICAN LEGION CONVEN¬
TION — NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION IN SESSION — AMERICAN EDUCATION
WEEK — ENGLISH LANGUAGE CONGRESS — GERMAN WEEK — EDERLE EXHIBITION.

The holding of an international exposition in Philadelphia in 1926
was the determining factor in bringing to that city in the Exposition
year nearly two hundred conventions and congresses, a record rarely
if ever equalled by any other city. For years preceding the Exposi¬
tion an active campaign to this end had been waged by the Con-
. gresses and Conventions Bureau of the Philadelphia Chamber of
Commerce. This bureau not only disseminated literature calling
attention to the desirability of Philadelphia as an especially attractive
meeting place in 1926 but it also made a survey of the city’s accom¬
modations for visitors and transmitted the information to the na¬
tional headquarters of organizations throughout the country.

The Associated Advertising Clubs of the World, an international
organization, held its 1926 convention in Philadelphia and other
notable conventions were those of the American Legion, the Nobles
of the Mystic Shrine, and the National Education Association. It
is estimated that more than half a million visitors were attracted to
Philadelphia by the various conventions and congresses.

Shriners’ Days — June 1-4

One of the great fraternal organizations which visited the Expo¬
sition was the Ancient and Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic
Shrine, whose convention was held in Philadelphia from May 31 to
June 5.

An elaborate program was worked out by the local committee of
the order and the Exposition assigned them the Auditorium and the
Stadium. Parades, pageants, fireworks, music and a ball were held
in a series of most successful and colorful events.

It is estimated that 250,000 Shriners were in Philadelphia during
the week.

American Legion Convention — October 9-16

While many of the events in the program for the week were held
in the city proper, yet the activities of the eighth annual convention
of the American Legion centered around the Sesqui-Centennial, in¬
cluding the business meetings of the officials, which were held in the
Auditorium. The convention brought a total of about 200,000 to
the city.

In order to make the expenses of the visiting members as low as

434

CONVENTIONS, CONGRESSES AND OTHER EVENTS

435

possible, and at the same time to promote attendance at the Exposi¬
tion, special combination tickets were sold for $2.00. These in addi¬
tion to including admission to the grounds also admitted to various
entertainments during the period.

The chief events scheduled for the Legion celebration were as fol¬
lows :

October 9. Professional football game, Philadelphia Quakers
vs. Pacific Coast Wild Cats — Stadium.

October 10. Sightseeing Sesqui-Centennial — All day.

October 11. Junior world series baseball championship opening
game — Stadium.

Tea for enlisted women in High Street.

October 12. Convention session in Auditorium. At 1.00 P.M.
American Legion parade from Parkway to Stadium. About
45,000 took part in this parade, including 100 bands. Prior
to the arrival of the parade, a lacrosse game and aviation
stunts were featured at the Stadium for the entertainment of
those assembled to review the parade. The parade upon its
arrival at the Stadium was reviewed by the national com¬
mander, Vice-President Dawes and a host of other dis¬
tinguished guests.

October 13. Convention session in Auditorium. Band contests
in Stadium. Bugle contests — Camp Anthony Wayne. Junior
world series baseball contests in Stadium.

Army circus and aerial acrobatics in Stadium. Band and
drill contest in Stadium. Bugle contests finals in Stadium.

Reception to women of Legion in the Pennsylvania Build¬
ing.

This day came to a close with a spectacular and realistic pageant in
the Stadium, called the “Spirit of Liberty.” The various episodes in
this pageant depicted scenes from history portraying the struggle for
freedom of mankind, and the entire cast was comprised of members
of the Legion.

October 14, Convention session in Auditorium.

Junior world series baseball game, Stadium.

Tour of League Island, Navy Yard and inspection of his
toric warships. Inspection of Naval Aircraft Factory, League
Island.

Football — Service teams, Stadium.

Convention ball in Auditorium with special features com¬
prising drill contests, quartet finals, Minnesota Glee Club.

October 15. Closing convention session in Auditorium.

Special tour of Exposition and exhibits.

Finals of junior world series baseball games in Stadium.

436 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

The 64th annual meeting of the National Education Association
was the outstanding educational conference at the Exposition. This
association, the most important of its kind in the world, with a mem¬
bership of nearly 175,000 educators, held its sessions in the great
Auditorium from June 27 to July 2.

More than 10,000 delegates, representing states and territories of
the United States, were addressed by some of the foremost educa¬
tors of the nation, including Miss Mary MacSkimmon, president of
the association; Dr. John H. Finley of New York; William McAn-
drew, superintendent of schools, Chicago; Rabbi Stephen S. Wise;
A. E. Winship of Boston; Dr. Edwin C. Broome, superintendent of
schools, Philadelphia; Augustus O. Thomas, president of the World
Federation of Education Associations ; United States Commissioner
of Education John J. Tigert; Sarah Louise Arnold, president of the
Girl Scouts of America; W. W. Husband, Assistant Secretary of
Labor, Washington, D. C. ; and Mrs. A. H. Reeve, president of the
National Congress of Parents and Teachers.

Another outstanding educational event of the Exposition was
American Education Week, November 8 to 13. The program was
carried out in the auditorium of the Pennsylvania Building. Its
sponsors were the Pennsylvania Sesqui-Centennial Commission and
the Pennsylvania Department of Public Instruction, with the coop¬
eration of the State School Directors’ and State School Board Secre¬
taries Associations, Pennsylvania State Education Association,
American Legion, and State Federation of Pennsylvania Women.

The English Language Congress, from November 26 to 27, had
as its slogan: “By 1976 our children will be speaking in many
tongues, for the family of nations will have adopted one language
as a means of international communication.” The sessions of this
congress were addressed by leading educators, editors, publicists and
industrial engineers.

German Week — June 19-26

On Saturday, June 19, the delegates of the German Central Alli¬
ance met in Philadelphia and carried through an interesting program
which lasted several days.

The outstanding feature of the convention was a Saengerfest. On
Monday evening, a grand festival concert was given in the Audi¬
torium. On Tuesday evening, June 22, a second grand festival con¬
cert was given. On Wednesday, June 23, after a meeting of the
Northeast Saengerbund, a parade was held from Broad Street and
Snyder Avenue to the Stadium. In the afternoon and evening the
members of this organization gave a typical picnic in the Alpine Haus
at the Exposition.

Angle of the patio of the Spanish building,
one of the most beautiful of the foreign gov¬
ernment structures, housing an art collection ,
including Goya Tapestries, valued at $6,000,000.

CONVENTIONS, CONGRESSES AND OTHER EVENTS

437

Gertrude Ederle Exhibition — September 3-9

Through arrangements made with her manager representative,
Dudley F. Malone, Miss Gertrude Ederle, the first woman to swim
the English Channel, made her first public appearance for exhibition
purposes at the Exposition.

As a preliminary to her appearance as an attraction at the Sesqui-
Centennial, Miss Ederle was met at Broad Street Station by a com¬
mittee appointed by the Mayor. From there she was escorted by
mounted police to the Mayor’s office. After a reception there a
luncheon was given at the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel in her honor.

In order to provide a suitable place for these exhibitions a portable
stand accommodating about 5000 was constructed to the south of
the bathing lake and in addition 3000 single seats. A canvas fence
about seven feet high was stretched entirely around the lake. A div¬
ing platform and board was erected in the middle of the lake and
from this Miss Ederle and her associates executed fancy dives and
gave exhibitions of various strokes used by her in conquering the
English Channel. These performances were given twice daily during
the week.

Following is a list of the conventions and congresses held in Phila
delphia in the Exposition period :

Afro-American League of America
August 16-18
Ahepa

August 30-September 5
Alpha Zeta Omega Fraternity
June 21-23

Amateur Bicycle League of America
September 18-19
American Association Boards of
Pharmacy
September 13-19
American Chemical Society
September 6-12
American Ceramic Society
August 30-September 4
American Climatological and Clinic
Assn.

September 27-28

American Flint Glass Workers’ Union
July 5-15

American Institute of Homeopathy
June 27- July 1

American Jewish Historical Society
October 23-24
American Legion
October 11-16
American Library Assn.

October 4-9

American Natl. Retail Jewelers’ Assn.
August 10-13

American Naturopathic Assn.

July 16-18

American Order Sons of St. George
August 3-5

American Order Steam Engineers
First week in June

American Pharmaceutical Assn.
September 20-27

American Society Civil Engineers
October 4-9

American Society Oral Surgeons and
Exodontists
August 20-21

American Assn. Colleges of Pharmacy
September 13-20

American Assn. Law Libraries
October 6-9

Ancient Arabic Order Nobles of the
Mystic Shrine
June 1-3

Anniversary Club of the Southern
States Life Insurance Co.

July 20-22

American Therapeutic Society
June 10-12

Assembly Civil Service Commissioners
September 13-18

Associated Advertising Clubs of the
World
June 20-24

Associated Newspaper Advertising
Executives
June 20

438 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Association Negro Musicians
July 27-29

Association Military Surgeons of U. S.
October 14-16

Assns. of Surgeons of Pa. System
October 22-23

Associated Glee Clubs of America
November 27

Army-Navy Legion of Valor
October 4-6

Atlantic State Shippers’ Advisory
Board

October 13-17
Better Citizens Conference
September 6

Bibliographical Society of America
October 8-9

Brotherhood of America Grand Circle
Pa.

August 10-12
Centennial Legion
June 14-16

Chartered Society Amalgamated Lace
Operators of America
June 1-4

Chiropody Society of Penna.

June 6-8

Cornell Alumni Corporation
November 23-24

Contracting Plasterers’ Inti. Assn.

October 4-9
Civil Legion
November 15-16

Daughters of American Revolution
July 2-7

Delta Sigma Delta
August 21

Descendants of the Signers of the
Declaration of Independence
July 3-4

Daughters of America Natl. Council
October 5-7
Eisteddfod
September 3-4

Electrical Credit Assn. Middle and
Southern Atlantic States
November 12
Engravographia
July 12-15

Esperanto Assn, of North America
July 20-25

Executive Board Ass’d Justices, Mag¬
istrates, Constables and Officials
August 30-September 1
Evacuation Hospital No. 6
October 16-18

Federated College Catholic Clubs
July 6-8

Federated Colored Women’s Clubs
June 12-16

Franklin Life Ins. Co.

August 12-18

Funeral Benefit Assn, of U. S. of A.
June 7-9

German-American Federation of
Penna.

June 19-26
Girard Life Ins. Co.

September 14-18

Graduate Nurses Assn, of State of
Penna.

October 25-28

Guardian Life Ins. Co. of America
September 15-17
Haymaker Assn, of U. S.

August 14

Henry George Foundation of America
September 2-3

W. H. Horstman Company Sales
Conference
July 19-24

Improved Order Red Men — Great
Council
July 6-10

Independent Order Odd Fellows
September 7-8

Independent Order Odd Fellows,
Sovereign Grand Lodge
September 20-25

International Anti-Vivisection and
Animal Protection Congress
October 17-20

International Assn. Civitan Clubs
June 28-30

International Assn. Fire Fighters
September 20-25

International Assn. Printing House
Craftsmen
July 24-28

International Circulation Managers’
Assn.

June 8-10

International Dental Congress
August 23-28

International Hahnemannian
July 1-3

International Lyceum and Chautauqua
Assn.

September 7-10

International Narcotic Education Assn.
July 5-10

International Photo-Engravers’ Assn.
August 16-22

International Order Good Templars,
Grand Lodge

International Assn. Dairy and Milk
Inspectors
October 25-27

Interstate Milk Producers’ Assn.
November 22-23

Jewish Veterans Wars of the Republic
July 3-5

Junior Order American Mechanics
September 28-October 1
Knights of Columbus Natl.

August 3-5

Knights of Columbus State Council
June 6-10

CONVENTIONS, CONGRESSES AND OTHER EVENTS

439

League of Library Associations
October 8-9

League of Library Commissions
October 8-9

Linen Supply Assn, of America
June 14-18
Live Stock Show
September 12-19
Lutheran Augustana Synod
June 8-13

Lyceum and Chautauqua Convention
September 5-9

Masonic Clubs (Natl. League of)

June 10-12

Master Horseshoers and Blacksmiths
Natl. Protective Assn, of America
September 27-30
Medical Society of State of Pa.

October 11-14

Military Order Loyal Legion of U. S.
October 27

Military Order of World War
October 7-9

National Academy of Science
November 8-10

National Amateur Press Assn.

July 2-4

National Archery Assn, of U. S.
August 17-21

National Assn. Boards of Pharmacy
September 13-19

National Assn. Amateur Oarsmen
August 2-7

National Assn. Dentists
August 23-28

National Assn. Industrial Dental
Surgeons
August 23-28

National Assn. Men’s Apparel Clubs
September 20-25

National Assn. Mutual Savings Banks
October 18-22
National Assn. Organists
August 1-7

National Assn. Council of Teachers of
English

November 25-27

National Assn. Retail Clothiers and
Furnishers
September 20-25
National Assn. Retail Druggists
September 20-24

National Assn. Scientific Angling Clubs
August 15-21

National Assn. State Libraries
October 6-9

National Assn. Theatre Program
Publishers
June 19-24

National Catholic Alumni Federation
November 12-14
National Cigar Box Mfrs. Assn.
August 4-6

National Education Assn.

June 27-July 1

National Federated Flour Clubs
June 14-15

National Federated Post Office Clerks
(State Convention)

July 11-12

National Hairdressers’ Assn.

September 12-17

National Leather and Shoe Finders
Assn.

July 12-15

National League of Masonic Clubs
June 10-12

National League of Teachers’ Assns.
June 27-July 3

National Medical Assn. (Colored)
August 23-27

National Negro Press Assn.

National Rural Lettercarriers’ Assn.

August 30-September 3
National Patriotic Council
November 15-20

National Shorthand Reporters’ Assn.

August 15-19
National Tax Association
November 15-20

National Puzzlers’ League of America
September 5-6

National Wallpaper Wholesalers’
Assns.

July 8-10

Northwestern Poultry and Pet Stock
Assn.

October 26-30

Negro Bankers’ Assn. Meeting
September 22

Optical Society of America
October 21-23

Order Independent Americans of Pa.

September 6-8
Order Sons of Temperance
July 20-22

Paint and Varnish Adv. and Sales
Conference
June 8-9

Pan-American Commercial Congress
October 4-9

Patriotic Order Sons of America
August 22-26

Penna. Assn. County Commissions
September 28-30

Penna. Council of Republican Women
November 15-17

Penna. League of Women Voters
November 8-10
Penna. Optometric Assn.

September 12-15

Penna. Railroad Mutual Benefit Assn.

September 27-29
Penna. Retail Jewelers’ Assn.

August 8-9

Penna. State Assn. Lettercarriers
September 6-7

440 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Penna. State Firemen’s Assn.

October 5-7

Penna. State Hotel Assn.

October 30-31

Penna. State Spiritualists Assn.

June 22-25

Penna. State Medical Dental and
Pharmaceutical Assn. (Col.)
August 23

Peoria Life Ins. Co., $100,000 Club
August 8-14

Phi Sigma Chi Fraternity
August 9-11

Phi Upsilon Rho Fraternity
June 27-July 1
Phi Sigma Kappa Fraternity
August 26-28
Press Assn.

July 3-6

Provident Life Ins. Co.

August 16-18

Public Utilities Advertising Assn.

June 19-24

Quarter Million Field Club, Mutual
Life Ins. Co. of N. J.

July 7-8

Quota Club International, Inc.

June 10-12

79th Division Reunion
September 24-26
Society Industrial Engineers
June 16-18

Society Mayflower Descendants
October 1

Sons of American Revolution, Natl.
Soc.

June 6-9

Sons of St. George (American Order)
August 3-5
Sons of Temperance
October 27

Sovereign Grand Lodge, Independent
Order of Odd Fellows
September 20-25
Special Libraries Assn.

October 6-9
State Dental Society
August 23-28

State Naturopathic Society
^ July 16-18
Stout Family Reunion
July 10

Supreme Grand Chapter Black Knights
Sons of Israel
July 13

Supreme Grand Lodge Loyal Orange
Institution of U. S.

July 11-16

Supreme Grand Lodge Ladies Orange
Inst.

July 11-16

Theta Delta Chi Fraternity
July 2-4

Theta Chi Fraternity
September 2-4

Travelers’ Protective Assn, of America
June 14-19

United Natl. Assn. Post Office Clerks
September 6-11
United States Fisheries Assn.

September 15-18
United States Football Assn.

June 11-12

United States Army Ambulance
Service Assn.

October 13-16

United Workingmen’s Singing Soci¬
eties of Northeastern States of
America
September 3-6

United States Army Base Hospital
No. 115
October

Walther League
July 18

Izaak Walton League of America,
Phila. Chapter No. 2
September 26-30
John C. Winston Annual Sales
Conference
June 27-July 3
Women’s Benefit Assn.

November 3-5

Women’s Home Missionary Society of
Phila. M. E. Church
November 11-12
Woodmen of the World
August 1-8

World Conference on Narcotic
Education
July 2-5

Young People’s Christian Union of the
Universalists’ Church
July 14-18

Zeta Psi Fraternity of N. A.

June 24-26

CHAPTER XXXIII

A MECCA FOR MOTORISTS
By J. Borton Weeks
President of the Keystone Automobile Club

PREPARATIONS FOR INFLUX OF AUTOMOBILE TOURISTS — HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENTS —
ESTABLISHMENT OF CAMP SITES — STANDARDIZATION OF GARAGE CHARGES — INFOR¬
MATION BOOTHS — ROAD PATROL.

The Sesqui-Centennial Exposition was the first big world’s fair
to take place after the rise of the automobile to first place as a unit
of transportation. The problems incident to adequate preparation
and care for the influx of visitors to the Exposition who came by
automobile was under the jurisdiction of an Automobile Committee
appointed by Mayor Kendrick early in 1925, of which the author
as president of the Keystone Automobile Club was named chairman.

After a thorough study of the situation and a careful estimate of
the probable attendance, including an estimate of the proportion of
visitors who would bring their automobiles to the Exposition, a pro¬
gram was formulated that consisted of six major activities designed
to make the pathway of the motorist easier and to enable him to se¬
cure adequate accommodations after he arrived.

The preliminary report of the Automobile Committee listed the
following as the accomplishments to be sought by the Committee:
conditioning of main highways entering the city; establishment of
camping sites; designation of parking areas; organization and clas¬
sification of garage facilities; study and recommendations as to auto¬
mobile routing and direction sign posting; establishing information
booths along main highways. Each of these six things was planned
with great exactitude and carried out with precision.

Perhaps the most important of the items was that referring to the
conditioning of highways. It was of the utmost importance that all
construction work planned for either 1926 or 1927 should be ad¬
vanced on the program of the State Highway Department so that the
work should be completed early in 1926 in order that no inconveni¬
ence should be caused visitors. Municipal and county authorities
were also asked to cooperate in repairing the roads and streets under
their supervision.

On March 5, 1925, a meeting was called of representatives from
the Pennsylvania State Highway Department, the County Commis¬
sioners of Delaware and Montgomery Counties, various municipal
authorities of those two counties and the Chief of the Bureau of
Highways of Philadelphia. All of these authorities pledged them¬
selves to advance highway work which ordinarily would have been
undertaken in 1926 or 1927 and to place it on the 1925 program.

441

442 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

The most important achievement of the Automobile Committee
was the reconstruction of the Chester Pike in accordance with a
promise received by the Keystone Automobile Club and other inter¬
ested local authorities from the State Highway Department in 1921,
shortly after the road was freed from toll. Although the official
opening was not held until August 12, the Chester Pike was recon¬
structed as a fifty-five- foot boulevard in time for the opening of the
Sesqui-Centennial and served to relieve a great deal of congestion
that might otherwise have occurred.

Other improvements brought about were : on the Baltimore Pike
from Media to Clifton Heights, a distance of approximately five
miles; on the State Road from Media to the West Chester Pike;
a new bridge over Darby Creek; on the Lancaster Pike from City
Line to Berwyn ; on the Bristol Pike ; on Island Road from Lester
Avenue to City Line ; on the Lincoln Highway, a one-mile stretch
near Falsington; and on the West Chester Pike, between Darby
Creek and Llanerch, the worst nearby stretch of highway then ex¬
isting.

Using its efforts to good avail the committee secured the elimina¬
tion of a dangerous condition on Old York Road where the street
railway tracks crossed the highway at the foot of Ogontz Hill.
Through the cooperation of the state and the railway company the
trolley tracks were relocated in the center of the road and the hill
paved with concrete from curb to curb.

These constructive efforts resulted in the roads to the Sesqui-Cen¬
tennial being in the best possible shape and a noticeable lack of de¬
tours and construction work during the time the Exposition was in
progress.

Next in importance to highway improvements was the establish¬
ment of camp sites for visiting motorists. It was anticipated that
twenty to thirty thousand automobiles would be in Philadelphia
daily during the Exposition and that the available garage space
would not be sufficient to accommodate them. Up to that time Phila¬
delphia had been singularly deficient in regard to camp sites.

It was not deemed advisable to establish camp sites on the Expo¬
sition grounds proper, but rather that they should be located on the
entrances to the city so that the visitors’ cars could escape the con¬
gested portions of the city. Bearing in mind the fact that a satisfac¬
tory camping site needed trees, grass, an ample supply of flowing
water, and convenient access to the main highways, the committee
established ten camp sites located as follows :

Camp Roosevelt — located at Byberry Road and the Roosevelt
Boulevard through the cooperation of the Northeast Chamber of
Commerce.

A MECCA FOR MOTORISTS

443

Camp Norristown — at DeKalb and Kings Manor Station. The
Borough of Norristown made a substantial appropriation for the
establishment of this camp.

Camp Ohio — on the Chester Road in Marple Hills; conducted
under the auspices of the Ohio Society of Philadelphia.

Camp Darby — on the Moose Athletic Field in Darby.

Camp Chester — conducted under the auspices of the City of Ches¬
ter and Chester business men.

Camp Lincoln — at Haver ford Avenue and City Line.

Camp North Gate — at City Line and Old York Road, under the
auspices of the Old York Road Chamber of Commerce.

Camp Golden Gate — on the Baltimore Pike at Brandywine Sum¬
mit.

Camp Llanerch — on the Darby Road and Manoa Road in Copper
Darby.

Camp Beech Hill — on the Baltimore Pike at Yeadon.

Thus all of the main entrances to the city were provided with
ample camping facilities, each camp being identified by large signs
indicating that they were official Sesqui-Centennial camps. Direction
signs were posted leading to them and every effort was made to have
the camps in the best possible condition. Each camp was required to
have an adequate water supply, proper sanitary facilities, natural
drainage, cooking facilities, police protection, lighting facilities,
showers for men and women, and roadways sufficient for moving
cars in wet weather, a small headquarters building with facilities for
registering cars entering and leaving and a telephone.

Standard charges were agreed upon as $1.00 per day with small
additional charges for use of tents and wooden floors. These camp
sites proved very popular with tourists and fulfilled expectations in
every way.

Standardization of garage charges and the elimination of gouging
practices were other important works undertaken by the Automobile
Committee. Realizing the lasting damage that might be done to
Philadelphia if any high-handed practices were resorted to or any
profiteering attempted, the Automobile Committee called a meeting
of all of the leading garage proprietors and asked them to agree on
a schedule of rates. Under this agreement each of the 1400 garages
was called upon to publish its schedule of charges for storage,
washing and labor charges in repair jobs. The garages were then
classified according to service standards and the schedules filed so
that the Automobile Committee might be in a position to adjust any
complaints.

444

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Each of the garages filing this schedule was furnished with a sign
designating it as official. Provision was made that the sign might be
removed for cause so that in event of gouging practices the sign
might be immediately withdrawn. To the credit of Philadelphia
garage proprietors let it be stated that in no instance was the Com¬
mittee forced to withdraw the privilege of displaying the sign, and
the pledge made to adhere to rates and to prevent any overcharging
was adhered to in every instance.

In the establishment of information booths the Committee made
available to everyone complete data regarding hotel and garage
accommodations, parking areas, camp sites and furnished road maps
to tourists. Telephone connections with the headquarters provided
a necessary source for the information needed. By equipping the
information booths with needed supplies and locating them at con¬
venient points the committee eliminated the need of motorists or
other visitors aimlessly driving around the city with the resultant
traffic congestion, saving the time of visitors. This service proved
to be greatly appreciated. The booths were also used for the dis¬
semination of all printed matter for the various Sesqui-Centennial
agencies.

Through the Road Patrol of the Keystone Automobile Club, a
survey of the parking facilities in the vicinity of the Exposition
grounds was undertaken and a complete chart made of the available
areas which served to relieve the garage facilities. This information
was very helpful in solving the problem of congestion that existed in
the vicinity of the Exposition grounds. The road patrol was also
active in escorting the visitors to the Sesqui-Centennial and in keep¬
ing the lines of communication open. In his dual capacity as presi¬
dent of the Keystone Automobile Club and chairman of the Auto¬
mobile Committee of the Exposition, the writer naturally devoted
all of the resources of the Keystone Club to the use of the Exposi¬
tion. The Executive Secretary of the Club, J. Maxwell Smith, and
the Field Director, Raymond Beck, were constantly at the service
of the Automobile Committee and it was through their efforts and
with their cooperation that much of the work was carried forward.

The following was the personnel of the Automobile Committee :
J. Borton Weeks, chairman; Col. J. H. M. Andrews, C. D. Buck,
Hon. Frederick D. Donnelly, Charles Disney, J. Walter Eastburn,
J. A. Githens, William C. Godfrey, Kane S. Green, Harry Harkins,
Norman H. Hulme, William H. Metcalf, J. Herbert Norris, Harry
Sley, J. Maxwell Smith, Hon. Samuel E. Turner, Harry C. Sharp,
Raymond Beck, Secretary; M. F. Middleton, Louis C. Block, Henry
R. Robins, Treasurer.

Hawaiian musicians broadcasting from the
Sesqui-Centennial Radio Station, conducted by
the Publicity Department and located in the
rear of the Auditorium.

Participants in National Beauty Contest vis-
iting the Exposition, admiring a prize winner
in the Live Stock Show.

A champion stallion at the Sesqui-C entennial
Live Stock Show, the greatest ever held in
the East.

CHAPTER XXXIV

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL LIVE STOCK SHOW

By B. H. Heide

Secretary , International Live Stock Exposition

NEARLY 3000 CATTLE, SHEEP, HOGS AND DRAFT HORSES ASSEMBLED FROM UNITED
STATES AND CANADA IN RECORD TIME — OFFICERS AND JUDGES — NOTABLE GUERNSEY
EXHIBIT — EXHIBITORS AND AWARDS.

Nearly three thousand purebred cattle, sheep, hogs and draft
horses from all parts of the United States and from Canada were
exhibited from September 12 to 19, 1926, at the Sesqui-Cen-
tennial International Exposition Live Stock Show. Exhibitors,
judges, live stock authorities and thousands of visitors declared it
the greatest live stock show ever held in the Eastern States and the
greatest Guernsey show in the history of stock raising in the United
States. This judgment was supported editorially by the foremost
live stock and farming publications in the country.

Previous to the opening predictions were freely made that the
work of leveling ground, building stalls and raising tents could not
possibly be completed in time for the scheduled opening, and that
the failure of the show was unavoidable. These prophets of evil were
utterly confounded by the event, when the Sesqui-Centennial Live
Stock Show turned out to be one of the most successful ever held.
One fortunate circumstance contributing to this happy outcome was
the fine weather of show week, between periods of rain which marred
other Exposition events. The judging was done in a natural amphi¬
theater under blue skies.

In the race with time which began on Thursday and ended Mon¬
day morning with all the stalls and pens complete, a miscalculation
due to haste placed the first row of post holes for stalls outside the
area to be covered by the vast tent in which the show was to be held.
Unwilling to sacrifice labor performed when every moment and every
ounce of energy was precious, the officials found it necessary to scour
the city for a tent large enough to cover the additional ground on
which work had been done. In this, as in all else attempted in those
three hectic days, they were successful.

Long before the eleventh hour beginning of preparations for the
history-making show, cattle, horses, sheep and hogs were on their

445

446

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

way to Philadelphia from distant points in the United States and
Canada. Completed stalls were occupied as the last nail was driven.
Amazed spectators crowding about the scene of activity saw one of
the country’s great live stock shows take form and reach completion
before their eyes.

The exhibits at the Live Stock Show consisted of 1400 cattle, 700
sheep, 600 hogs and 175 draft horses.

The officers of the Sesqui-Centennial Live Stock Show were Oak-
leigh Thorne, president, Millbrook, N. Y. ; B. H. Heide, secretary
and general manager, Union Stock Yards, Chicago, Ill. ; vice-presi¬
dents : E. B. White, Leesburg, Va., Pres. Percheron Soc. of Amer. ;
Fred B. Holbert, Greeley, Iowa, Pres. Belgian Draft Horse Assn. ;

E. N. Wentworth, Chicago, Ill., Pres. Am. Clydesdale Br. Assn. ;

F. A. Huddlestun, Webster City, la., Pres. Am. Shire Horse Assn. ;
F. O. Lowden, Oregon, Ill., Pres. Holstein-Friesian Assn, of Amer. ;
A. V. Barnes, New Canaan, Conn., Pres. Amer. Jersey Cattle Club;
Robert Scoville, Taconic, Conn., Pres. Amer. Guernsey Cattle Club;
H. J. Chisholm, 200 Fifth Ave., New York City, N. Y., Pres. Ayr¬
shire Breeders Assn; W. C. Wood, Pendleton, Ind., Pres. Milking
Shorthorn Society; PL E. Tener, Washingtonville, N. Y., Pres.
Amer. Shorthorn Br. Assn. ; E. M. Cassady, Kan. City, Mo.
President American Hereford Cattle Br. Assn. ; S. C. Fullerton,
Miami, Okla., Pres. Amer. Aberdeen- Angus Br. Assn. ; E. H.
Spaulding, Jr., Westfield, Iowa, Pres. Amer. Polled Shorthorn Soci¬
ety; H. L. Schooley, West Liberty, Iowa, Pres. Amer. Polled Here¬
ford Br. Assn. ; W. S. Guilford, Butte City, Cal., Pres. Amer. Shrop¬
shire Reg. Assn. ; Minnie W. Miller, Salt Lake City, Utah, Pres.
Amer. Hampshire Sheep Assn. ; J. M. McHaffie, Clayton, Ind., Pres.
Amer. Oxford Down Record; C. L. Clevenger, Dallas, Penna., Pres.
Continental Dorset Club; Thos. Harris, Kokomo, Ind., Pres. Amer.
Cheviot Sheep Society; D. C. Lewis, Camp Point, Ill., Pres. Amer.
Cotswold Reg. Assn. ; David Coupar, Marlette, Mich., Pres. Nat.
Lincoln Sheep Br. Assn. ; F. N. Bullard, Woodland, Cal., Pres.
Amer. Rambouillet Sheep Br. Assn. ; C. S. Plumb, Columbus, O.,
Pres. Amer. Southdown Br. Assn.; J. M. Wilson, Fredericktown,
Ohio, Pres. Amer. and Delaine-Merino Assn. ; R. M. Jenkins, Or¬
leans, Ind., Pres. American Berkshire Assn. ; Burlie Dobson, Lan¬
caster, Wis., Pres. Amer. Poland-China Record; J. H. Lackey,
Jamestown, O., Pres. Natl. Poland-China Assn. ; R. H. Scott, Nel¬
son, Mo., Pres. Chester White Record Assn.; W. J. Fitts, Gallatin,
Tenn., Pres. Amer. Duroc-Jersey Assn. ; C. P. Dexheimer, Spencer,
S. D., Pres. Natl. Duroc-Jersey Assn. ; C. D. Streeter, Keokuk, Iowa,
Pres. Hampshire Swine Record Assn. ; Henry Field, Shenandoah,
Iowa, Pres. Natl. Spotted Poland-China Rec.

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL LIVE STOCK SHOW

447

Members of the executive committee were Robert Scoville, Ellis
McFarland, W. H. Tomhave, F. W. Harding and R. J. Evans.

The judges of horses were: Percheron, R. M. Hamer, Youngs¬
town, O. ; A. B. Caine, Ames, la., and W. H. Pew, referee, Ravenna,
O. ; Belgian, D. J. Kays, Columbus, O. ; Harry McNair, Chicago,
Ill., and Dr. C. W. McCampbell, Manhattan, Kan. ; Clyesdale, Capt.
A. M. Montgomery, Hartland, Wis. ; Shire, Chas. Burgess, Sr.,
Wenona, Ill. Judging the cattle were, Shorthorn and Polled Short¬
horn, John R. Tomson, Dover, Kan.; Hereford, J. W. Van Natta,
Lafayette, Ind. ; Aberdeen-Angus, J. H. Skinner, Lafayette, Ind. ;
Holstein-Friesian, W. S. Moscrip, Lake Elmo, Minn.; Guernsey,
John S. Clark, Huntington, L. I.; Jersey, George Sisson, Potsdam,
N. Y. ; Ayrshire, John Cochrane, Bernardsville, N. J.; Milking
Shorthorn, Prof. H. Barton, Macdonald College, Montreal, Que.

Judges of sheep were : Shropshire and Hampshire, E. L. Shaw,
Ashley, O. ; Oxford and Southdown, Dorset and Cheviot, P. C. Mac¬
kenzie, State College, Pa. ; Cotswold and Lincoln, W. W. Wilson,
Muncie, Ind.; Rambouillet, John E. Webb, Indianapolis, Ind.;
Merino, W. M. Staley, Marysville, O.

Judging the swine were : Berkshire, E. J. Barker, Thorntown,
Ind. ; Poland-China, Burley Dobson, Lancaster, Wis. ; Chester-
White, Levi P. Moore, Rochester, Ind.; Duroc-Jersey, W. J. Fitts,
Gallatin, Tenn. ; Hampshire, T. A. Flenner, Ashmore, Ill. ; Spotted
Poland-China, Fred Youkey, Thorntown, Ind.

The most notable exhibit was that of the Guernseys. In the
Guernsey tent were 247 head of the finest in the land, attracted not
only by the opportunity of exhibiting at the Sesqui-Centennial cele¬
bration of American Independence, but also brought forward as a
result of the friendly rivalry between the New York Guernsey
Breeders’ Association and the Eastern Guernsey Breeders’ Associa¬
tion. The sensation of the show was the aged bull class, not only
because of general high quality, but also because of the unusual num¬
ber of well-known winners in previous shows, several of which had
met before.

There have been individuals in previous years the equals of the
best of these, but never the uniform merit from top to bottom. Em-
madine Farm, Hopewell Jet., N. Y., was the premier exhibitor, tak¬
ing 7 firsts, 6 seconds and a senior and grand championship. It was
the only institution east of Illinois to win a blue, 1 1 firsts and 4 cham¬
pionships being divided among 3 mid-western herds. An extraordi¬
nary record was made by Marsh Farms, Waterloo, la. “Jimmie”
Lee, veteran showman, brought out two yearlings, and took both
junior championships : on Cherub’s Yank of the Prairie and Cherub’s
Queen of the Prairie. May Rose Cherub, the 1925 National cham-

448 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

pion, the property of Mrs. Chauncey McCormick, Naperville, Ill.,
came back. In Indianapolis the Larsen Canning Co., Green Bay,
Wis., defeated him in class with Border King of Roberts. That good
bull and Emmadine’s 1924 National champion Shorewood Resolute
both were out to win, but were forced to yield, the latter going second
and the Larsen entry fourth, with Cherub’s Nonpareil of the Prairie,
owned by H. J. Krebs, Wilmington, Del., third.

Mixter Faithful, grand champion for Emmadine, made a remark¬
able series of winnings. She was the Eastern States’ Exposition
champion and first at the National in 1925 gave her background for
her Philadelphia prizes, which are these : first in class, senior cham¬
pion, grand champion, first Advanced Registry cow, and member of
the winning graded herd, dairy herd and produce of cow.

D. D. Tenney, Crystal Bay, Minn., had 4 seconds and 5 firsts,
including the winning get of sire, by Ladysmith Cherub. He was the
premier breeder. The newly-established Larsen herd, with 3 firsts
and 5 seconds, wrote its name high among the breed’s strongest tan-
bark contenders. Awards follow :

Exhibitors: Mrs. M. J. Barker, Jr., Garrettsville, Ohio; Jay B. Deutsch, Big Bay, Michigan;
Emmadine Farm, Hopewell Jet., N. Y. ; Wilsmer C. Eusor, Cockeysville, Md. ; H. S. Firestone,
Akron, Ohio; William F. Fretz, Pipersville, Pa.; Hill Girt Farm, Cossart, Pa.; W. P. Jack-
son, Salisbury, Md.; Kilcawley and Neubert, Geneva, Ohio; H. J. Krebs, Wilmington, Del.;
Wm. Larson Canning Co., Green Bay, Wis.; Mrs. Chauncey McCormick, Naperville, Ill.;
Cayuga County, Cayuga, N. Y. ; Ruth V. Twombly, Madison, N. J. ; R. M. L. Chichester, Fred¬
ericksburg, Va. ; Walter Smedley, Media, Pa.; Louis McL. Merryman, Sparks, Md. ; Thos. H.
Munro, Camillus, N. Y. ; D. D. Tenney, Crystal Bay, Minn.; Jules Breuchaud, Olive Bridge,
N. Y. ; Jonas Ebert, Phoenixville, Pa.; Moses Taylor, Mt. Kisco, N. Y. ; W. W. Marsh,
Waterloo, Iowa; George M. White, Coxsackie, N. Y. ; John Henry Hammond, Mt. Kisco,
N. Y. ; William Fahnestock, Katonah, N. Y. ; Frank Graham Thomson, Devon, Pa.; Arthur
Stanley Zell, Riderwood, Md. ; W. G. Bond, Cockeysville, Md. ; Ewart Hiesley, Hopewell
Junction, N. Y. ; and V. Ewit Macy, Ossining, N. Y.

Aged Bulls: 1, McCormick on May Rose Cherub; 2, Emmadine on Shorewood Resolute;
3 and 5, Krebs on Cherub’s Nonpareil of the Prairie and Raider’s Overseer of Waddington;
4, Larsen on Border King of Roberts. Two-year-olds — 1, Tenney on Cherub’s Golden Secret
of Shorewood; 2, Breuchaud on Butterboy of White Farms; 3, Larsen on Flossie’s Danny
of Fem-dell; 4, Emmadine on Foremost’s Governor; 5, Jackson on Gerar Proud Royal.
Yearlings — 1, Marsh on Cherub’s Yank of the Prairie; 2, Tenney on Leader’s Bell Buoy of
Shorewood; 2, Emmadine on R. Foremost’s King; 4, Krebs on Breidablik Great Lad; 5, Larsen
on Queechy’s Danny of Fern-Dell. Bull calves — 1, Larsen on Le Beau Petit de Fern-Dell;

2, Tenney on Cherub’s Signal of Shorewood; 3 and 5, Emmadine on Foremost’s Gay Lad and
Foremost’s Audacity; 4, Krebs on Nonpareil’s Yoric of Breidablik.

Aged cows: 1, 3 and 5 Emmadine on Mixter Faithful, Ultra Lady of Uplands and Imp.
Gem’s Pride of the Gron; 2, Larsen on Topsy of City View; 4, Hill Girt on Hedge Hill’s
Ultra Golda. Four-year-olds — 1, Larsen on Betty of Pomeroy; 2 and 4, Emmadine on Fore¬
most Dibby and Foremost Josephine of High Point; 3, Tenney on Cherub’s Deanie of Shore-
wood; 5, Krebs on Antoinette Susan Chene. Three-year-olds — -1 and 5, Tenney on Cherub’s
Hazel of Shorewood and Cherub’s Procris of Shorewood; 2, Emmadine on Foremost’s Royal
Anne; 3, White on Hertha of White Farms; 4, Twombly on Florham Bright Eyes. Two-year-
olds — 1, Larsen on Albin’s Pride; 2, Tenney on Gerar Violet Cora; 3, McCormick on Twin
Oaks Babe; 4, Emmadine on Foremost’s Aurice; 5, Merryman on Gerar Fanny 2nd. Senior
yearlings — 1, Marsh on Cherub’s Queen of the Prairie; 2, Emmadine on Mixter Golden Bud;

3, Tenney on Diamond’s Daisy of River Banks Farm; 4, Larsen on Danny’s Farewell Morn
of Fern Dell; 5, Deutsch on Bay Cliffs Queen. Junior yearlings — 1 and 4, Emmadine on
Foremost’s Cornelia and Foremost’s Clarice; 2, Deutsch on Desire of Boone; 3, Krebs on
Reckless Milkmaid; 5, Larsen on Beauty’s White Face of Maple Heights. Heifer calves —
1, Emmadine on Foremost’s Celeste; 2, Larsen on Danny’s Evaline of Fern Dell; 3, Tenney
on Leader’s Violet of Shorewood; 4, Jackson on Homestead Elaine; 5, Krebs on Nonpareil’s
Susan of Breidablik.

Cows, four years old or under which have produced in official test of 300 days or more,

butterfat exceeding by 50 per cent the requirement for admission to advanced registry or

register of merit — 1, 4 and 5, Tenney on Cherub’s Procris of Shorewood, Cherub’s Dearie of
Shorewood, and Brookmead’s Gardenia; 2, Emmadine on Foremost’s Royal Anne; 3, Larsen
on Silvie of Fern Dell. Cows over 4 years old, which have produced in official test of 300
days or more, butterfat exceeding by 50 per cent the requirement for admission to advanced

registry or register of merit — 1 and 3, Emmadine on Mitxer Faithful and Ultra Lady of

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL LIVE STOCK SHOW

449

Uplands 2, Larsen on Topsy of City View; 4, Hill Girt on Hedge Hills’ Ultra Golda; 5,
Smedley on Brookmead’s Ideal Queen.

Graded herds: 1 and 5, Emmadine; 2, Tenney; 3, Larsen; 4, McCormick. Young herds — 1,
Tenney; 2, Larsen; 3, Emmadine; 4, Krebs; 5, White. Dairy herds — 1 and 5, Emmadine;
2, Larsen; 3, Tenney; 4, Hill Girt.

Get of sire (four) — 1 and 4, Tenney; 2, Emmadine; 3, Larsen; 5, Krebs. Produce of cow
(two) — 1, Emmadine; 2, Firestone; 3, White; 4, Tenney; 5, Merryman.

Senior and grand champion bull, McCormick on May Rose Cherub. Junior champion, Marsh
on Cherub’s Yank of the Prairie.

Senior and grand champion female, Emmadine on Mixter Faithful; Junior champion, Marsh
on Cherub’s Queen of the Prairie.

A splendid showing was made by the Ayrshires. Secretary C. T.
Conklin’s exhibit featured the breed’s record grade cow, Brownie,
three-fourths Ayrshire. Seven breeders showed 151 animals, as fine
a lot as ever graced a ring in America. Awards :

Bull three years or over. — 1st. James E. Davidson, Ithaca, Mich., on Strathglass Roamer,
and 5th; 2nd, Alta Crest Farm, Spencer, Mass., on Alta Crest Ringleader; 3rd, Strathglass
Farm, Port Chester, N. Y., on Hobsland Lucky Star; 4th, L. S. Clough, Spring Creek, Pa.

Bull two years. — 1st, Middlesex Meadows Farm, Essex, N. Y., on Middlesex Novello; 2nd,
Clough on Spring City Scotchman; 3rd, Strathglass Farm on Strathglass Flower Chief,
and 4th.

Bull one year. — 1st, Strathglass Farm on Strathglass Yellow Chief, and 4th; 2nd, Alta
Crest Farms on Alta Crest Watchword, and 5th; 3rd, Davidson on Willowhaugh Last Edition.

Bull calf under one year. — 1st and 2nd, Alta Crest Farms on Alta Crest Air Mail and Alta
Crest Peter Piper; 3rd, Strathglass on Strathglass Bardock, and 4th and 5th.

Cow five years or over. — 1st, Davidson on Penshurst Jesabell, and 5th; 2nd and 3rd, Strath¬
glass on Duchrae Derby and Shieldhill Minnie Imp.; 4th, Clough.

Cow four years. — 1st, Strathglass on Barr Flapper, and 5th; 2nd, Alta Crest Farm on Alta
Crest Spicy Girl; 3rd, Middlesex Meadows Farm on Imperial Mayflower; 4th, Davidson.

Cow three years. — 1st, Alto Crest on Alta Crest Bright Lass; 2nd, Clough on Hill Top
Nancy Jewess; 3rd, Strathglass on Spittal Jingle; 4th, Middlesex Meadows Farm; 5th,
Davidson.

Heifer two years. — 1st, Strathglass on Strathglass Miss Pearl, and 4th; 2nd, Clough on
Sunspots Erita; 3rd, Old Forge Farm, Spring Grove, Pa., on Penshurst Bertha; 5th, Alta
Crest Farm.

Heifer senior yearling. — 1st, Alta Crest on Alta Crest Blue Bonnet; 2nd, Old Forge Farm
on 120 Mischief Lady Blair; 3rd, Strathglass on Strathglass Kirsty Lady, and 4th; 5th, David¬
son.

Heifer junior yearling. — 1st, Clough on Ypsiland Golden Merrie; 2nd, Alta Crest Farm on
Alta Crest Sonya; 3rd, Strathglass on Strathglass Roamer’s Agnes; 4th and 5th; Old Forge
Farm.

Heifer calf under one year. — 1st, Alta Crest Farm on Alta Crest Spicy Girl 2d; 2nd, Strath¬
glass on Strathglass Jingle; 3rd, Middlesex Meadows on Middlesex Carmencita, and 5th; 4th,
Clough.

Dairy herd. — 1st, Strathglass, 2nd, Alta Crest Farm; 3rd, Clough; 4th, Middlesex Meadows
Farm.

Senior and grand champion bull. — James E. Davidson on Strathglass Roamer.

Junior champion bull. — Strathglass Farm on Strathglass Yellow Chief.

Senior and grand champion female. — Strathglass Farm on Barr Flapper.

Junior champion female. — Alta Crest Farm on Alta Crest Spicy Girl 2d.

The Holstein-Friesian showing at the Sesqui-Centennial Live
Stock Show was the strongest of the year in the East. Billiwhack
Ranch, Santa Paula, Cal., distinguished itself by taking nine firsts
and a grand championship. The awards follow :

Exhibitors: Baker Farm, Rockingham, N. H. ; Billiwhack Ranch, Santa Paula, Cal.; Carna¬
tion Milk Farms, Oconowoc, Wis. ; and Seattle, Wash.; W. G. Davidson, Abington, Pa.; F. P.
Knowles, Auburn, Mass.; James M. Paxton, Houston, Pa.; J. Irving Stryker, Millstone, N. J. ;
William Winn, Bridgeton, N. J. ; Yates Farm, Orchard Park, N. Y. ; The Reick Certified Dairy
Farm Co., Rootstown, Ohio; Karl Nims, Mentor, Ohio; A. T. Riegal, Schuylkill Haven, Pa.;
Ben W. Spencer, Quinnesec, Mich.; Hargrove & Arnold Farms, Norwalk, Iowa; Minnesota
Holstein Company, Austin, Minn.; Paul McNish, Burton, Ohio; J. C. Dulaney, Udall, Kansas;
H. S. Firestone, Akron, Ohio; Overbrook Holstein Dairy, Cedar Grove, N. J. ; Ralph H. King
Estate, Mentor, Ohio; Mrs. M. J. Barker, Jr., Garrettsville, Ohio.

Aged bulls: 1, Billiwhack on Sir Adna Perfection; 2, Stryker on Sir Model Alcarnia Fayne;
3, Reick on King Ona Jolie Fayne; 4, Carnation on Prince Cornucopia Tobe Pontiac; 5, Nims
on Meadow Holm Peep Hartog. Two-year-olds — 1, Minnesota Company on Sir Star Laura
Segis; 2, Hargrove & Arnold on King Pieterje Ormsby Piebe 51st; 3, Spencer on Matador
Segis Walker; 4, Paxton on King Alcartra Lyons Abbekerk; 5, McNish on Bell Farm Colantha
Changeling. Yearlings — 1, Knowles on Duke Pearl Asiatic; 2, Billiwhack on Billy Homestead
De Kol; 3, Hargrove & Arnold on Triune Ormsby Piebe 59th; 4, Carnation Milk Farms,

450 SESQUX-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Seattle on Prince Tobe Johanna Beets; 5, Nims on King Pietertje Jewel Clothilde. Bull calves
— 1 and 5, Carnation, Seattle, on Carnation Romeo Colantha and King Jewel Matador Alban;
2, Hargrove & Arnold on Nirvana Ormsby Lad; 3, Yates on Count Paul Netherland Posch;
4, Minnesota Company on Bess Ormsby May.

Aged cows: 1 and 5, Billiwhack on Model Segris Prilly Gelsche and Jean Bonnie Pontiac;

2, Yates on King Maxie De Kol Segis Colantha; 3, Carnation on Ruby Fayne Posch; 4, David¬
son on Hazelwood Bessie Pauline Heilo. Four-year-olds — 1, Billiwhack on Jennie De Kol Segis
Walker; 2, Yates on Faforit Pontiac Echo; 3, Carnation on Carnation Matador Mercedes Selah;
4, Minnesota Company on Star Segis Homestead; 5, Hargrove & Arnold on Lady Korndyke
Ormsby Slim. Three-year-olds — 1, Billiwhack on Miss Fritomia Fobes Walker; 2 and 4, Car¬
nation on Carnation Pauline Matador and Carnation Matador Aaggie Colatha; 3, Yates on
Dewdrop Posch; 5, Davidson on Hazelwood Stella Queen. Two-year-olds — 1, Billiwhack on Miss
Papoose Piebe; 2, Carnation on Canary Posch Dewdrop; 3, Hargrove & Arnold on Triune
Pietertje Ormsby; 4, Davidson on Carnation Prospect Mary; 5, Yates on Duchess Lenox Korn¬
dyke Posch. Senor yearlings — 1, Minnesota Company on May Walker Inka Segis; 2, King
Estate on Sparrow Hawk Fayne Jewel; 3, Hargrove & Arnold on Triune Lady Burke; 4, Baker
on Rose De Kol Wayne Butter Boy 4th; 5, Davidson on Brentwood Prospect Susie. Junior
yearlings — 1, Baker on Miss Triune Johanna; 2, Billiwhack on Berylwood Lassie Princess;

3, Yates on Tidy Tensen Posch; 4, Minnesota Company on Bess Fobes Segis Inka; 5, King
Estate on Kismet Jewel Fayne. Heifer calves — 1, Hargrove & Arnold on Triune Papoose Piebe;
2, Knowles on Harriet Aaggie Segis; 3 and 5, Carnation on Carnation Segis Tillie and Carna¬
tion Burton Barbetta; 4, Billiwhack on Billiwhack Princess Creamelle.

Cows, 4 years old or under, which have produced in official test of 300 days or more butter-
fat exceeding by 25 per cent the requirements for admission to advance registry or register of
merit — 1, Walker on Jennie De Kol Segis; 2, Yates on Waforit Pontiac Echo; 3 and 4, Min¬
nesota Company on Star Segis Homestead and Julia Aggerkerk; 5, Overbrook on Essex Isadore
Sweet. Cows over 4 years old which have produced in official test of 300 days or more butterfat
exceeding by 25 per cent the requirement for admission to advanced registry or register of
merit: — 1, Billiwhack on Model Segis Prilly Gelsche; 2 and 4, Yates on King Maxie De Kol
Segis Colantha and Faforit Pietie Posch Mercedes; 3, Overbrook on Frindaella Elkindale
Ormsby; 5, Reick on Jolie Ona Button Clothilde.

Graded herds: 1, Billiwhack; 2, Minnesota Company; 3, Hargrove & Arnold. Young herds—
1, Hargrove; 2, Carnation; 3, Minnesota Company; 4, Knowles; 5, Nims. Dairy herds — 1, Billi¬
whack; 2, Yates; 3, Carnation; 4, Overbrook; 5, Davidson. Get of sire (four) — 1 and 4, Har¬
grove & Arnold; 2, Carnation; 3, Knowles; 5, Yates. Produce of cow (two) — 1 and 5, Minne¬
sota; 2 and 4, Carnation; 3, Hargrove & Arnold.

Senior and grand champion bull, Minnesota Company on Sir Star Laura Segis. Junior cham¬
pion, Knowles on Duke Pearl Asiatic.

Senior and grand champion female, Billiwhack on Model Segis Prilly Gelsche. Junior cham¬
pion, Hargrove & Arnold on Triune Papoose Piebe.

Hempstead Farms of Spring Valley, N. Y., came prominently to
the fore in the Jersey exhibit, taking eleven firsts and all champion¬
ships except the female senior and grand champion, which went to
Silver Lake Farm of Green Village, N. J. The awards :

Bull 3 years or over. — 1st, Hempstead Farms, Spring Valley, N. Y., on Benedictine’s Oxford
Lad; 2nd, Silver Lake Farm, Green Village, N. J., on Xenia’s Prairie Sultan; 3rd, Holly Beach
Farms, Annapolis, Md.

Bull, 2 years. — W. R. Kenan, Lockport, N. Y., on Tormentor’s June Prince of F; 2nd, Holly
Beach Farm on Mistletoe’s Hermit.

Bull 1 year. — 1st, Hempstead Farms on Brunette’s Double; 2nd, Silver Lake Farm on
Fauvic’s Blonde Baron; 3rd, Kenan on R. F. Tormentor’s Pogis 3rd; 4th, Geo. W. Elkins,
Elkins Park, Pa.; 5th, Sybilholme, Mt. Kisco, N. Y.

Bull calf under 1 year. — 1st and 2nd, Hempstead Farms on Cowslip’s Look Here and No
Name; 3rd, Kenan on Sophies 19th’s Victor 52d; 5th, Elkins.

Cow 5 years or over. — 1st. Silver Lake Farm on Blonde’s Lady Morna, and 5th; 2nd and
3rd, Hempstead Farms on Sybil’s Brook Pride and Imp. Falaize Cowslip; 4th, Holly Beach.

Cow 4 years. — 1st, Hempstead on Mable’s Diana; 2nd, Elkins on Financial Marc’s Princess,
and 4th; 3rd, Silver Lake on Creoline of La Godille; 5th, Old Forge Farm, Spring Grove, Pa.

Cow 3 years. — 1st and 2nd, Hempstead on Imp. Sybil’s Sweet Heart and Double Ursanne
Maid; 4th, Holly Beach; 5th, Elkins.

Heifer 2 years. — 1st, Holly Beach on Mistletoe’s Mirth; 2nd, Hempstead on Volunteer’s
Blythewood, and 4th; 3rd, Elkins on Majesty’s Cora’s Finance; 5th, Silver Lake Farm.

Heifer senior yearling. — 1st, Silver Lake Farm on Blonde’s Mazda; 2nd, Holly Beach on
Mistletoe Millie, and 4th; 3rd, Kenan on Randleigh Farm Dora; 5th, Hempstead.

Heifer junior yearling. — 1st, Hempstead on Hempstead’s Brook Pride, and 4th and 5th; 2nd,
Holly Beach; 3rd, Silver Lake on Xenia’s La Pompe Duchess.

Heifer calf under 1 year.— 1st and 2nd, Hempstead on Farewell’s Golden Cowslip and Fare¬
well’s Society Queen; 3rd, Silver Lake on Xenia’s La Pompe Princess, and 5th.

Senior and grand champion bull. — Hempstead on Benedictine’s Oxford Lad.

Junior champion bull. — Hempstead Farms on Brunette’s Double.

Senior and grand champion female. — Silver Lake Farm on Blonde’s Lady Morna.

The exhibit of Shorthorns also was notable, most of the strongest
show herds in the country being assembled for the Sesqui-Centennial

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL LIVE STOCK SHOW

451

Show. Sent long distances to the show, the owners were not inclined
to enter animals that might win ribbons, but only those fit to compete
strongly for prizes. The awards :

Exhibitors: Baker Shorthorn Farm, Hickman Mills, Mo.; Cloverleaf Farm, Tiffin, O. ; Rose¬
wood Farm, Howell, Mich.; E. D. Logsdon, Dundee, Ill.; Winmoor Farm, Dundee, Ill.; Buck-
land Hall Farm, Nokesville, Va.; Haylands Farm, Sharpsburg, Ill.; Mathers Bros., Mason City,
Ill.; T. A. Russell, Toronto; Wilson Bros., Lewisburg, W. Va. ; Anoka Farms, Waukesha,
Wis. ; C. H. Prescott & Sons, Tawas City, Mich.; T. B. Sterrett, Warm Springs, Va. ; Pennsyl¬
vania State College, and C. B. Teegardin & Sons, Duvall, O.

Aged bulls: 1, Sni-a-Bar on Sni-a-Bar Royalist; 2, Baker on King of the Fairies; 3 and 5,
Logsdon on Maxwalton, Matador and Model Mill Victor; 4, Cloverleaf on Cloverleaf Pride 7th.
Two-year-old bulls: 1, Baker on Roan Villager; 2, Buckland Hall on Vint Hill Challenger; 3,
Haylands on Collynie Supreme; 4, Mathers Bros, on Dreadnaught Clansman; 5, Cloverleaf on
Cloverleaf Commander. Senior yearlings: 1, Winmoor Farms on Field Marshal; 2, Anoka
Farms on Rodney’s Diamond; 3, Sni-a-Bar on Sni-a-Bar Sailor; 4, Logsdon on Dundee Dia¬
mond; 5, Haylands on Dreadnaught Ravier. Junior yearlings: 1, Sni-a-Bar on Sni-a-Bar Count;

2, Cloverleaf on Cloverleaf Rodney; 3, Pew & Son on Edgebrook Glaryford; 4, Winmoor on
Master Prince; 5, Haylands on Dreadnaught Marquis. Summer yearlings: 1, Baker on Sni-a-
Bar Marquis; 2, Anoka on Anoka White Frost; 3, Wilson Bros, on Sultan’s Mark; 4, Hay¬
lands on Dreadnaught Selection; 5, Rosewood on Clansman’s Rodney; 7, Sni-a-Bar on Sni-a-
Bar Mario. Bull calves: 1, Sni-a-Bar on Sni-a-Bar Monarch; 2, Pew & Son on Ravendale Royal
4th; 3, Baker on Commander’s Crown; 4, Anoka on Anoka Gold Treasure; 5, Mathers on
Golden Seal.

Senior and grand champion bull, Sni-a-Bar on Sni-a-Bar Royalist. Junior champion, Sni-a-
Bar on Sni-a-Bar Count.

Three bulls: 1, Sni-a-Bar; 2, Baker; 3, Logsdon; 4, Cloverleaf; 5, Anoka. Two bulls: 1, Sni-
a-Bar; 2, Cloverleaf; 3, Pew & Son; 4, Anoka; 5, Logsdon.

Dry cows: 1 and 2, Baker on Juno Girl and Model Mill Ury; 3, Haylands on Haylands
Generosity; 4, Russell on Waterloo Princess 42d; 5, Buckland Hall on Gipsy Cumberland 4th.
Cows with own calf at side: 1, Sni-a-Bar on Dorothy Anoka; 2, Winmoor on Avernes Princess;

3, Russell on Missie of Downsview; 4, Cloverleaf on Cloverleaf Corday 3d; 5, Mathers on
Rosebud 5th. Two-year-old heifers: 1, Winmoor on Jealous Princess; 2, Logsdon on Dundee
Sempstress 3d; 3, Buckland Hall on Sultan’s Fortune 3d; 4, Russell on Lady Eliza; 5, Mathers
on Sweet Lavender. Senior yearlings: 1, Baker on Supreme Rosebud; 2, Anoka on Oakdale
Rosewood 13th; 3, Sni-a-Bar on Sni-a-Bar Sunbeam 7th; 4, Pew & Son on Queen’s Lavender;
5, Prescott on Golden Missie. Junior yearlings: 1, Russell on Flower Girl 18th; 2 and 5,
Logsdon on Princess of Dundee and Dundee Mayflower 8th; 3, Sni-a-Bar on Sni-a-Bar Blos¬
som 5th; 4, Cloverleaf on Cloverleaf Darling 6th. Summer yearlings: 1, Russell on Lady Dor-
thy 4th; 2, Wilson Bros, on Dorrit 6th; 3, Buckland Hall on Vint Hill Countess 2d; 4, Win¬
moor on Winmoor Venus; 5, Cloverleaf on Cloverleaf Butterfly 3d. Heifer calves: 1, Anoka
on Wimple Anoka; 2, Baker on Melbourne Missie 2d; 3, Buckland Hall on Vint Hill Fancy
7th; 4, Haylands on Haylands Lustre Queen 2d; 5, Logsdon on Dundee Secret.

Senior and grand champion female, Sni-a-Bar on Dorothy Anoka. Junior champion, Russell
on Flower Girl 18th.

Aged herds: 1, Sni-a-Bar; 2, Baker; 3, Cloverleaf; 4, Logsdon; 5, Buckland Hall. Yearling
herds: 1, Russell; 2, Sni-a-Bar; 3, Anoka; 4, Cloverleaf; 5, Baker.

Pair of Calves: 1, Baker; 2, Sni-a-Bar; 3, Cloverleaf; 4, Anoka; 5, Logsdon; 6, Pew; 7,
Prescott; 8, Rosewood; 9, Buckland Hall; 10, Haylands; 11, Mathers.

Get of sire: 1, Russell; 2, Baker; 3, Mathers; 4, Cloverleaf; 5, Anoka.

The Hereford classes were small but select, maintaining the extra¬
ordinarily high standards of the show as a whole. The awards :

Aged bull. — 1st and 2nd, Henry R. Marshall, Lafayette, Ind., on Mischief Mixer 39th and
Early Dawn; 3rd, Delaware Land & Development Co., Wilmington, Del., on Buck Avalanche;
4th, A. J. A. Alexander, Spring Station, Ky.

Bull two years. — 1st, Marshall on Beverly Mixer; 2nd, C. A. Smith, Chester, W. Va., on
John Milton; 3rd, Del. Land & Develop. Co. on Buck Avalanche 2d; 4th, Hamilton Farms,
Gladstone, N. J. ; 5th, Brookfield Farm, Durham, Conn.

Senior grading. — 1st, Smith on Simon; 2nd, A. J. A. Alexander on Woodburn 35th; 3rd, Del.
Land & Develop. Co. on Woodford Buck 6th; 4th, Penn’a State College.

Junior yearling. — 1st, Hamilton Farms on Superior 53rd; 2nd, Alexander on Lord Woodford
2d; 3rd, Shallenberger Farms, Argyle, Ill., on Woodford 167th Jr.; 4th, R. J. Cunningham,
Turtle Creek, Pa.; 5th, Smith.

Senior bull calf. — 1st, Hamilton Farms on Hamilton Mischief; 2nd, Marshall on Capitola
Mixer 15th; 3rd, P. J. Sullivan, Denver, Col., on Superior 56th, and 4th; 5th, Cunningham.

Junior bull calf. — 1st, Marshall on McCormick Mixer, and 5th; 2nd, Brookfield Farm on
Donald’s Honor; 3rd, Del. Land & Develop. Co. on Buck Avalanche 8th; 4th, Sullivan.

Three bulls owned by exhibitor. — 1st and 5th, Marshall; 2nd, Smith; 3rd, Del. Land & De¬
velop. Co.; 4th, Hamilton Farms.

Two bulls bred and owned by exhibitor. — 1st, Smith; 2nd, Brookfield Farm; 3rd, Del.
Land & Develop. Co.; 4th, Sullivan; 5th, Shallenberger Farms.

Senior and grand champion bull. — Henry W. Marshall on Mischief Mixer 39th.

Junior champion bull. — Marshall on McCormick Mixer.

Aged cow. — 1st, Alexander on Lady Woodburn; 2nd, Sullivan on Beauty Domino; 3rd Shal¬
lenberger Farms on Miss Marcellus; 4th, Marshall; 5th, Smith.

Cow two years. — 1st, Marshall on W. S. Gay Lass 414th; 2nd, Shallenberger Farms on
Rowena Repeater; 3rd, Del. Land & Develop. Co. on Doe Visage 32d; 4th, Sullivan; 5th, C. A.
Smith.

452 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Heifer senior. — 1st, Sullivan on Donna Anna 4th; 2nd, Marshall on Miss Capitola 14th,
and 5th; 3rd, Del. Land & Develop. Co. on Doe Woodford 13th; 4th, Shallenberger Farms.

Junior yearling. — 1st, Sullivan on Ruth Mischief 7th; 2nd, Marshall on Belle Trebloc 117th;
3rd, Smith on Lucile Domino; 4th, Shallenberger; 5th, Brookfield Farm.

Senior heifer calf. — 1st Alexander on Lady Woodburn 54th; 2nd, Shallenberger on Lassie
Woodford; 3rd, Sullivan on Pretty Lady 46th; 4th and 5th, Del. Land & Develop. Co.

Junior heifer calf. — 1st, Sullivan on Gwendoline 68th; 2nd, Cunningham on Belle Woodford
229th; 3rd, Marshall on Mildred Mixer; 4th, Brookfield Farm; 5th, Smith.

Two females, and age owned and bred by exhibitor — 1st and 5th, Sullivan; 2nd, Alexander;
3rd, Del. Land & Develop. Co. ; 4th, Shallenberger Farms.

Senior and grand champion female. — -Henry W. Marshall on W. S. Gay Lass 414th.

Junior champion female.— -P. J. Sullivan on Ruth Mischief 7th.

Aged herd.— 1st, Marshall; 2nd, Smith; 3rd, Alexander; 4th, Del. Land & Develop. Co.;
5th, Shallenberger Farms.

Yearling herd. — 1st, Sullivan; 2nd, Alexander; 3rd, Shallenberger; 4th, Brookfield; 5th,
Cunningham.

Steer calved between Jan. 1, 1925, and May 31, 1925. — -1st, Shallenberger on Woodford Lad
5th; 2nd, Del. Land & Develop. Co. on Keystone Woodford 3d; 3rd, Penn’a State College on
Bunt 1259.

Steer calved between June 1, 1925, and Sept. 30, 1925.— -1st, Sullivan on Bud; 2nd, Del.
Land & Develop. Co. on Keystone Woodford 3d; 3rd, F. A. Dohrman, Pittsburgh, Pa., on
Beau Arnold 14th; 4th, Penn’a State College.

Steer calved after Oct. 1, 1925.— 1st, and 2nd, Sullivan on Superiors Type and Chief; 3rd,
Del. Land & Develop. Co. on Keystone Woodford 5th; 4th, Penn’a State College; 5th, Brook¬
field Farm.

Group three steers any age. — 1st, Sullivan; 2nd, Del. Land & Develop. Co.; 3rd, Penn’a
State College; 4th, Dohrman.

In the Aberdeen- Angus class, Playman of Sunbeam, 1925 inter¬
national grand champion, was challenged by Enchanter of Page from
Briarcliff Farms, but held his honors, being made a senior and grand
champion for the fifty-first time. Escher & Ryan scored with two-
year-olds and summer yearlings. The awards :

Aged bull. — 1st, S. Fullerton, Miami, Okla., on Playman of Sunbeam and 5th; 2nd, Briar-
cliff Farms, Inc., Pine Plains, N. Y., on Enchanter of Page; 3rd, Kemp Bros., Marion, la., on
Ebert; 4th, E. H. Hutchison, Xenia, Ohio.

Bull, 2 years and under 3 years.— 1st, Escher & Ryan, Coon. Rapids, la., on Escort Marshall,
and 5th; 2nd, Fullerton on The Peer of Sunbeam; 3rd, Congdon & Battles, Yakima, Wash.,
on Prizemere 32d; 4th, H. O. Harrison, Woodland, Calif.

Senior grading. — 1st, J. Dorsey Forrest, Warrentown, Va., on Rex Ito, of .Morborne; 2nd,
Fullerton on Amey Peer of Sunbeam; 3rd, Woodcote Stock Farms, Ionia, Mich., on Edward
of Woodcote 2d, and 4th; 5th, Congdon & Battles.

Junior yearling. — 1st, H. O. Harrison on Blackcap Marshall H. 2d; 2nd, Kemp Bros, on Idle
Marshall; 3rd, Briarcliff Farms on Briarcliff Elban, and 5th; 4th, Escher & Ryan.

Senior bull calf. — 1st, Escher & Ryan on Quality Marshall 3rd; 2nd, Congdon & Battles on
Barbarian of Rosemere 21st; 3rd, Briarcliff Farms on Briarcliff Echo, and 4th; 5th, Kemp
Bros.

Junior bull calf. — 1st, H. O. Harrison on Harrison Prideman 17th, and 5th; 2nd, Congdon
& Battles on Blackmere 48th; 3rd, Escher & Ryan on Earl Eric Marshall; 4th, J. Dorsey For¬
rest.

Three bulls owned by exhibitor.— 1st, Fullerton; 2nd, Escher & Ryan; 3rd, H. O. Harrison;
4th, Congdon & Battles; 5th, Kemp Bros.

Two bulls owned by exhibitor. — 1st, Escher & Ryan; 2nd, Briarcliff Farms; 3rd, Congdon
& Battles; 4th, H. O. Harrison; 5th, Kemp Bros.

Senior and grand champion bull.— S. Fullerton on Playman of Sunbeam.

Junior champion bull. — Escher & Ryan on Quality Marshall 3rd.

Aged cow. — 1st, Kemp Bros, on Queen’s Viola K; 2nd, Escher & Ryan on Blackcap of Glen-
rock 3rd; 3rd, S. C. Fullerton on Blackcap Empress; 4th, Congdon & Battles; 5th, E. H.
Hutchison.

Cow, 2 years and under 3.— 1st, Kemp Bros, on Verity of Glenrock; 2nd, E. H. Hutchison
on Elva H. ; 3rd, Congdon & Battles on Pride of Rosemere 59th, and 4th; 5th, Woodcote
Stock Farms.

Heifer, senior grading. — 1st, Escher & Ryan, Coon Rapids, Iowa, on Elslow 6th; 2nd, Woodcote
Stock Farm, Ionia, Mich., on Excel of Woodcote; 3rd, Congdon & Battles, Yakima, Wash., on
Blackbird of Rosemere 56th, and 4th; 5th, S. C. Fullerton, Miami, Okla.

Heifer, junior yearling. — 1st, H. O. Harrison, Woodland, Cal., on Eline Harrison 2nd; 2nd,
Kemp Bros., Marion, Iowa, on Glenrock Viola K, and 3rd on Elizabeth of Glenrock; 4th,
Escher & Ryan; 5th, Congdon & Battles.

Senior heifer calf. — 1st, S. C. Fullerton, Miami, Okla., on Heather Bloom 4th; 2nd, Cong¬
don & Battles on Blackcap of Rosemere 30th; 3rd, H. O. Harrison on Blackcap Harrison; 4th
and 5th, Briarcliff Farms.

Junior heifer calf.— 1st, Escher & Ryan on Barbara McHenry 53rd; 2nd, J. Dorsey Forrest,
Warrenton, Va., on Queen Julia of Morborne; 3rd, Congdon & Battles on Barbara of Rose¬
mere 50th; 4th, Woodcote Stock Farms; 5th, Briarcliff Farms.

Senior and grand champion female. — -Kemp Bros., on Queen’s Viola K.

Junior champion female. — H. O. Harrison, on Eline Harrison 2nd.

Aged herd. — 1st, Kemp Bros.; 2nd, Escher & Ryan; 3rd, Congdon & Battle; 4th, Fullerton;
5th, Harrison.

Yearling herd. — 1st, Harrison; 2nd, Escher & Ryan; 3rd, Kemp Bros.; 4th, Congdon &
Battles; 5th, Briarcliff Farms.

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL LIVE STOCK SHOW

453

Get of sire. — 1st, Congdon & Battles; 2nd, Escher & Ryan; 3rd, Kemp Bros.; 4th, Fullerton;
5th, Forrest. _ .

Steer calved between Jan. 1 and May 30, 1925. — 1st, Briarcliff Farms on Briarcliff Earl 2nd,
and 2nd on Briarcliff Victor 2nd; 3rd, Escher & Ryan; 4th, Forrest.

Steer calved between June 1 and August 31, 1925. — 1st, Forrest on Morborne Ruben; 2nd,
Penn’a State College, State College, Pa., on Dutchman 2nd; 3rd, Escher & Ryan; 4th, Ful¬
lerton.

Steer calved after Sept. 1, 1925. — 1st, Penn’a State College on Gay Bird Lad 2nd, and 2nd
on Gay Boy; 3rd, Briarcliff Farms on Briarcliff Bell Boy, and 4th; 5th, Forrest.

Group of three steers. — 1st, Penn’a State College; 2nd, Briarcliff Farms; 3rd, Forrest

There were three exhibitors of Polled Shorthorns, J. N. Clamme
of Upland, Ind. ; C. B. Teegardin & Sons, Duvall, O., and W. W.
Rose & Son, Rossville, Ind. Master Marshal of the Rose herd was
the junior champion, the Teegardins took the senior and grand rib¬
bons for Royal Count Jr., and also had the grand champion cow in
Oakwood Welcome. Mr. Clamme had the junior champion cow in
Lady Wanderer 2nd.

A fine showing was made in the Milking Shorthorn class. The
senior grand championship of the aged bull class was captured by
Flintstone Model, owned by Webster Knight of Providence, R. I.,
and Donald Woodward’s Lulu Woodward was named senior cham¬
pion female. Awards :

Exhibitors: Alasa Farms, Inc., Alton, N. Y. ; Webster Knight, Providence, R. I.; C. B.
Wade, Orangeville, O. ; Maurice Whitney, Berlin, N. Y. ; Richard G. Wood, Conshohocken, Pa.;
Donald Woodward Herd, LeRoy, N. Y.; Hudson & Sons, Mason, O.; Highland Farm, St.
Johnsbury, Vt

Bulls: Calved before Aug. 1, 1923 — 1, Knight on Flintstone Model; 2, Wade on Count Tick-
ford; 3, Woodward on Bessborough Clyde; 4, Whitney on Glenside Clay Warrior; 5, Wood
on Bellevue Charity Boy. Calved between Aug. 1, 1923, and July 31, 1924 — 1, Highland on
Mayflower’s Model; 2 and 3, Woodward on Glenrose Woodward and Master Woodward; 4,
Hudson on Supremacy Batchelder. Calved between Aug. 1, 1924, and July 31, 1925 — 1, 3 and
4, Knight on Clay Bell’s Hero, Clementine’s Hero and Hero’s Model; 2, Woodward on Cyrus
Woodward; 5, Wade on Ireby Master. Calved between Aug. 1, 1925, and March 31, 1926 —
1, Alasa on Barrington Boy; 2, Knight on Natick Squire; 3, Highland on Highland Model;

4, Wade on Master Glenrose; 5, Whitney on Waterloo King.

Cows: In milk calved before Aug. 1, 1921, to give 20-18-16-14 pounds of milk in the ring if
fresh (1) within 2 months, (2) between 2 and 3 months, (3) between 3 and 4 months, and
(4) 4 months or more on the opening day of the show — 1, Knight on Brookside Girl; 2, Wade
on Queenston Bonnie; 3, Whitney on Glenside Milkmaid; 4, Woodward on Bonhurst Rose 3d;

5, Hudson on Dorothy. Cows in milk, calved between Aug. 1, 1921, and July 31, 1923, to

give 15-13-1 1 pounds in the ring, if fresh (1) within 2 months, (2) within 2 and 3 months,
( 3 ) within 3 months or more of opening day of the show — 1, Woodward on Lu Woodward; 2,
Knight on Bessie Clay; 3, Alasa on Woodburn Maid 4th; 4, Whitney on Glenside Josephine
2d; 5, Cary on Tulip Rose. Calved between Aug. 1, 1923, and July 31, 1924 — 1 and 4, High¬
land on Rosalie 2d and Wampatuck Butterfly; 2, Alasa on Foothill’s Trifle; 3, Knight on
Sophia Lee. Calved between Aug. 1, 1924, and Dec. 31, 1924 — 1, Knight on Hero’s Butter¬
cup; 2, Alasa on Roan Strawberry; 3, Woodward on Cherry Woodward; 4, Hudson on

Duchess; 5, Whitney on Bar None Constance Gift. Calved between Jan. 1, 1925, and July

31, 1925 — 1, Knight on Lassie Clay 4th; 2 and 4, Woodward on Woodward’s Bapton Maid
and Woodward’s White May; 3, Alasa on Welfare Maid; 5, Whitney on Bar None Milk¬
maid’s Joy. Calved between Aug. 1, 1925, and March 31, 1926 — 1, Alasa on Alasa Musical
Rose; 2, Knight on Natick Roan Belle; 3, Woodward on Grace Woodward 2d; 4, Wade on
Queenston Alberta; 5, Hudson on Edgewood Fairy 3d.

Three cows in milk, owned by exhibitor — 1, Woodward; 2, Wade; 3, Alasa; 4, Highland;
5, Hudson. Two cows in milk, bred and owned by exhibitor — 1, Wade; 2, Hudson; 3, Wood.

Graded herds: 1, Knight; 2, Woodward; 3, Wade; 4, Alasa; 5, Whitney. Yearling
herds — 1, Woodward; 2, Whitney; 3, Wade. Pair of calves — 1, Knight; 2, Highland; 3,

Wade; 4, Woodward; 5, Hudson. Get of sire (four) — 1, Knight; 2 and 3, Woodward; 4,

Highland; 5, Whitney.

Senior and grand champion bull, Knight on Flintstone Model. Junior champion, Knight
on Clay Bell’s Hero.

Senior and grand champion female, Woodward on Lu Woodward. Junior champion,
Knight on Hero’s Buttercup.

Hogs at the Sesqui-Centennial Exposition Live Stock Show con¬
stituted one of the most impressive exhibits of the kind that has been
seen.

454 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Duroc-Jerseys were exhibited by Chinchilla Stock Farm, Curies
Neck Farm, Duroc Breeders’ Farms Co., Mercer County Duroc
Association, Pennsylvania State College and G. W. Zinn. The Duroc
Breeders’ Farms Co. had the senior and grand champion boar and
sow and the senior reserve, junior reserve and reserve grand cham¬
pion sow. They also showed the first-prize get of sire. Curies Neck
had the senior reserve and junior champion boar, the junior reserve
and reserve grand champion boar, and was also awarded the prize for
premier breeder and exhibitor and first on produce of sow.

Poland-Chinas were exhibited by Clear View Stock Farm, Frank
Dewitt, Stanley Short, Washburn, Hershey & Lewis, Allerton Farms
and Adam Alt. Allerton Farms won all the first prizes and cham¬
pionships, as well as the prize for premier breeder and exhibitor.

Spotted Poland-Chinas were exhibited by Adam Alt, Waldo Bar¬
ron, Blanke Bros., Goodnight, Shirk & Lockridge, V. A. Ritter,
Frank Schleich, Hames H. Williams, C. Blanke, J. E. Grice and J.
S. Hickman. Goodnight, Shirk & Lockridge had the senior and
grand champion boar; Blanke the senior reserve and junior reserve
champion boar, the senior and grand champion sow, and the junior
reserve champion sow; Williams the junior champions and reserve
grand champion boar and senior reserve champion sow, and Ritter,
the junior champion and reserve grand champion sow. Ritter was
first in the herd and group classes.

Hampshires were exhibited by C. G. Bitzer & Son, J. B. Hershey
and Chester Roberts. Bitzer had the senior and grand champion
boar, the junior champion boar, senior and grand champion sow, and
the senior reserve champion sow. He also won first on aged herds
and get of sire, and was the premier exhibitor and breeder. Hershey
had the senior reserve, junior reserve and reserve grand champion
boar, the junior champion and junior reserve champion and reserve
grand champion sow. He also had the first-prize young herd and
produce of sow.

Chester Whites were exhibited by I. T. Hickman & Son, Oscar
Fate, Albert Newman and Pennsylvania State College. Fate had the
senior and grand champion boar, the junior champion and reserve
grand champion boar, and was the premier exhibitor and breeder.
Newman had the senior reserve champion boar, the senior and grand
champion sow and the junior reserve champion sow. He also had the
first-prize aged herd. Hickman had the reserve junior champion
boar, reserve senior and the junior champion and the reserve grand
champion sow. He also had first-prize young herd, get of sire and
produce of sow.

Berkshires were shown by Corey Farms, Ray C. Norman, Penn-

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL LIVE STOCK SHOW

455

sylvania State College, Sycamore Farms, Edgar M. Palmer and
Adam Alt. Sycamore Farms showed the senior and grand champion
boar, the senior and grand champion, senior reserve and reserve
grand champion sow. Corey had the senior reserve, junior champion
and reserve grand champion boar. Palmer showed the junior reserve
champion boar, the junior champion sow and junior reserve cham¬
pion sow. Sycamore was first on aged herds, get of sire and produce
of sow, while Corey had first-prize aged and young herd bred by
exhibitor.

Forty-one Percherons, forty-nine Clydesdales, thirteen Shires and
sixty-one Belgians constituted the draft horse division of the Live
Stock Show at the Exposition.

The premier exhibitor diploma for Percherons went to Tom Cor¬
win Farms, Coalton, O., for winning the largest share of the prize
money. The premier breeder diploma went to J. O. Singmaster &
Son, Keota, la., for winning the largest share of the premiums on
horses of their own breeding. Undoubtedly the chief attraction in
the Percheron exhibit was some horses recently brought over from
France by Wm. McLaughlin, Columbus, O. The judges found their .
champion stallion in a 3-year-old from the McLaughlin stables. Chief
honors among the mares went to a beautiful daughter of the $40,000
Carnot, belonging to Tom Corwin Farms. J. O. Singmaster & Son
captured both reserve championships on stallion and mares, as well
as the get of sire class on sons and daughters of old Lagos, champion
at the 1915 World’s Fair in San Francisco, and sire of 4 Interna¬
tional grand champion mares.

Senior and grand champion stallion, Wm. McLaughlin, Colum¬
bus, O., on Baryton. Senior reserve and reserve grand champion,

J. O. Singmaster & Son, Keota, la., on Maple Grove Knight. Junior
champion, McLaughlin on Major. Junior reserve, Singmaster on
Maple Grove Sensation.

Senior and grand champion mare, Tom Corwin Farm, Coalton,
O., on Carfait. Senior reserve and reserve grand champion, Sing¬
master on Maple Grove Lena. Junior champion, Tom Corwin Farm
on Carnelia. Junior reserve, Singmaster on Maple Grove Lagaceo.

Belgian awards gave both championships to Evert King, Ankeny,
la., on 2 outstanding individuals. In fact, Mr. King won as much
premium money as all other Belgian exhibitors combined. The
breeder’s diploma went to the Owosso Sugar Co., Alicia, Mich., as
the amount of money in cash awards that went to horses bred by this
firm exceeded that won by all other Belgian horse breeders. Chas.
Irvine, Ankeny, la., manager of the King exhibit, was proud of the
fact that the reserve championship among the mares went to a King

456 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

entry bred and raised by Mr. Irvine. Louis de Maeter, champion at
many shows, was finally picked for second place. The foreign trophy
donated by the Belgian association in Belgium went to the King
mare, as being the best type of Belgian at the show.

Senior and grand champion stallion, Evert King, Ankeny, la., on
Martin 2d. Senior reserve and reserve grand champion, Owosso
Sugar Co., Alicia, Mich., on Louis de Maeter. Junior champion,
Owosso on Joe Henry. Junior reserve, King on Irvindale Wilbur.

Senior and grand champion mare, King on Jupiter’s Marie. Senior
reserve and reserve grand champion, King on Irvinedale Freda.
Junior champion, King on Mitzi Martin; junior reserve, King on
Miss Mira de Maeter.

The veteran showman Frank Huddlestun, Webster City, la.,
showed 12 Shires. The only other entry of this breed was a stallion
belonging to A. G. Soderberg, Osco, Ill. This choice exhibit of Eng¬
lish drafters was an appreciated addition to the draft horse show.

Senior and grand champion stallion, F. A. Huddlestun, Webster
City, la., on Edge wood Hengist. Senior reserve and reserve grand
champion, A. G. Soderberg, Osco, Ill., on Tatton Harold 11th.
Junior champion, Huddlestun on Silver King. Junior reserve, Hud¬
dlestun on Edgewood Conqueror.

Senior and grand champion mare, Huddlestun on Mildred C.
Senior reserve and reserve grand champion, Huddlestun on Edith
Lyde. Junior champion, Huddlestun on Margurite. Junior reserve,
Huddlestun on Wauneta.

Hayfield Farm, owned by the Conynghams at Wilkes-Barre, Pa.,
won the lion’s share of the Clydesdale awards, receiving more than
half of the total premium money offered. Belair Farm, Collington,
Md., ranked second, A. G. Soderberg, Osco, Ill., third, and Pennsyl¬
vania State College fourth. Judge A. M. Montgomery of Wisconsin
tied the ribbons, and both of the purples went to Hayfield Farm en¬
tries. A. G. Soderberg was the only exhibitor of any breed on the
grounds who showed at the Centennial International Exposition in
Philadelphia in 1876. His Clydesdale exhibit was highly appreciated.
The venerable exhibitor did not look his eighty-four years.

The sheep division of the show maintained the high standards set
by other divisions. The awards were as follows :

Shropshires: Ram two years or over. — 1st, W. F. Renk & Sons, Sun Prairie, Wis. ; 2nd
and 4th, Jess C. Andrews, West Point, Ind. ; 3rd, Andrew J. Cochrane, Ripley, N. Y. ; 5th,
D. D. Clifton, Agosta, Ohio. Ram one year and under two. — 1st, Andrews; 2nd, Cochrane;
3rd and 4th, Renk & Sons; 5th, Greatwood Farms, Plainfield, Vt. Ram lamb. — 1st, Penn’a
State College, State College, Pa.; 2nd, Renk & Sons; 3rd and 4th, Greatwood Farms; 5th,
Cochrane. Ewe two years or over. — 1st, Andrews; 2nd and 5th, Clifton; 3rd, Renk &
Sons; 4th, Cochrane. Ewe one year and under two. — 1st, Andrews; 2nd, 4th and 5th, Penn’a
State College; 3rd, Renk & Sons. Ewe lamb. — 1st and 4th, Renk & Sons; 2nd, Cochrane;
3rd, Greatwood Farms; 5th, Marquis. Champion ram and champion ewe. — Andrews. Flocks. —
1st, Andrews; 2nd, Renk & Sons; 3rd, Cochrane; 4th, Greatwood Farms. Pen of lambs. —

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL LIVE STOCK SHOW

457

1st, Renk & Sons; 2nd, Greatwood Farms; 3rd. Cochrane; 4th, J. M. Marquis. Hickory,
Pa.; 5th, Penn’a State College. Pen three yearling rams.— 1st, Penn’a State College; 2nd,
J. M. Marquis; 3rd, Wm, F. Renk & Sons; 4th, D. D. Clifton. Pen three yearling ewes. —
1st, Penn’a State College; 2nd, Andrews; 3rd, Marquis; 4th, Cochrane.

Hampshires: Ram two years or over. — 1st, Wm. F. Renk & Sons; 2nd and 4th, H. H.
Cherry, Xenia, Ohio; 3rd, A. R. Hamilton, Pittsburgh, Pa. Ram one year. — 1st and 5th,
Cherry; 2nd and 4th, Renk & Sons; 3rd, Hamilton. Ram lamb. — 1st and 3rd, Hamilton; 2nd,
4th and 5th, Renk & Sons. Ewe two years or over. — 1st and 3rd, Hamilton; 2nd, Renk
& Sons; 4th and 5th, Cherry. Ewe one year. — 1st, 4th and 5th, Hamilton; 2nd, Penn’a State
College; 3rd, Renk & Sons. Ewe lamb. — 1st, 4th and 5th, Hamilton; 2nd, Penn’a State Col¬
lege; 3rd, Renk & Sons. Champion ram. — Cherry. Champion ewe. — Hamilton. Flock. —
1st, Hamilton; 2nd, Renk & Son; 3rd and 4th, Cherry.

Oxford Downs: Ram two years or over. — 1st and 4th, George W. Heskett, Fulton, Ohio;
2nd, D. F. McDowell & Sons, Mercer, Pa.; 3rd, Clifton; 5th, G. C. Coy, West Chester, Ohio.
Ram one year and under two. — 1st, Heskett; 2nd, Clifton; 3rd, McDowell & Sons; 4th and
5th, Coy. Ram lamb. — 1st, Clifton; 2nd, McDowell & Sons; 3rd and 4th, Heskett; 5th, Coy.
Ewe two years or over. — 1st, Clifton, 2nd and 3rd, Heskett; 4th and 5th, McDowell & Sons.
Ewe lamb. — 1st, 2nd and 5th, Heskett; 3rd, Clifton; 4th, McDowell & Sons. Champion ram. —
Heskett. Champion ewe. — Clifton. Flock. — 1st and 2nd, Heskett; 3rd, Clifton; 4th, McDowell
& Sons. Pen of lambs. — 1st, Coy; 2nd, Heskett.

Southdowns: Ram two years or over. — 1st, J. W. Springsted & Sons, Caistor Centre,
Ont. ; 2nd, John D. Larkin, Inc., Buffalo, N. Y. Ram one year. — 1st, Penn’a State College;
2nd and 3rd, Springsted; 4th and 5th, Larkin. Ram lamb. — 1st, 2nd and 4th, Larkin; 3rd
and 5th, Springsted. Ewe two years or over. — 1st and 4th, Springsted; 2nd and 3rd, Larkin.
Ewe one year. — 1st, 2nd and 4th, Larkin; 3rd and 5th, Penn’a State College. Ewe lamb. —
1st, 2nd, 3rd and 5th, Larkin; 4th, Springsted. Champion ram. — Larkin. Champion ewe. —
Larkin. Flock. — 1st, Larkin; 2nd, Springsted & Sons. Pen of lambs. — 1st, Larkin; 2nd,
Springsted & Sons.

Cotswolds: Ram two years or over. — 1st and 2nd, G. E. Morgan, Kerrwood, Ont.; 3rd and
4th, McDowell. Ram one year. — 1st and 4th, McDowell; 2nd and 3rd, Morgan. Ram lamb. —
1st and 2nd, Morgan; 3rd and 4th, McDowell. Ewe two years or over. — 1st and 2nd, Morgan;
3rd and 4th, McDowell & Sons. Ewe one year. — 1st and 2nd, Morgan; 3rd and 4th, Mc¬
Dowell & Sons. Ewe lamb. — 1st and 2nd, Morgan; 3rd and 4th, McDowell. Champion
ram. — McDowell. Champion ewe. — Morgan. Flock. — 1st and 3rd, Morgan; 2nd and 4th,
McDowell & Sons. Pen of lambs. — 1st, Morgan; 2nd and 3rd, McDowell & Sons.

Lincolns: Ram two years or over. — 1st and 3rd, A. H. McLean & Sons, Kerwood, Ont.;
2nd and 4th, McDowell & Sons. Ram one year. — 1st, McDowell; 2nd and 3rd, McLean &
Sons. Ram lamb. — 1st and 3rd, McLean & Sons; 2nd and 4th, McDowell & Sons. Ewe
two years or over. — 1st and 3rd, McLean & Sons; 2nd and 4th, McDowell & Sons. Ewe
one year. — 1st and 3rd, McDowell & Sons; 2nd and 4th, McLean & Sons. Ewe lamb. —
1st and 2nd, McLean & Sons; 3rd and 4th, McDowell & Sons. Champion ram and cham¬
pion ewe. — McLean & Sons. Flock. — 1st and 3rd, McLean & Sons; 2nd and 4th, McDowell
& Sons. Pen of lambs. — 1st, McLean & Sons; 2nd, McDowell & Sons.

Dorset Horn: Ram 2 years or over. — 1st, Tranquility Farms, Allamuchy, N. J. ; 2nd and
4th, J. B. Henderson, Hickory, Pa.; 3rd, Coy; 5th, H. C. Hill, Knowlesville, N. Y. Ram 1
year. — 1st and 5th, Coy; 2nd and 3rd, Henderson; 4th, Hill. Ram lamb. — 1st and 4th,
Henderson; 2nd and 5th, Coy; 3rd, Hill. Ewe 2 years or over. — 1st and 2nd, Henderson;
4th, Coy; 5th, Hill. Ewe one year. — 1st, 2nd and 3rd, Henderson; 4th, Coy; 5th, Hill. Ewe
lamb. — 1st and 2nd, Henderson; 3rd, Fillmore Farms, Bennington, Vt. ; 4th and 5th, Hill.

CHAPTER XXXV

DOG SHOW, POULTRY, PIGEON AND PET

STOCK SHOWS

FIRST AMERICAN KENNEL CLUB SHOW — INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION — UNPRECE¬
DENTED PREMIUMS — COMMITTEES, ORGANIZATION AND JUDGES — BEST DOG — WIN¬
NERS OF VARIOUS CLASSES — BEST IN EACH BREED — POULTRY SHOW — PIGEON AND

PET STOCK SHOW

A history of the Sesqui-Centennial Exposition would be incom¬
plete without some record of the Dog Show given in the Auditorium
by the American Kennel Club. It was the first time that organization
ever gave a show and authorities pronounced it the greatest of all
such events.

The show attracted 1200 exhibitors and more than 2000 dogs
were judged in its three days’ duration, September 30, October 1
and 2. The exhibitors were from all parts of the United States, and
from Canada, England and Germany. All classes of dogs were
represented. Forty internationally known judges officiated.

The most generous premiums given at a dog show were awarded
to the winners. The American Kennel Club donated $19,000 in
prize money and the specialty clubs $1500 more. Silver cups to the
value of -$5000 were awarded. The American Kennel Club spent
$3000 for gold and silver medals and the Exposition $1500 for spe¬
cial gold medals. The value of the dogs at the show was estimated
at more than $1,000,000.

J. Sergeant Price, Jr., was chairman of the bench show committee
and his colleagues were Dr. W. C. Billings, P. Hamilton Goodsell,
Russell H. Johnson, Jr., William Prescott Wolcott, and Dr. John E.
de Mund, president of the American Kennel Club. The chairman of
the Philadelphia committee was T. Monroe Robbins. Associated
with him were John Sinnott, secretary, Nicholas Biddle, Thomas
W. C. Hartmann, Dr. Henry Jarrett, William L. Kendrick, Dr.
H. B. Kobler, Howard K. Mohr, Ralph Chambers Stewart, William
R. Tucker, Jr., and J. Bailey Wilson.

The show was conducted by the George F. Foley Dog Show
Organization comprising George F. Foley, Henry G. Hammond,
George K. Blakely, Howard H. Foley, and Joseph J. O’Connell.
Judges were Walter H. Reeves, Belleville, Ontario, Canada; Russell
H. Johnson, Jr., Philadelphia; George B. Hooley, Plainfield, N. J. ;
Robert A. Ross, Montreal, Canada ; J. Bailey Wilson, Media, Pa. ;

Frederick A. Bearse, Springfield, Mass.; Otto H. Gross, Fair Oaks,

458

DOG SHOW, POULTRY, PIGEON AND PET STOCK SHOWS 459

Pa.; A. F. Kramer, Chicago, Ill.; Alfred Delmont, Wynnewood,
Pa.; Theodore Offerman, New York City; W. E. Baker, Jr.,
Moriches, L. I., N. Y. ; Wallace MacMonnies, Madison, N. J. ; H. B.
Hungerford, Belleville, Ont. ; J. Sergeant Price, Jr., Philadelphia;
Harry W. Smith, Worcester, Mass.; A. Henry Higginson, South
Lincoln, Mass.; Julius M. Fangmann, Rochelle Park, N. J. ; C. H.
Mantler, New York City; Ralph C. English, Port Matilda, Pa.;
A. F. Hochwalt, Dayton, Ohio; Walter J. Graham, Brooklyn, N. Y. ;
U. R. Fishel, Hope, Ind. ; Harry Vanderslice, Philadelphia ; Louis
Smirnow, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; Henry D. Bixby, Huntington, L. I.,
N. Y. ; Bayard Warren, Prides Crossing, Mass. ; Charles T. Inglee,
Brooklyn, N. Y. ; Dr. H. B. Kobler, Philadelphia ; C. F. Neilson,
Shrewsbury, N. J. ; G. V. Glebe, Bryn Athyn, Pa. ; William Prescott
Wolcott, Readville, Mass.

On the last day of the show the best dog in the show was judged
by five of the judges. This honor, the highest in the land, was
awarded to Champion Pinegrade-Perfection, a wonderful specimen
of Sealyham Terrier, owned by Frederic C. Brown of New York.
The awards of the various classes in the show were as follows :

Sporting Dogs — Won by Ch. Rosemont Liskeard Fortunatus,
Rosemont Kennels (Greyhound) ; second, Ch. Sand Spring Storm-
cloud, Mrs. S. Y. L’Hommedieu (Cocker Spaniel) ; third, Barbara
of Oxon, Robert S. Bullock (Whippet).

Working Dogs — Won by Fedor von Batersburg, White Gate and
Westphalia Kennels (Doberman Pinscher) ; second, Friedrichsruhe
Aribert von Saarland, Fred R. Cyriaks (Shepherd Dog) ; third,
Hercuveen Aurora Borealis, Hercuveen Kennels (St. Bernard).

Terriers — Won by Ch. Pinegrade-Perfection, Frederic C. Brown
(Sealyham) ; second, Ch. Signal Circuit of Halleston, Mr. and Mrs.
Stanley J. Halle (Wire Haired Fox) ; third, Deckham Oled of
Firenze, Firenze Kennels (Bedlington).

Toys — Won by Ch. Little Rajah, Mrs. V. Matta (Pomeranian) ;
second, Ch. Wong of Hartlebury, Mrs. John P. Olcott (Pekingese) ;
third, Love Message, Mrs. N. C. Brothers (English Toy Spaniel).

Non-Sporting Dogs — Won by Ch. Million Dollar King, Emma
G. Fox (Boston Terrier) ; second, Mr. McElwyn of Car Mar, C. E.
Libby (Chow Chow) ; third, Ch. Dauntless Dan, Mrs. James Cas-
sani (Bulldog).

Adjudged best in each breed were :

Afghan Hound, Sahib, Miss Jean C. Manson ; Airedale Terrier,
Flornelle Mixer of Halleston, Mrs. Stanley J. Halle; Bassethound,
Ch. Walhampton Andrew, Gerald M. Livingston; Beagle, Champion
Double R. Sue, Girlada Farms; Bedlington Terrier, Ch. Deckhan

460 SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

Oled of Firenze, Firenze Kennels; Belgian Sheepdog, Ch. Marco,
Calvin Augustin; Boston Terrier, Ch. Million Dollar King, Emma
G. Fox; Boxer, Balckadarco, Harry White Leonard; Bulldog, Ch.
Dauntless Dan, Mrs. James Cassani; Bullterrier, Coolridge Prince,
Edward Koons; Cairn Terrier, Offley Gilladdie, of Rosscamac, Miss
Rosalie H. and Mrs. Henry Slack; Chesapeake Bay, Ch. Cheequa
Buff, Mary Elizabeth Quinn; Chihuahua, Ch. Lola, M. R. Muller;
Chow Chow, Mr. McElwyn of Car Mar, C. E. Libbey; Collie, Ch.
Bellehaven Stronghold, Florence B. Ilch; Dachshunde, Ch. Dunner
Von Licchenstein, IV., Grayce and Mike Greenberg; Dalmatian, Ch.
Gladmore Guardsman, Mrs. Charles K. Lyons; Deerhound (Scot¬
tish), Lassie of Dothayne, Dothayne Kennels; English Toy Spaniel,
Ch. Love Message, Mrs. N. C. Brothers; Eskimo, Covak, Edward
P. Clark; Foxhound (American), Diamond Dick, John Mann; Fox¬
hound (English), Warrior, Charles E. Mather; Foxterrier
(Smooth), Penford Jewel, Miss Lucie Bedford.

Fox Terrier (Wire-haired), Ch. Signal Circuit of Halleston, Mr.
and Mrs. Stanley J. Halle; French Bulldog, Ch. Evergay Charmer,
F. S. Dickinson; Great Dane, Ch. Argus V. Birkenhof, Fruenlob
Kennels; Greyhound, Ch. Rosemont Liskeard Fortunatus, Rosemont
Kennels; Griffon (Brussels), Ch. Nanson of Greenwich, Greenwich
Kennels; Griffon (Wire-haired Pointing), Staridge Colokel, Eras-
tus T. Tefft; Irish Terrier, Blarney Better’n Begorra, John G. Bates;
Italian Greyhound; Aire Vana’s Jeanette, Mrs. Mary P. Norton;
Japanese Spaniel, Neko, Mrs. E. H. Berendsohn; Kerry Blue Ter¬
rier, Ch. Grabhaire, B. Jerome Megargee; Maltese, Lady Clio of
Arr, Mrs. James Gardner Rossman; Manchester Terrier, Ch.
Queensbury Surprise, William L. Kendrick ; Mastiff, Bruce of Clay¬
ton, F. J. A. Beier; Newfoundland, Princess Sonya, D. C. Wil¬
liams; Norwegian Elkhound, Ch. Grim of Lif jell, Walter Channing;
Old English Sheepdog, Ch. Tenacre Grenadier, Kennelon Kennels.

Papillon, Gyp des Girofters, Mrs. William D. Goff ; Pekingese,
Ch. Wong of Hartlebury, Mrs. John Pratt Olcott; Pinscher (Dober¬
man), Fedor von Batersburg, White Gate and Westphalia Kennels;
Pinscher (Schnauzer), Ch. Harno von Schoenblick, Brookmeade
Kennels; Pointer, Ch. Dapple Joe, Rumson Farm Kennels; Pome¬
ranian, Ch. Little Rajah, Mrs. V. Matta; Poodle, Pola Negri, Sarah
Annie Abercrombie; Pug, Prince Goggles, Mrs. Charles Moran;
Retriever, Gilnockie Port, J. Harold McMurray; Samoyede, Ch.
Yukon Mit, Wingbrook Kennels; Schipperke, Ch. Samarand, Mrs.
Grace Wallace; Scottish Terrier, Ch. Allscot Bellstane Blossom, Dr.
N. D. Harvey; Sealyham Terrier, Ch. Pinegrade Perfection, Fred¬
eric C. Brown; Setter (English), Deadora Blue Prince, Mrs. B. F.

DOG SHOW, POULTRY, FIGEON AND PET STOCK SHOWS 461

Lewis, Jr. ; Setter (Gordon), Inglehurst Joker Junior, Stanley John¬
ston; Setter (Irish), Ch. Higgins’ Red Pat., William W. Pliggins.

Shepherd, Friedrichsrue Aribert von Saarland, Fred R. Cyriaks;
Shetland Sheepdog, Farburn Advance, Miss Fredericha Fry; Spaniel
(Clumber), Ch. Carnforth Jewel, Mrs. Haley Fiske; Spaniel
(Cocker), Ch. Sand Spring Stormcloud, Mrs. S. Y. L’Hommedieu,
Jr.; Spaniel (Pdeld), Holmbush Jester, Richard M. Meagher;
Spaniel (Irish Water), Bessie Malloy, Richard H. Meagher;
Spaniel (Springer), Horsford Historical, Mr. and Mrs. Walton
Ferguson, Jr.; Spaniel (Sussex), Calckmannan Shire Klansman,
F. B. Warner; St. Bernard, Ch. Hercuveen Aurora Borealis, Hercu-
veen Kennels; Toy Black and Tan Terrier, Kay Ess Good Will, K.
Sophie Waters; Toy Poodle, Wonderful the Great, Mr. and Mrs. T.
Hartmann; Welsh Terrier, Ch. Llewelyn Limelight, Annandale
Kennels; West Highland White Terrier, Ch. Rosstor Raith, Miss
Claudia Phelps.

Whippet, Barbara of Oxon, Robert S. Bullock; Wolfhound
(Irish), Cragwood Delight, Mrs. Norwood Browning Smith; Wolf¬
hound (Russian), Ch. Ivor O’ Valley Farm, Valley Farm Kennels;
Yorkshire Terrior, Ch. Monitor’s Cricket, Andrew Paterson.

POULTRY SHOW AND PIGEON AND PET STOCK SHOW

A Poultry Show and a Pigeon and Pet Stock Show were held in
the Auditorium during the week of October 26 to 30.

The Poultry Show was sponsored by the leading poultry breeders
of the country. More than 3000 birds were entered. D. Lincoln
Orr, manager of the Madison Square Garden Poultry Show, acted
as manager and Saxon W. Pell, secretary of the Northwestern Poul¬
try and Pet Stock Association, was secretary of the show.

The Pigeon and Pet Stock Show brought 3210 pigeons, with a
large showing of rabbits and guinea pigs. Rudolp Sweisfwith of
Philadelphia was manager and H. B. Behrens of Willow Grove, Pa.,
was secretary and treasurer.

A large display of pet stock and poultry foods, as well as incuba¬
tors and brooders, was made in conjunction with the show.

APPENDIX

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION ASSOCIATION

(The following lists of officers, committees and administrative staff appear
on the records as of the most important period of Exposition activities. Wherever
possible subsequent changes are noted. In compiling the names of the personnel
of the various departments it was found necessary to take the payroll of July
15, 1926, and check it with the payroll of August 15, 1926, in an endeavor to
approach accuracy, as the number and positions of employees varied at different
periods.)

Officers

W. Freeland Kendrick, Mayor of Philadelphia, President
E. J. Lafferty, Vice-President
Drexel & Company, Treasurer

E. L. Austin, Business Manager, Comptroller and Financial Secretary
S. van T. Jester, Executive Secretary

Board of Directors
W. Freeland Kendrick, President

Edwin M. Abbott
William S. Abrahams
Mrs. Blanche A. Beliak
James M. Bennett
Joseph Bernhard
George H. Biles
Francis Shunk Brown
John Cadwalader, Jr.
Vincent A. Carroll
Samuel M. Clement
Edwin R. Cox
Augustus F. Daix, Jr.
Agnew T. Dice
Henry Dolfinger
Henry E. Ehlers
George W. Elliott
Furey Ellis
Samuel S. Fleisher
David G. Frankenfield
Philip H. Gadsden
Joseph P. Gaffney
Ellis A. Gimbel
Robert Glendinning
Charles H. Grakelow
Albert M. Greenfield
Charles B. Hall
Isaac D. Hetzell
J. S. W. Holton

Charles H. Kendrick
L. H. Kinnard
Dr. Wilmer Krusen
E. J. Lafferty
Mrs. Arthur H. Lea
John Frederick Lewis
Mrs. J. Willis Martin
Jules E. Mastbaum
W. W. Matos _

Thomas E. Mitten

John C. Morlock

E. Pusey Passmore

Dr. Josiah H. Penniman

George Wharton Pepper

Eli Kirk Price

Murtha P. Quinn

Ralph T. Senter

William C. Sproul

George F. Sproule

Rowe Stewart

E. T. Stotesbury

S. M. Swaab

Dr. Herbert J. Tily

Dr. John P. Turner

Samuel M. Vauclain

Simon Walter

Mrs. Barclay H. Warburton

Charles J. Webb

Edwin M. Abbott
William Abrahams
James M. Bennett
George H. Biles,
Edwin R. Cox
Agnew T. Dice
Henry E. Ehlers
George W. Elliott

Executive Committee

E. J. Lafferty, Chairman

David G. Frankenfield
Philip H. Gadsden
Joseph P. Gaffney
Charles H. Grakelow
Albert M. Greenfield
Charles B. Hall
Dr. Wilmer Krusen
Mrs. J. Willis Martin

462

Jules E. Mastbaum
William W. Matos
E. Pusey Passmore
George F. Sproule
Rowe Stewart
S. M. Swaab
Dr. Herbert J. Tily

NATIONAL SESQUI-CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION COMMISSION

Hon. Frank B. Kellogg, Secretary of State
Hon. Herbert Hoover, Secretary of Commerce
George E. Akerson, Secretary to the Commission

Hon. James M. Beck, Chairman, National Advisory Commission to the Sesqui-
Centennial Exhibition Association

Rear Admiral Herman O. Stickney, United States Commissioner

Hon. Gifford Pinchot, President of Council of Governors

COUNCIL OF GOVERNORS

Hon. William W. Brandon, Governor of Alabama

Hon. George A. Parks, Governor of Alaska

Hon. George W. P. Hunt, Governor of Arizona

Hon. Tom J. Terral, Governor of Arkansas

Hon. F. W. Richardson, Governor of California

Hon. Clarence J. Morley, Governor of Colorado

Hon. John H. Trumbull, Governor of Connecticut

Hon. Robert P. Robinson, Governor of Delaware

Hon. John W. Martin, Governor of Florida

Hon. Clifford Walker, Governor of Georgia

Hon. W. R. Farrington, Governor of Hawaii

Hon. C. C. Moore, Governor of Idaho

Hon. Len Small, Governor of Illinois

Hon. Ed. Jackson, Governor of Indiana

Hon. John Hammill, Governor of Iowa

Hon. William J. Fields, Governor of Kentucky

Hon. Henry L. Fuqua, Governor of Louisiana

Hon. Ralph O. Brewster, Governor of Maine

Hon. Albert C. Ritchie, Governor of Maryland

Hon. Alvan T. Fuller, Governor of Massachusetts

Hon. Alexander J. Groosbeck, Governor of Michigan

Hon. Theodore Christianson, Governor of Minnesota

Hon. H. L. Whitfield, Governor of Mississippi

Hon. Sam A. Baker, Governor of Missouri

Hon. J. B. Erickson, Governor of Montana

Hon. Adam McMullen, Governor of Nebraska

Hon. John G. Winant, Governor of New Hampshire

Hon. A. Harry Moore, Governor of New Jersey

Hon. A. T. Hannett, Governor of New Mexico

Lion. J. G. Scrugham, Governor of Nevada

Hon. Alfred E. Smith, Governor of New York

Hon. A. W. McLean, Governor of North Carolina

Hon. A. G. Sorlie, Governor of North Dakota

Hon. M. E. Trapp, Governor of Oklahoma

Hon. Walter M. Pierce, Governor of Oregon

Hon. Gifford Pinchot, Governor of Pennsylvania

Hon. H. M. Towner, Governor of Porto Rico

Hon. A. J. Pothier, Governor of Rhode Island

Hon. Thomas G. McLeod, Governor of South Carolina

Hon. Austin Peay, Governor of Tennessee

Hon. Miriam A. Ferguson, Governor of Texas

Hon. George H. Deen, Governor of Utah

Hon. Franklin S. Billings, Governor of Vermont

Hon. Harry F. Byrd, Governor of Virginia

Hon. Howard M. Gore, Governor of West Virginia

Hon. John J. Blaine, Governor of Wisconsin

Hon. Nellie Tayloe Ross, Governor of Wyoming

Honorary

Hon. George S. Silzer, Ex-Governor of New Jersey
Hon. E. Lee Trinkle, Ex-Governor of Virginia

463

COMMITTEES OF THE ASSOCIATION

Athletic Committees
Executive Committee of Sports Program
Hon. J. Willis Martin, Chairman

Dr. M. F. D’Eliscu Henry Penn Burke

William W. Roper Dr. George W. Orton

Committee Chairmen

Army and Navy — Major R. R. Hogan
Archery — Dr. Robert P. Elmer
Baseball (Organized) — Connie Mack
Baseball (Semi-pro and Amateur) —
George Cartwright
Basket Ball — Ralph Morgan
Bowling — N. J. Costa
Billiards — Fred S. Hovey
Bicycle and Motorcycle Racing —

John A. Roden
Boxing and Wrestling —

William H. Rocap
Cricket — Percy H. Clarke
Casting, Fly (Surf) —

George A. Frankenfield
Cross Country — Wallace M. McCurdy
Chess and Checkers —

William Penn Shipley
Canoeing — Carl T. Majer
Dogs — Russell H. Johnson, Jr.
Fencing — Louis M. Fleisher
Football — William M. Hollenback

Field and Ice Hockey and Ice Skating
— Dr. George W. Orton
Golf — Robert W. Lesley
Gymnastics — William J. Friedgen
Handball — Louis G. Feitig
Horse Racing — Samuel D. Riddle
Horse Racing (Trotting and Pacing) —
A. Saunders

Lacrosse — Clarence H. Goldsmith
Rowing — Henry Penn Burke
Soccer — Douglas Stewart
Swimming-William H. Smith
Lawn Tennis — Paul W. Gibbons
Court Tennis — Joseph W. Wear
Track and Field — Lawson Robertson
Trapshooting — Alfred P. Gray
Motorboat Racing — Joseph L. Bailey
Citizens Military Training Camp —
Major Hare
Rifle and Revolver —

Major L. W. T. Waller, Jr.

Public School Sports — Wm. A. Stecher

Automobile Traffic Committee

Col. J. H. M. Andrews
Raymond Beck
C. D. Buck
Charles Disney
Frederick D. Donnelly
J. Walter Eastburn

J. Borton Weeks, Chairman

J. A. Githens
William C. Godfrey
Kane S. Green
Harry Harkins
Norman H. Hulme
William H. Metcalf

M. F. Middleton
J. Herbert Norris
Harry Sley
J. Maxwell Smith
Hon. Samuel E. Turner

Aviation Committee

Hollinshead N. Taylor, Chairman

Chas. J. Biddle
Victor C. Dallin
S. B. Eckert

Dr. Thomas Edwin Eldridge
Robert Glendinning
Robert P. Hewitt
W. Wallace Kellett

C. T. Ludington
Frank Mills
Lt. Jas. A. Mollison
Major John S. Owens
Harold Pitcairn
Jos. A. Steinmetz

Captain G. C. Westervelt, U. S. N.

National Advisory Committee on Aviation

Hollinshead N. Taylor, Chairman

Arthur Brock, Jr.
Samuel S. Bradley
Godfrey L. Cabot
Ralph W. Cram
Howard E. Coffin
Glenn H. Curtiss
Donald W. Douglas
Edsel Ford
Deitz Gould
Col. Paul Henderson
Richard R. Hoyt
C. M. Keys
Charles L. Lawrence

Dr. G. W. Lewis

Wm. P. MacCracken, Jr.

Glenn L. Martin
Carl F. G. Meyer

Rear-Admiral Wm. A. Moffett, U. S. N.

Major-General Mason M. Patrick

Commander H. C. Richardson

R. W. Schroeder

Capt. Lowell Smith

Elmer A. Sperry

Edward P. Warner

Howard F. Wehrle

Orville Wright

464

Communications Committee

L. H. Kinnard, Chairman

Col. Geo. E. Kemp C. S. Merrick

T. B. Kingsbury J. L. McKay

C. E. Bagley J. F. Stockwcll

George Clark

Congresses and Conventions Committee

R. C. Ball
W. H. Fisher
Mrs. Edwin C. Grice
Geo. B. Heckel

Rowe Stewart, Chairman

Geo. F. Hoffman
Charles Keinath
Mrs. N. L. Longstreth
Thomas K. Ober

F. J. Chesterman
A. G. Wilkening
Frank E. Maize

Charles Paist, Jr.
P. C. Staples
E. A. Watrous
H. E. Yarnall

Committee on Courtesies to Visitors

George Wentworth Carr, Chairman

Eugene A. Barrett
F. M. Brewer
Dr. Edwin C. Broome
John A. Conway
Walter F. Ennis

Howard A. Loeb
Mrs. Max. Margolis
George G. Meade
Rev. Jos. M. O’Hara

Mrs. Charles I. Purnell
Mrs. J. Howard Reber
Howard C. Story
Miss Margaret R. Wellbank

Finance Committee

Albert M. Greenfield, Chairman

J. P. C. Henderson Thomas E. Murphy

Charles L. Martin George F. Young

W. W. Matos, Chairman

Maj. Emanuel Furth
Col. Thomas Lanard
Odell Hauser
Maj. E. H. Hicks

Flag Day Committee
Capt. J. A.

Wilfred Jordan
A. L. Sutton
E. L. Austin
Capt. A. C. Baker

B. Franciscus, Secretary

Capt. D. E. Campbell
Col. Clarence P. Franklin
E. J. Lafferty
Adm. A. H. Scales

Committee on Flag Day Exercises and Formal Dedication Ceremonies
Hon. William C. Sproul, Honorary Chairman
William W. Matos, Chairman
Capt. James A. B. Franciscus, Secretary

Capt. C. A. Abele
A. Lincoln Acker
Dr. Cyrus Adler
Col. Chas. A. Allen
General W. W. Atterbury
E. L. Austin
Richard L. Austin
Capt. Asher Baker
Dr. George Fales Baker
Hon. Dimner Beeber
George H. Biles
Thomas Bluett
Col. Wm. L. Bodine
E. W. Bok
Robt. Boyd, Jr.

Admiral Wm. C. Braisted
Dr. Edwin C. Broome
Rev. W. Herbert Burk
John Cadwalader
Charles S. Calwell
Capt. Campbell
George Wentworth Carr
Col. Vincent Carroll
Hon. Hampton L. Carson
James G. Carson, Jr.
Elwood B. Chapman
Col. H. E. Cloke
Morris L. Clothier

George Connell
James J. Connelly
Edwin R. Cox
Clarence F. Crossan
Cyrus H. K. Curtis
John J. Daly
George P. Darrow
Agnew T. Dice
Henry Dolfinger
Cardinal Dougherty
John P. Dwyer
Dr. Wm. C. L. Eglin
Henry E. Ehlers
George W. Elliott
Col. James Elverson
Christian C. Febiger
Benjamin Fields
Col. Chas. B. Finley
John B. Fisler
David C. Frankenfield
Col. C. P. Franklin
Major Emanuel Furth
Philip H. Gadsden
Joseph P. Gaffney
Sigmund J. Gans
Frederic D. Garman
A. H. Geuting
Capt. George T. Giger

465

Col. J. Campbell Gilmore
Ellis A. Gimbel
Benjamin M. Golder
George S. Graham
Charles H. Grakelow
John Gribbel
Col. John C. Groome
Charles B. Hall
Odell Hauser
James K. Helms
Isaac D. Hetzell
Major E. H. Hicks
Col. C. S. Hill
J. S. W. Holton
Wm. Macpherson Horner
Col. Odus G. Horney
Alba B. Johnson
Wilfred Jordan
Col. George E. Kemp
Charles H. Kendrick
Arthur Kinsley
Dr. Wilmer Krusen
E. J. Lafferty
Col. Thomas Lanard
Maurice E. Levick
John Frederick Lewis
Col. Jacob Lit
George McCall

William McCoach
John J. McKinley, Jr.

William L. McLean

John Bach McMaster

Col. Wm. A. March

Hon. J. Willis Martin

Jules E. Mastbaum

Charles J. Maxwell

Frank W. Melvin

W. Percy Mills

John Molitor

Col. Robert Morris

G. E. Nitzsche

E. Pusey Passmore

Dr. Josiah H. Penniman

Hon. George Wharton Pepper

Charles J. Pommer

Eli Kirk Price

Major Gen. Wm. G. Price, Jr.
Harry S. Ransley
William W. Roper
William Rowen
Bernard Samuel
Admiral A. H. Scales
Hon. John Morin Scott

Dr. Wm. B. Scott

Dr. Edgar Fahs Smith

Howard Smith

Joseph Snellenburg

Col. L. S. Sorley

George F. Sproule

E. T. Stotesbury

Hon. Edwin S. Stuart

Col. Jackson W. Study

A. L. Sutton

Harry Swartley

Capt. John Taefner

Herbert J. Tily

William S. Vare

Samuel M. Vauclain

Chas. P. Vaughan

Hon. Robert von Moschzisker

Simon Walter

Rodman Wanamaker

Charles J. Webb

George A. Welsh

Dr. William P. Wilson

Capt. Clement B. Wood

Col. W. S. Wood

William A. Dunlap

Fraternal Committee
George Meade, Chairman
Chas. Grakelow

Albert H. Ladner

Arthur B. Eaton

John B. Greibler

Harry Mace

Jas. A. Flaherty

Chas. B. Helms

William M. Wagner

F. H. Chapman

Golf Committee

Robert W. Lesley, Chairman
Francis P. Warner, Vice-Chairman

John R. Maxwell

George W. Statzell

C. F. Doelp

Howard W. Perrin

Frederick S. Sherman

Geo. W. Elkins, Jr.

Rodman E. Griscom

Alan D. Wilson

Ellis A. Gimbel

Hotel Reservations Committee

Claude H. Bennett V. M. Melvin David B. Provan

J. C. Bonner Eugene G. Miller Horace Leland Wiggins

Charles W. Duffy, Jr.

Mayor’s Reception Committee

Horatio G. Lloyd

Mr. and Mrs. Robert Glendinning

James F. Sullivan

J. R. McAllister

Mr. and Mrs. E. Pusey Passmore
Mr. and Mrs. William P. Gest
E. B. Robinette .

Samuel Rea

Mr. and Mrs. Agnew T. Dice
Josiah H. Penniman
Dr. Kenneth G. Matheson
M. R. Medary, Jr.

Owen Wister

R. Tait McKenzie

Leopold Stokowski

A. Edw. Newton

Mr. and Mrs. George H. Lorimer

Chas. H. Ludington

Benjamin Rush

William A. Law

Mr. and Mrs. Ellis A. Gimbel

Mr. and Mrs. Samuel D. Lit
Mr. and Mrs. J. Willis Martin
Mr. and Mrs. Abraham M. Beitler
Owen J. Roberts
Hon. Robt. Von Moschzisker
Mr. and Mrs. Henry Dolfinger
Dr. W. W. Keen
A. Atwater Kent

Mr. and Mrs. J. Howell Cummings

E. W. Clark

Robert K. Cassatt

Mr. and Mrs. Levi L. Rue

Mr. and Mrs. George W. Norris

Mr. and Mrs. William M. Elkins

Mr. and Mrs. Effingham B. Morris

Thomas S. Gates

Thomas E. Mitten

Mr. and Mrs. W. W. Atterbury

Dr. Charles E. Beury

Horace Trumbauer

Charlton Yarnall

John F. Lewis
Samuel S. Fleisher
Cyrus H. K. Curtis
James Elverson, Jr.

William L. McLean

Rodman Wanamaker

Mr. and Mrs. Morris L. Clothier

Nathan Snellenburg

Hampton L. Carson

Morris R. Bockius

William Clarke Mason

Mr. and Mrs. Francis Shunk Brown

Dr. George E. de Schweinitz

Mr. and Mrs. Samuel M. Curwen

Harry Mull

Jay Cooke

Frank H. Moss

Alba B. Johnson

John Gribbel

Mr. and Mrs. Edward Bok

Samuel ML Vauclain

Joseph E. Widener

Mr. and Mrs. Jules E. Mastbaum

George McFadden

Mr. and Mrs. John C. Groome

Mr. and Mrs. Samuel T. Bodine

Bishop Thomas J. Garland

Dr. Alexander McColl

Cardinal D. J. Dougherty

Ralph B. Strassburger

Roland S. Morris

Mr. and Mj*s. William S. Vare

George A. Welsh

Mr. and Mrs. Harry C. Ransley
Charles J. Cohen
George N. Frazier
Isaac Roberts
F. Eugene Dixon

Mr. and Mrs. Charles C. Harrison

Mr. and Mrs. Eli Kirk Price

B. Dawson Coleman

Mr. and Mrs. Philip H. Gadsden

Mr. and Mrs. Stevens Heckscher

Adolph G. Rosengarten

George D. Widener

Mr. and Mrs. Walter H. Johnson

Bishop and Mrs. Joseph F. Berry

Rabbi W. Fineshriber

Mr. and Mrs. William C. Sproul

Charles B. Hall

Mr. and Mrs. George Wharton Peppe

George S. Graham

Mr. and Mrs. George P. Darrow

Benjamin M. Golder

James J. Connelly

James Willcox

Samuel P. Rotan

Charles E. Ingersoll

Paul P. Cret

Sydney E. Hutchinson

John C. Bell

Charles P. Jenkins

Dr. George Woodward

Charles D. Hart

Harry Jordan

Medicine and Allied Science Committee
Dr. Wilmer Krusen, Chairman

Dr. Alex C. Abbott

Dr. John W. Adams

Dr. J. E. Aiguier

Dr. L. Pierce Anthony

Dr. E. J. C. Beardsley

Dr. Helen M. Beck

Dr. D. H. Bergey

Dr. Lewis Brinton

Dr. I. N. Broomall

Dr. A. A. Cairns

Dr. James Cameron

Dr. T. H. Charmichael

Miss S. Lillian Clayton

Wm. L. Cliffe

Dr. A. J. Cohen

George Morrison Coates

Dr. William Edgar Darnall

Dr. J. Leslie Davis

Dr. Judson Deland

Dr. F. X. Dercum

Dr. Geo. E. deSchweinitz

Dr. Seneca Egbert

Dr. John Dean Elliott

Dr. W. G. Elmer

Dr. G. Morris Golden

Brua C. Goodhart

Dr. Linwood G. Grace

Dr. Theodore J. Gramm

Dr. J. P. Crozer Griffith

Dr. Samuel Hamill

Dr. Frank C. Hammond

Dr. Arthur Hartley

Dr. Harriett L. Hartley

Dr. Chas. J. Hatfield

Dr. J. Norman Henry

Dr. Harry B. Hickman

Dr. William M. Hillegas

Dr. Chas. S. Hirsch

Dr. Barton Cooke Hirst

Dr. Jos. Hoad

Dr. Edward B. Hodge

Ambrose Hunsberger

Dr. Robert Ivy

Dr. Chevalier Jackson

Dr. Wm. A. Jaquette

Dr. D. Bushrod James

Dr. Henry D. Jump

Dr. E. C. Kirk

Dr. Louis A. Klein

Dr. Edward J. Klopp

Dr. G. A. Knowles

Dr. Edward B. Krumbhaar

Prof. C. H. La Wall

Dr. Alfred P. Lee

Mrs. W. E. Lee

Dr. Louis Lehrfeld

Dr. O. G. L. Lewis

Dr. F. Hurst Maier

Dr. Edward Martin

Dr. Alex. McAlister

Dr. John F. McCloskey

Dr. John Douglas McLean

467

Dr. W. Wilson McNeary
Dr. Geo. H. Meeker
Dr. John Minehart
Dr. John Mershon
Dr. Chas. R. Miner
Dr. Arthur C. Morgan
Dr. Thomas R. Neilson
Dr. Reinhard Nell
Dr. G. W. Norris
Dr. H. L. Northrup
Dr. Alice M. Norton
Dr. H. R. Owen
Dr. Francis R. Packard
Dr. H. K. Pancoast
Dr. Ross V. Patterson
Dr. William A. Pearsor
Dr. William Pepper

Charles T. Pickett
Dr. Paul J. Pontius
Dr. Hermann Prinz
Dr. Alexander H. Reynolds
Dr. A. N. Richards
Dr. David Riesman
Dr. Frank G. Ritter
Dr. Wm. Egbert Robertson
Dr. Wm. Duffield Robinson
Dr. Desiderio Roman
Dr. Jos. Sailer
Dr. C. E. deM. Sajous
Dr. Emerson M. Sausser
Dr. J. Parsons Schaeffer
Dr. J. P. Schamberg
Dr. Andrew J. Seeler
Mort. M. Smith

Dr. S. Maccuen Smith
Dr. Henry Field Smyth
Dr. S. Solis-Cohen
Dr. Alfred Stengel
Dr. Philip S. Stout
Harry Swain
Dr. James R. Talley
Dr. Martha Tracey
Dr. Chas. R. Turner
Dr. Frances C. Vangasken
Dr. G. Harlan Wells
Dr. John W. West
Dr. C. Y. White
Dr. A. D. Whiting
Dr. Harry Wilmer
Dr. W. T. Wyckoff

Military Committee

Major General William G. Price, Jr., Chairman

Colonel Frank J. Barber
Lieut. Col. William W. Bodine
Colonel Robert M. Brookfield
Lieut. Col. Arthur L. Bump
Colonel Arthur C. Colahan
Lieut. Col. John W. Converse
Lieut. Col. John S. Fair
Lieut. Col. Charles B. Finley
Major W. Fish

Lieut. Col. William Innis Forbes
Colonel Clarence P. Franklin
Lieut. Col. John W. Gentner
Colonel John C. Groome
Major Edward H. Hicks
Colonel Odus C. Horney
Lieut. Col. Augustine S. Janeway

Colonel George E. Kemp
Colonel M. C. Kennedy
Colonel William A. March
Lieut. Col. Robert Morris
Captain George W. Phillips
Lieut. Col. Fred Taylor Pusey
Major J. S. S. Richardson
Colonel H. Harrison Smith
Colonel Jackson W. Study
Lieut. Col. Frank A. Warner
Lieut. Col. Samuel P. Wetherill, Jr.
Lieut. Col. Churchill Williams
Brig. General John P. Wood
Colonel Winthrop S. Wood
Lieut. Col. W. H. Zierdt

Music Committee

Dr. Herbert J. Tily, Chairman
Craig King, Secretary

Frederick Anne
Mrs. Frederick W.

Perley Dunn Aldrich
George D. Bevers
William P. Bentz
Mrs. Helen M. Bentz
Charles Bond
Clarence K. Bawden
Miss Minerva Bennett
James Francis Cooke
C. Bentley Collins
Mrs. Samuel W. Cooper
Mrs. Francis Elliott Clark
Bruce A. Carey
Gilbert Raynolds Combs
Horatio Connell
Mrs. Esther Cardiff
Nicholas Douty
C. Victor Dealy
Miss Helen Dillingham
Carl Diton
H. N. Eccelston
Edward F. Ertell
Henry S. Fry

John H. Glover
Abbott Philip H. Goepp

George A. Gress
Dr. Adam Geibel
Anthony M. Gilbert
Albert N. Hoxie

Nicola A. Montani
H. Alexander Matthews
Rollo F. Maitland
Frederick Maxson
Rev. Wm. S. Murphy
Charlton L. Murphy

Frederick W. Haussmann Charles H. Martin

Dr. Charles S. Hirsch
James Hartzell
Charles S. Halsall
Henry Hotz
Dr. J. Marvin Hanna
C. Albert Hartmann
Mrs. Charles N. Howson
George C. Hartel
H. M. Hippel

Miss Anne McDonough
T. L. MacKenzie
Mrs. B. F. Maschall
Miss Milberta M. Maize
Joseph A. Martin
W. O. Miller
Karl W. Nocka
N. Lindsay Norden
George E. Nitzsche

Mrs. Helen Pulaski Innes Rev. J. M. O’Hara

C. L. Johnson
Arthur Judson
Arthur E. I. Jackson
Ralph Kinder
Dr. Andrew Knox
Walter S. Knodle
George L. Lindsay

Mrs. Gertrude H. Fernley Rev. Dr. Hugh L. Lamb
Isidore Freed Ednyfed Lewis

468

Albert H. Ohler
Mrs. Humbert Borton Powell
Thaddeus Rich
Dr. Alexander Russell
J. P. Redmond
Alexander Smallens
John L. Snyder
William L. Stamper
S. Wesley Sears

Mme. Olga Samaroff

Joseph Smith

Mrs. Bessie K. Slaugh

Karl J. Schneider

Gilbert Smith

Miss Marion G. Spangler

T. W. Schofield

Leopold Stokowski
Henry Gordon Thunder
Mrs. Henry M. Tracy
Emil F. Ulrich
Alexander VanRensselaer
Rabbi Louis Wolsey
Mrs. Edwin A. Watrous

Miss Frances A. Wister
Dr. John M. E. Ward
George A. A. West
Fred Lyman Wheeler
Arthur D. Woodruff
Orin Wilson
John R. Yost

Naval Committee

Rear-Admiral A. H. Scales, U. S. N., Chairman
(Commandant Phila. Navy Yard)

Rear-Admiral W. A. Moffett, U. S. N.
J. Harry Mull
M. A. Neeland

Rear-Admiral Louis M. Nulton,

U. S. N.

Captain C. A. Abele, U. S. N.

A. Lincoln Acker
Emil P. Albrecht
Wm. M. Coates
Charles E. Davis, Jr.

Admiral E. W. Eberle, U. S. N.
Rear-Admiral Albert W. Grant,

U. S. N. (Retired)

Colonel C. S. Hill
J. S. W. Holton
Hubert J. Horan
Alba B. Johnson
Major General John A. Lejeune
Captain W. L. Littlefield, U. S. N.
Rear-Admiral H. T. Mayo, U. S. N.
(Retired)

Captain W. K. Riddle
Rear-Admiral W. R. Shoemaker,

U. S. N.

George F. Sproule
Charles P. Vaughan
Captain R. M. Watt (CC), U. S. N.
Lieut. Commander Geo. B. Wilson
Captain G. C. Westervelt, U. S. N.
Col. Cyrus S. Radford, U. S. M. C.
R. T. Hall, U. S. N. (Retired)
Captain D. E. Campbell

Rev. Matthew Anderson
E. T. Attwell
James G. Avery
Eugene Baptiste

A. T. Boyer
Henry P. Cheatham

B. G. Collier
Wm. H. Fuller
John T. Gibson
Samuel B. Hart

Miss J. Imogene Howard
Jas. E. Kirkland
Mrs. S. W. Layton
Arthur B. Lynch
Dr. Henry M. Minton
Maude A. Morrissett
James Fields Needham
E. Washington Rhoades
Marie Roland
Rev. J. H. Scott
John A. Sparks
Rev. Chas. A. Tindley
Dr. John P. Turner
Royal S. Weaver
Milton N. White
J. Thomas Williams
Dr. R. J. Abele
Raymond Pace Alexander
Dr. C. Eugene Allen
Mrs. J. C. Asbury
Dr. Forrest Battis
Rev. J. C. Beckett
Edward W. Bolden
Daniel A. Brooks
Samuel Brown
O. W. Bullock

Negro Activities Committee
John C. Asbury, Chairman

B. J. Bunn
John Bush
Wm. Byrd
Dr. J. S. Caldwell
John A. Carrington
Richard A. Cooper
Dr. Malinda E. Coppin
George W. Deane
Carl R. Diton
Miss Henrietta Farrelly
Rev. T. J. Goodall
Mrs. Lena Trent Gordon
Rev. Wesley F. Graham
Elmer Griffin
John W. Harris
Dr. R. W. Henry
W. Franklin Hexter
Dr. Eugene T. Hinson
Mary C. Hopkins
James H. Irvin
Robert S. Jackson
Thos. L. James
George A. Jeter
Rev. E. W. Johnson
Moses Johnson
Wm. H. Jones
Rev. John W. Lee
Robert E. Lee
Adolphus Lewis
Dr. Chas. A. Lewis
John Love
George Lyel
John Marquess
Dr. Chas. W. Maxwell
Miss Annie Merriott

Herbert Millon, Esq.

R. H. Montgomery
Wm. H. Morris
Bernard Nichols
Harold M. Norwood
Maranda Norwood
Rev. Henry L. Phillips
Harry Pinkney
Mrs. Fannie R. Porter
Dr. Tamlin L. Powell
Rev. W. H. R. Powell
Jos. Rainey, Jr.

George E. Reynolds
George W. Robinson
Justus R. Rodgers
Joseph T. Seth
Dr. George C. Strickland
Dr. I. Walter Sutton
Rev. Henry D. Tillman
Jacob B. Tillman
Miss Emmalyne Tindley
Rev. E. Sydner Thomas
Wm. A. Tooks
Joseph F. Trent
Dr. Richard J. Warrick
Forrester B. Washington
W. Basil Webb
Clarence R. White
Jas. H. Williams
Miss Mae Williams
Chas. Fred White
Ernest T. Wright
R. R. Wright
Giles T. Young
W. Persifor Young

469

Polo Committee

Robert

L. A. Beard
Carlton F. Burke
Alfred M. Collins
Lt. Col. John W. Converse

E. Strawbridge, Chairman

George H. Earle, 3rd
Frank K. Hyatt
Devereux Milburn
Albert L. Smith

Louis E. Stoddard
Edward Lowber Stokes
H. E. Talbott, Jr.

Thomas D. Richter
J. S. S. Richardson
Irwin L. Gordon

Publicity Committee
James M. Bennett, Chairman

George B. Harley Edward A. Keenan

William H. Evans Abe L. Einstein

Leonard Ormerod

General Radio Broadcasting Committee

Stanley Broza
Harry S. Connell
G. H. Clark
Edward A. Davies
Wilson H. Durham

Odell Hauser, Chairman

John W. Stockweli
A. L. Hallstrom
C. W. Horn
Ednyfed Lewis

Frank E. Maize
B. J. Munchweiler
L. W. Link
Robert N. Moses

Religious, Committee
Joseph M. Steele, Chairman

Dr. Cyrus Adler
James M. Anders, M.D.

Rev. W. B. Anderson, D.D.

J. Henry Bartlett
Frank A. Bedford
Bishop Joseph F. Berry
Edward H. Bonsall, Jr.

Mrs. William Boyd
Rev. Daniel Daly
Rev. Edwin Heyl Delk
D. Cardinal Dougherty
Howard W. Elkinton
Rabbi William H. Fineshriber
Rev. W. B. Forney
W. S. Furst, Esq.

Ellis A. Gimbel
Miss Mary Johns Hopper
Rev. Henry A. D. Hoyt, D.D.
Ray Hudson

Rev. W. L. Hunton, D.D.

Alba B. Johnson
Dr. Rufus M. Jones
Monsignor J. L. J. Kirlin

Rev. Wm. E. Lampe

Robert L. Latimer

Mrs. Albert Lucas

Rev. Clarence E. Macartney

Rev. Lewis S. Mudge

Harry E. Paisley

Rev. Elim A. E. Palmquist

W. D. Reel

Rev. J. S. Romig

Rev. Wm. G. Russell

Rev. Chas. E. Schaeffer, D.D.

J. H. Sokohl

John J. Sullivan

Allan Sutherland

Dr. Chas. A. Tindley

Rev. Floyd W. Tomkins

Rev. H. W. Tope

Rev. Geo. H. Toop

John Walton

James M. Willcox

Augustus I. Wood

Walter M. Wood

P ennsylvania Railroad

O. T. Boyd
J. O. Hackenberg
H. T. Wilkins
A. J. Ball

Railroad Committee
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad

G. F. Harlan

C. W. VanHorn
R. Mather

H. B. Faroat

Reading Company

J. S. Selby
R. C. Campbell
A. C. Tosh

Speakers’ Committee
Judge John M. Patterson, Chairman

Edwin M. Abbott A. F. Daix, Jr. George Meade

Frank A. Bedford Arthur B. Eaton, Esq. Dr. John W. Stockweli

Frank Buehler

470

WOMEN’S COMMITTEE

Honorary Chairman —

Mrs. W. Freeland Kendrick

Vice Chairmen —

Mrs. Edward W. Biddle
Mrs. Henry L. Cassard
Mrs. George Dallas Dixon
Mrs. Bessie Dobson A. Eastman
Mrs. John C. Groome
Mrs. Nathaniel S. Keay
Mrs. Arthur H. Lea
Mrs. William E. Lingelbach

Recording Secretary — Corresponding
Mrs. Wilmer Krusen Mrs. J. Gard

Chairman —

Mrs. J. Willis Martin

Mrs. George Horace Lorimer
Mrs. Norman MacLeod
Mrs. John S. Newbold
Mrs. Henry H. Sinnamon
Mrs. James Starr
Mrs. Edward T. Stotesbury
Mrs. Montrose Graham Tull
Mrs. Kenneth B. Ward
Mrs. Barclay H. Warburton

Secretary — Treasurer —

ler Cassatt Mrs. Graham Dougherty

The following members of the Women’s Committee were members of the
Board of Directors of the Sesqui-Centennial International Exposition :

Mrs. J. Willis Martin
Mrs. Arthur H. Lea
Mrs. Barclay H. Warburton
Mrs. Blanche A. Beliak

Chairmen of Committees

Book List : Colonial and Revolutionary Periods, Mrs. Edward W. Biddle

Clean Streets, Mrs. W. H. Magoffin

Colored Advisory, Mrs. William E. Buehler

Colored Hostess House, Mrs. S. W. Layton

Extension, Mrs. William E. Lingelbach

Educational, Dr. Laura H. Carnell

Foreign Relations, Mrs. Stanley G. Flagg, Jr.

Girl’s Service, Miss Henrietta Additon
Girl Scouts, Miss Julia Williamson
Germantown Historical Points, Mrs. I. Pearson Willitts
Germantown Bus Trips, Mrs. Chloe McCann
Historical, Mrs. Hampton L. Carson

Information Historical Stations, State, Mrs. James Edgar Gibson

Independence Hall, Mrs. Joseph M. Caley

Information Booths, Mrs. J. Clifford Jones

Membership, Mrs. James Starr

Mount Pleasant House, Mrs. Harrold E. Gillingham

Music, Mrs. Frederick W. Abbott

Philadelphia Points of Interest, Mrs. Robert M. Girvin, Jr.

Police Women, Mrs. Thomas Robins

Posters, Mrs. Joseph N. Snellenburg

Publicity, Mrs. Grace Porter Hopkins

States, Mrs. George Horace Lorimer

Speakers’ Bureau, Mrs. Edward Beecher Finck

Swedish and Wicaco Block House, Mrs. Henry D. Paxson

Travelers’ Aid, Mrs. Owen J. Roberts

Y. W. C. A., Mrs. George Earle, Jr.

Sale of Books, Mrs. A. Hays Clements

High Street

Organizer, Miss Sarah D. Lowrie

Treasurer, Mrs. Charles Starr

Director, Mrs. Henriques S. Crawford

Assistant, Mrs. Walter Wheeler

Book of the Street, Mrs. Seymour DeWitt Ludlum

471

Houses of High Street

Slate Roof House, Mrs. George H. Lorimer, States Committee in charge
Girard Counting House, Associated Charities in charge
Girard House, Mrs. Stanley G. Flagg, Jr., Foreign Committee in charge
Little Wooden House, Mrs. Wm. H. Marshall, War Mothers in charge
Loxley House, Mrs. M. Graham Tull, Federation of Women’s Clubs
First Infirmary, Miss Louise H. Snowden, National Society of 1812
Society Store House, Mrs. John O. Miller, National League of Women Voters
Franklin Print Shoppe, Public Ledger Company

Blacksmith Shop, Miss Mabel Searle, Penna. Society of New England Women
The Dame School, Miss Jessie Gray, Philadelphia Teachers’ Association
Town Hall

Indian Queen Inn, Mrs. Norman MacLeod, Emergency Aid of Penna.

Friends’ Meeting House, Mrs. J. Bertram Lippincott, Society of Friends — Both
Branches

Log Cabin, Mrs. Henriques Crawford, used as office by Director of Street
Office of Foreign Affairs

Shippen House, Mrs. Lawrence Bodine, Good Housekeeping Magazine
Jefferson House, Miss Caroline Sinkler, Southern Comm. National Democratic
Co-operating

Morris House, Mrs. J. Gordon Fetterman, Headquarters of Women’s Committee
Washington House, Mrs. Alexander Patton, under the D. A. R.

Little Theatre (Washington Stables), Miss Clara Woodward, Art Alliance
Market Stalls, Mrs. Joseph Rollins
Market, Mrs. Walter C. Hancock

Gardens of High Street

Mrs. Thomas Newhall, Chairman, Garden Club of Philadelphia

Mrs. Stacy B. Lloyd, The Weeders

Mrs. Chas. Davis Clark, Society of Little Gardens

Mrs. Robert H. Page, Four Counties Garden Club

Mrs. James P. Winsor, The Weeders

Mrs. Frank H. Moss, The Gardeners

Members of Women’s Committee

Mrs. Frederick W. Abbott
Miss Margarretta Archambault
Mrs. Frank Aydelotte
Miss Margaret Bache
Mrs. Harold B. Beitler
Mrs. Blanche A. Beliak
Mrs. Edward W. Biddle
Mrs. J. Wilmer Biddle
Mrs. Wm. Boyd
Mrs. Wm. E. Buehler
Mrs. Jos. M. Caley
Dr. Laura H. Carnell
Mrs. Hampton L. Carson
Mrs. Henry L. Cassard
Mrs. J. Gardner Cassatt
Mrs. Samuel Chew
Mrs. Herbert L. Clark
Miss Florence Close
Mrs. Samuel W. Cooper
Mrs. Henry Brinton Coxe
Mrs. Cyrus H. K. Curtis
Baroness Meyer deSchauensee
Mrs. George Dallas Dixon
Mrs. Geo. W. Childs Drexel
Mrs. Graham Dougherty
Mrs. John T. Dorrance
Mrs. Russell Duane
Mrs. Geo. H. Earle, Jr.

Mrs. Dobson Altemus Eastman
Mrs. J. Gordon Fetterman

Mrs. Edward Beecher Finck
Mrs. Stanley G. Flagg, Jr.
Miss Helen Fleisher
Mrs. P. H. Gadsden
Mrs. Thos. J. Garland
Mrs. Harrold E. Gillingham
Mrs. Ellis A. Gimbel
Mrs. Robt. M. Girvin, Jr.
Mrs. John Gribbel
Mrs. John C. Groome
Mrs. John B. Hamme
Mrs. Walter C. Hancock
Mrs. Horace B. Hare
Mrs. Thomas Jackson
Mrs. Henry S. Jeanes
Mrs. Alba B. Johnson
Mrs. Henry D. Jump
Mrs. Nathaniel S. Keay
Mrs. Murdock Kendrick
Mrs. W. Freeland Kendrick
Miss Eleanor M. Kershaw
Mrs. Wilmer Krusen
Mrs. O. U. Kulling
Mrs. Arthur H. Lea
Mrs. Chas. M. Lea
Mrs. Joseph Leidy
Mrs. John F. Lewis
Mrs. Robert Bruce Lewis
Mrs. Wm. E. Lingelbach
Mrs. Andrew F. Lippi

472

Mrs. J. Bertram Lippincott
Mrs. Samuel D. Lit
Mrs. Geo. H. Lorimer
Miss Sarah D. Lowrie
Mrs. Harry A. Mackey
Mrs. Norman MacLeod
Mrs. Louis C. Madeira
Mrs. Wm. H. Marshall
Mrs. Jules E. Mastbaum
Mrs. J. Willis Martin
Mrs. John O. Miller
Mrs. George McFadden
Mrs. Walter A. Nash
Mrs. John S. Newbold
Mrs. Thomas Newhall
Mrs. H. S. Prentiss Nichols
Mrs. Frederick A. Packard
Miss Marion Edwards Park
Mrs. Alvin A. Parker
Mrs. Alex. E. Patton
Mrs. Ellen S. Patton
Mrs. Henry D. Paxson
Mrs. Geo. Wharton Pepper
Mrs. Robt. A. Pitts
Mrs. Eli Kirk Price
Mrs. Chas. I. Purnell
Mrs. A. H. Reeve
Miss Emilie M. Rivinus
Mrs. Edw. R. Robbins
Mrs. Owen J. Roberts
Mrs. Thomas R. Robins
Mrs. Jos. Rollins
Mrs. Alfred Rosenstein

Countess Eulalia deSanta
Mrs. J. Alison Scott
Mrs. Henry H. Sinnamon
Mrs. Jos. N. Snellenburg
Miss L. H. Snowden
Mrs. Bessie N. Snover
Mrs. James Starr
Mrs. Frank Stockely
Mrs. John P. B. Sinkler
Mrs. Wharton Sinkler
Mrs. E. T. Stotesbury
Mrs. Geo. H. Strawbridge
Mrs. Robert E. Strawbridge
Mrs. Lillian Tracy
Miss Martha G. Thomas
Mrs. J. Whitaker Thompson
Mrs. Ernest T. Trigg
Mrs. Montrose Graham Tull
Mrs. Alexander Van Rensselaer
Mrs. F. Dudley Vetterlein
Mrs. Robert Von Moschzisker
Mrs. Barclay H. Warburton
Mrs. Kenneth C. Ward
Mrs. Edwin A. Watrous
Miss Anne H. Wharton
Mrs. Chas. Willing
Mrs. Carrol R. Williams
Mrs. I. Pearson Willits
Miss Frances A. Wister
Mrs. Geo. H. Wobensmith
Mrs. Geo. Woodward
Mrs. Charlton Yarnall

States Committee (Women’s)

Mrs. George Horace Lorimer, Chairman

Alabama

Mrs. Victor H. Hanson, Birmingham
Mrs. William A. Gayle, Montgomery

Arizona

Mrs. Cecil Drew, Mesa
Arkansas

Miss Mary P. Fletcher, Little Rock
Mrs. Claude Sayle, Little Rock
Mrs. May Duttlinger, Little Rock

California

Mrs. J. S. Sartori, Los Angeles
Mrs. John Vance Cheney, San Diego
Mrs. Sanborn Young, Los Gatos
Mrs. Parker Maddox, San Francisco

Colorado

Mrs. Carrie O. Kistler, Denver
Mrs. Anna M. Young, Denver

Connecticut

Mrs. Clarence H. Wickham, Hartford
Mrs. George Maynard Minor,
Waterforfl

Delaware

Mrs. Julia Hayes Ashbrook,
Wilmington

Mrs. Harry W. Vivian, Bridgeville
Florida

Mrs. W. P. Council, Lake Worth
Mrs. John J. O’Brien, Palm Beach

Georgia

Mrs. George A. Johns, Winder
Mrs. H. H. Merry, Thomasville

Idaho

Mrs. J. G. H. Graveley, Boise
Mrs. Kennedy Packard, Twin Falls

Illinois

Mrs. Jacob Baur, Chicago
Mrs. M. S. Shaw, Dixon

Indiana

Mrs. Ann Studebaker Carlisle,

South Bend

Mrs. Frank J. Sheehan, Gary
Iowa

Miss Martha McClure, Mt. Pleasant
Mrs. H. W. Spaulding, Grinnell

473

Kansas

Mrs. Mamie Axline Fay, Pratt
Mrs. Emma Kelley, White Cloud

Kentucky

Mrs. Mary Elliott Flanery,
Catlettsburg

Miss Mary Bronaugh, Hopkinsville
Louisiana

Mrs. James Thomson, New Orleans
Mrs. Wm. H. Sullivan, Bogalusa

Maine

Mrs. Charles Eugene Tefft, Guilford
Mrs. Kenneth C. M. Sills,
Brunswick

Maryland

Mrs. Charles T. Marsden, Baltimore
Mrs. William M. Buchanan,
Baltimore

Massachusetts

Mrs. Gerald Bramwell, Boston
Mrs. A. A. Packard, Springfield

Michigan

Mrs. Craig C. Miller, Marshall
Mrs. Orin T. Bolt, Muskegon

Minnesota

Mrs. D. Wallblom, St. Paul
Mrs. P. L. DeVoist, Duluth

Mississippi

Mrs. Z. P. Lamdrum, Columbus
Mrs. C. H. Thompson, Jackson

Missouri

Mrs. Louis J. Brooks, St. Louis
Mrs. J. W. Lyman, Kansas City
Mrs. N. A. McMillan, St. Louis

Montana

Mrs. A. N. Tobie, Kalispell
Mrs. Ralph O. Kaufman, Helena

Nebraska

Mrs. E. G. Drake, Beatrice
Mrs. C. S. Paine, Lincoln

Nevada

Mrs. D. A. Ericson, Reno
Mrs. C. P. Squires, Las Vegas

New Hampshire

Miss Frances G. Hawkins,
Claremont

New Jersey

Mrs. William C. Sherwood,
Montclair

Miss Maude Childs, Jersey City
New Mexico

Mrs. Numa Frenger, Las Cruces
Mrs. Miguel Gonzales, Abiquiu

New York

Mrs. Arthur L. Livermore, Yonkers
Mrs. Lewis Nixon, New York City

North Carolina

Miss Evelyn Lee, Raleigh
Mrs. Burton Craige, Winston-Salem
Mrs. William N. Reynolds, Winston-
Salem

Mrs. Lindsay Patterson, Winston-
Salem

North Dakota

Mrs. Minnie D. Craig, Esmond
Miss Laura B. Sanderson, LaMoure

Ohio

Mrs. Charles R. Fox, Cincinnati
Mrs. Orson D. Dryer, Columbus

Oklahoma

Mrs. H. C. Hargis, Pawhuska
Miss Gladys Whittet, McCloud

Oregon

Mrs. Seymour Jones, Salem
Miss Anne M. Lang, Dallas

Pennsylvania

Mrs. John B. Hamme, York
Mrs. John O. Miller, Pittsburgh

Rhode Island

Mrs. Harry A. Sanderson, Johnston
Mrs. George C. Clark, Providence

South Carolina

Mrs. W. B. Burney, Columbus
Mrs. T. J. Mauldin, Pickins

South Dakota

Mrs. Otto Baarsch, Clark

Mrs. Cora B. Jackson, Hot Springs

Tennessee

Mrs. Guilford Dudley, Nashville
Mrs. W. G. Somerville, Memphis
Miss Mary Boyce Temple, Knoxville

T exas

Mrs. W. C. Martin, Dallas

Mrs. J. U. Fields, Haskell

Mrs. Herbert Barnard, San Antonio

Utah

Mrs. Frederick Champ, Logan
Mrs. J. S. Weeter, Salt Lake City

Vermont

Mrs. Horace M. Farnham,

Montpelier

Miss Emily D. Proctor, Proctor
Virginia

Miss Belle Perkins, Richmond
Miss Helen M. Cummings,
Alexandria

Mrs. Frank A. Walke, Norfolk
Miss Rose McDonald, Perryville

474

West Virginia

Mrs. S. F. Glasscock, Morgantown
Mrs. A. B. Boggess, Clarksburg

Wyoming

Mrs. Avery Haggard, Cheyenne
Mrs. J. R. Hilton, Douglas

Hawaii

Mrs. Sallie Hume Douglas, Hawaii

Porto Rico

Mrs. Horace M. Towner, San Juan

Mrs. Felix Cordova Davila, Wash¬
ington, D. C.

Territory of Alaska

Mrs. R. E. Robertson, Juneau
Mrs. Luther C. Hess, Fairbanks

Historical Committee

Mrs. Hampton

Mrs. Harry Rogers, Vice-Chairman
Miss Eleanor M. Kershaw, Secretary
Miss A. Margaretta Archambault
Miss Margaret H. Bache
Mrs. Joseph M. Caley
Mrs. C. Howard Clark, Jr.

Mrs. Harrold E. Gillingham
Mrs. Robert Heberton
Mrs. Nathanial Keay
Airs. Wilmer Krusen

L. Carson, Chairman

Airs. Wm. E. Lingelbach
Airs. Alexander F. Patton
Airs. Henry D. Paxson
Airs. Richard Peters
Aliss Emilie M. Rivinus
Airs. Owen J. Roberts
Aliss L. H. Snowden
Airs. James Starr
Airs. I. Pearson Willits

ADA1INISTRATIVE PERSONNEL

Director-in-Chief, Captain A. C. Baker

E. L. Austin

Assistants to Director-in-Chief, G. J. Siedler

Paul Swartz
James A. Campbell
Frank P. Baldwin

Business Alanager and Comptroller, E. L. Austin
Executive Secretary, S. van T. Jester
General Counsel, Edwin M. Abbott
Director of Works, R. J. Pearse
Supervising Engineer, S. H. Knight

Assistant Director of Works, W. P. Wetzel

Supervising Architect, John Molitor

Chief, Sculpture Division, C. E. Tefft

Chief of Color, W. DeL. Dodge

Sanitary Engineer, W. J. Sutphen

Landscape Architect, F. A. Robinson

Chief of Electrical Division, L. C. Darrin

Assistant Supervising Engineers, Walter Steinbruch

David A. Kline

Director of Domestic Participation and Special Events, A. L. Sutton
Director of Music, Dr. Herbert J. Tily
Secretary, Music Division, Craig King
Director of Athletics, Dr. G. W. Orton
Director of Exhibits, Axel Malm

G. R. Lewis

Director of Concessions, W. E. Cash
Director of Publicity, Odell Hauser
Assistant Director, E. A. Foley
Financing and Accounting, E. L. Austin, Comptroller
Chief Accountant, C. A. Bonyun
Budget Division, W. D. Witt

Personnel and General Office Division, W. G. Ranels
Director of Education, Social Economy and Foreign Participation, J. R. Wilson
Director of Fine Arts, J. E. D. Trask

Alexander Bower

Chairman, Women’s Board, Airs. J. Willis Martin

Director, Women’s Department, Airs. Elmer E. Melick
Director of Medicine and Applied Sciences, Dr. Wilmer Krusen

475

Chairman of Pageantry Division, W. W. Matos
Director of Pageantry, R. H. Burnside
Director of Aviation, G. F. Zimmer

H. F. Wehrle

Director of Negro Activities, J. G. Asbury
Chief, Transportation Division, A. B. Edson
Military Aide, Major E. H. Hicks, U. S. A.

Naval Aide, Lieutenant J. F. W. Gray, U. S. N.
Marine Aide, Captain D. E. Campbell, U. S. M. C.
Special Commissioner, Wm. S. Crozier

STAFF

SECRETARY TO THE PRESIDENT

C. E. Kerns

EXECUTIVE SECRETARY’S OFFICE

Lenora Brown

DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF’S OFFICE

Helen Strickler

COMPTROLLER’S OFFICE

Mae Maloney

A. M. Travers

Charles A. Bonyun
Raymond L. Bitzer
W. D. Witt
R. W. Lackey
Oliver Drummond
Leon T. Carpenter
H. G. Storm
William Barron
John A. M. McCarthy
L. L. Williams
Marie C. Hart
Anna Graubart
Mary E. Greger
Dorothy Eisenberg
Emilie Carr
Mary M. Craig
Edith M. Doyle
Rose Abrahams
Catherine P. Shaw
Gertrude M. Thomas
Raymond M. Betts
Shirley Stein
Ellen K. Dorgan
Julia McGinley
John J. Reilley
Lillian H. King
Adele Marsh
Joseph B. Mead
Chas. H. Libby
Fred. E. Lewis
Edw. H. Shields
Robert E. Bascone
J. W. Rudcayle
Margaret McLaughlin
Margaret M. Mitchell
Helen White
Wm. F. Cullen
Wm. F. Rawles
George A. Chrisman
William J. Clay
Fred M. Lytle
John W. Newton
Frank D. Wilson
Harry J. Mack

D. R. Stone
Eva Jarman
Thomas M. Miller
C. W. Welsh
Robert R. Underwood
Jack Rorabaugh
Wm. A. Boyle
Charles Green

E. S. Vollmer
James Parsons
Tbos. B. Whartenby
R. F. Nash
Ronald R. Castator

C. H. P. Careless
Helen Keiper
A. S. Schroeder
A. Knight
W. B. Dorsey
James D. Kearney
Harry E. Gilbert

I. Collapy
Kay McGuigan
A. Arnwine
Robert Lindsay
E. A. Wright
Helen Taylor
Henry M. Long
Horace H. Wolff
George O. Martz
Rebecca Steinberg
Leah Novay
Franklin H. Moore
Theo. J. Johnson

E. B. Mather
George L. Ely
Rosabel M. Shaw

F. M. Comfort

H. C. Carter
Marie E. Costello

J. H. VanHorn

A. A. McLaughlin
Albert E. Bush
Charles Williams
J. L. Mansdorfer

I. S. Sparkman
Gilbert Tatman
T. J. Fishpaugh

B. F. Campbell
F. A. Rogers
Robt. W. Griffiths
James C. Daly
George Pleibel
Celia Senker
Richard Pennington
Sidney D. Reckner
Herman F. Abramson
Charles R. Keane
Hortense Baer

Paul F. Altman
Dorothy Miller
Florence McCunney
Ethel M. Lloyd
James E. Wilson
Lucas Shutt
Fred F. Steck
Wm. A. Ball
Wm. H. Atlee
John J. Donnelly
Yetta Beckman
W. G. Russell

Gordon Agnew
H. P. Reix
George Mangold
George Helms

A. Weger
J. Capella
C. F. Ebert
Heinrich Bueller
Thos. A. Boyle
Albert Dickman

( Accounting —
Admissions and
Concessions )

L. F. Whitcomb
John H. Swarr
Olive V. Downs
J. J. Richardson
John D. Langan
Mercedes M. Dalton
Marjorie W. Andrews
Daniel H. Handy
Gertrude M. Maloney
Chas. W. Alberts
Paul D. Wood
W. E. Hancock
W. A. Harris
T. F. Mannix
J. H. Huston
Robert M. Carson
Margaret Collins
Oscar Simon
Charles B. Peterson
Henry Lynch
Betty M. Ray
Marion B. Bailey
Helen T. Mylund
Thomas A. Cawthra
Lewis K. Hallmyer
Lemuel H. Alexander
Edward F. Cronin
James A. Nolan
Wm. J. La Fountain
Helen McKenna
Harry E. Guy

B. Rittenhouse
J. M. Effrig
H. C. McDonald
Wm. Schaeffer
R. H. Phelan
Thelma Middleton
W. J. Dunn
W. H. Dixon
W. E. Power
Marge M. Glackie

F. D. McAndrews

4 76

Margaret M. Madden

Benjamin Applebaum

Albert W. Wright
Thomas B. Hogan
Elizabeth Martin
Ethel Lippincott
Harold F. Dunne
Harry Nabors
Samuel Evans
Anthony Melchiorre
Herman H. Yanz
Harry A. Bartlett
William H. Young
Horatio Maguire
John E. Hucklow
Raymond C. Grubb
W. E. Cottrell
John R. Lewis
Harold J. Berry
James J. Lucas
Charles E. Young
John J. Haley
George Reed
Anna E. Calver
Mary Creamer
Byron E. Wrigley
Henry B. Mclntire

A. H. Eberheart
W. T. Stratton
William Tryday
Wm. W. Smith
Emanuel M. Smith
John M. Maull
James S. Hamilton
James W. Graham
Raymond A. Hoffman
Alphonse V. Young

B. F. Buckner
Willard R. Oplinger
Edward C. Murphy
George R. Moore
James F. Quillam
Arthur J. Paradis
M. E. Nonnemacher
Michael Lanze
Harry L. Noether
Joseph P. Hunter
Edw. W. Whartenby

C. A. Gerard
Frank J. Finnerty
Herbert M. Crawford
Walter J. Doughton
Fred W. Krautter
Gustave J. Smith
Maxwell S. Rowland
Dale Gray

W. T. Simmons
Walter E. Fell
Oliver D. Noble

John S. Patton
Alford W. Hoffner
Charles H. Blaney
Homer M. Foote
Wallis A. Strunk
John A. Sinclair
Thos. D. Helms
John J. Hyland
George E. Strebb
Wm. F. Serwatha
Howard Drinkhouse
Wylie A. Harris
James E. Hewitt
Harry F. Ellis

N. E. Humphreys
Wm. H. Potterton
Wm. O. Thompson
Alex. F. Maxwell
Albert Dickman
Don C. Gorham
Maurice Webb
Norman J. Kirk
Clarence W. Will
R. F. Lightcap
William Tidewell
Thos. L. Evans
James P. Wilson
Louis R. Silverman
Wm. J. Perrine
Alfred R. Rossi
Nathan Kessler

O. L. Ehman, Jr.
Wallace M. Conklin
Thos. J. Barrett
Frank P. Bradley
George E. Brown

P. J. Carberry
Irwin H. Cook
Lee L. Whayland
John J. Walters
James Walsh
John C. Thomas
Edwin V. Snyder
James H. Scott
Jacob D. Schick
James S. McNichol
Edward J. McDonald
Harry F. Moyer
John H. Martin

W. D. D. Marshall

D. E. Mannix
John Long, Jr.

Frank W. Loderck
Frank M. Litchfield
Levi Levering
Edward F. Semple
Rolland A. Ritter
Robert J. Lynch
Elizabeth Moyes
Judson R. Clayton
Edw. C. Froelich
Jos. Brobsten
Wm. Cunningham
Noble C. Hill
Henry W. Grubb
Howard C. Rivenberg
Charles S. Heller
James H. Hawkins
Frank W. C. Mitchell
Wm. L. Evans
Charles W. Barthold
Thos. F. Mannix
Edgar C. Thornley
John O’Dbnell
Thos. E. Clevenger
Ernest W. Wiliminzig
Joseph Reckafus
John Barcinzsky
Wm. F. Egan
John M. Camp
Garnaby Weston
Raymond Steinbach
Alvern W. Edwards
John S. Dunn
Geo. P. Freeman
George R. Griffith
Geo. W. Miller

John H. Selpe
Edgar R. Stephens
George F. Dalton
Robert R. Culick
Wm. Ennis
Gabe J. Fitzgerald
John M. Doyle
Wm. Flatley
George Dott
Wm. F. Selle
Frank W. Dagliesh
F. J. McGarigle
Ray Schell
Arthur Kates
Jas. B. Murphy
C. R. Rowland
Walter C. Tracy
John J. Dillon
Frank Walker
Joseph McCormick
Jacob Schieber
Benjamin H. Rabe
Christian Mayer
Earl Brown
Margaret E. Benson
Warren Smith
Henry E. Tinsdale
James J. Graham
Louis M. Kenal
Thos. Begley
Paul Strohm
Thos. H. Jennings
Joseph J. Collins
Harry F. Schwarz
John E. Horan
Eugene Raabe
Robert B. Sawyer
Wm. J. Welding
Samuel DeMore
Chas. H. Sherman
Henry E. Markland
William Hale
Owen P. Brady
Joseph L. Castle
V. W. Smith
James Sampson
J. Smigelsky
Maurice Patt
R. Kowalski
J. Gassey
H. T. Bawden
George Clark
Wm. H. Peiper
Joseph G. Murphy
Herman E. Nolte
George Mackensen
Norman C. McDonald
Edw. F. Agger
Harry L. Strain
Herbert Greenwood
Edw. G. Kepler
Wm. F. Patton
Frank E. Gaffney
Elwood S. Linn
F. L. Boon
Milton A. Klank
Wm. W. Bardoll
James Allen
Harry Brown
M. H. Blaskey
William Flynn
Wm. S. Shaffer
Thomas Lawler
H. E. Hippie
Albert P. Cline
James P. Cunningham
J. W. Otto
John J. Oabrick
J. P. Babbitt
Wm. J. Lindsay
James J. McGeehan
Thomas E. Van Auken
M. J. Wallace
Richard P. Phelan
William J. Dunn
A. C. Connor
Wm. H. Dixon

Wm. H. Power
C. E. Shuster
Chester L. Elliott
Herbert N. Dutton
Alex. Pavlov
J. Qnantle
Louis S. Weinstein
Wm. H. O’Neill
Wm. Dobinson
John W. Kendig
John E. Schurch
Charles J. Latches
James E. Donahue
Robert H. Thomas
Wm. H. Edwards
J. E. Wilson
Edmond Crelier

E. Wentzel
Irma Scheubel
T. J. McCullough
Raymond W. Hahn
Clifford H. Rambo
H. C. Hart
Alvah S. Downs
Wm. H. Hunter
Margie A. Schubert
Joseph Bresler
James J. Dempsey
Maurice N. Carew
Jos. F. Bradley
John A. Shern
Hughie P. Deady
Irving C. Keyser
Wm. E. Hammond
Wm. H. Smith
John Donohue
Brad. P. Jones
Claussen B. Voltz
Robert W. Rosenman
George W. Bassly
Irwin E. Hitman
Charles W. Kinsey
Timothy Kennedy
Shirley Kalish
George W. Finger
Gilbert P. Vaughn
Howard B. Opie
Wm. E. Harrison
Ralph C. Welsh
Waler W. Pestke
Ann E. Stansbury
Supplee E. Farquhar
Jack Vernon
Warren M. Walker
J. F. Hauftman

( A ccounting —

T reimportation)

R. B. Wissmann
Robert C. Hancock
Wm. H. Blizard
Harry C. Gilbert
Raymond McCormick
Wm. H. Shearer
John H. Tomb
Francis D’Orazio
Edward J. Doyle
Leo. M. Kreiger
Joseph F. Goode
Percival Kramm
Katherine Albertson
William Leskey
Joseph S. Beverly
Harry S. Parks
George E. Acker
Thos. C. Moyer
Thos. A. Cawthra
Asher C. Baker, Jr.

R. R. Matthews
Raymond Dhue
Tohn Sacks
M. Y. Weil
James P. Jenkins
Samuel C. Plummer
Carlton MacNedy
Frank Hypps
E. H. McCann

John F. O’Neill
Paul E. Gutcnkunst
J. R. Whetsell

L. J. Ralston

F. M. Comfort

M. J. Comerford
George Henefer
A. C. Conner

E. A. Thomas
J. E. Hewitt
J. Ellis Voss
J. T. Hurley
Sara E. McCunney

R. C. Fairies
George C. Neal
Francis H. Williams
Paul M. Reix
Wm. McKeown

E. C. W. Knoppel
Harry Weintraub
Harry S. Parks

( U tility S ervice )
Joseph H. Muller
Louise Gartside
Lillian Ogden

S. E. Stubbins
Alfred B. Northrup

( Accounting —
Women's
Committee)

Robert H. Hamilton
Mary Coffin

(Music)
Charles Ross

( Fine Arts)
Charles R. Keane
Peter DeLisle

( Aviation )
George N. Cooper

(Pageantry and
Historical Events)

II. R. Pierce

(Insurance)

C. M. Retter

N. B. Pitts
Adolf Weschler

(General Office)

Edith M. Glanding
Edna S. Allen
Estelle A. Brooks
Katherine Segal
Kathryn C. Toughill
Mildred Smith
William H. Long
Howard Miller
Giover Hayes
Wm. R. Goodwin
Alice Abenroth
Gertrude Molish
May Despeaux
Ada Altenberg
Matilda Smith
Agnes C. Fox
Rose V. Crowell
Anna Margolis
Mattie E. Clower
Cornelia T. Pershing
John Fox

Gertrude Lawrence
Frank Coco
Anne Fontaine
Frances McIntyre
John J. Cara
Michael Marinelli
Ernest C. Hoffsten
Laura Rosenthal
Edgar Wyllner
James J. Kelly
Jack London

Jack Woldoff ,
Henry Tiede
B. C. DeLillis
George E. Miller
Herman R. Coonan
Joseph Burns
Charles Gantz
Morris Sacks
Leonard Tenne
L. M. Aldridge
Ruth A. Hall
Naomi Himes
Helen Hogan
Angelo Piedimonte
Kathryn Stoughton
Margaret Benedict
Bernard Carney
Albert Lougginer
Harry R. Davis, Jr.
Earl C. De-Cray
Frank J. Cantlin
Fred Pergolese

F. P. Gallagher
John Daley
Joseph C. Herbert
Joseph F. Grugan
James Walls
Thelma Mankamyer
Herman P. Dolan
Carmen Sylvester
Louis Needleman

(Director’s Office)

G. R. Lewis
John C. Eckel
Robert J. Shaw
Harry B. Hassler
Charles Barberry
John J. Graham

H. W. Williamson, Jr.
Mabel Gott

Victor Fearney
H. S. Chase
Staats J. Cotsworth
John Schaid
John J. Coll
Jack Pifer
Esther Goldenburg
Dorothy Zimmerman
Anna K. Gantz

(Sales)

Charles S. Ayres
W. A. Johnson
Rush Cooper
Charles F. Buecheler
James J. Murray
K. C. MacLennan

Edward A. Foley
Jos. F. Forestal
Leo J. Kiernan
Thomas O’Halloran
Thomas J. Slaugh
Robert T. Paul
Edward M. Massey
Calleb J. Milne
Edmond F. O’Brien
Lily M. Norton
Frances B. Wills
Molly Corson
Elizabeth Tupper

Bertha F.

Davis Miller
Helen Cannon
Daniel Reilley
Albert Simon
John J. Murray
K. K. Coolbaugh
Stanley Buckwalter
Mary L. Gibbons
Kathryn Waldron
Robert A. Shaw
Owen McGrath
Raymond H. Shetter
Jere Raden
Gerald M. Reese
J. H. Bareklow
Frank Gara
Edward Tankle
Adele M. Brennan
Helen Sullivan
Mary Dunne
Mary E. Malley
James E. Reilly
Charles Yrigoyen
Robert Watchorn
Wm. H. Watchorn
Robert Sacks
Herbert C. Norse

(Personnel)

W. G. Ranels
Arthur Applegate

Wm. W. Lawrence
James H. Dix
Margaret McGrath
Marie Hjorth
Dorothy M. Johnson
Sam. Rosenfeldt
Edw. O. Cpnkling
Jeanne Palmer
Noel P. Laird

D. M. Aiken
J. Ellis Voss
Harold L. Phillips
James C. Daly

(Purchasing)

S. B. McDermond

E. D. Yrigoyen
Elizabeth Mervine
Dorothy Polaskey
Betty C. Smith
Gertrude Hoffman
Stella Sweeney
Eleanor C. Montague

(Reception)

Wm. S. Crozier
Eugene V. Anderson
Wm. D. Chitty
Thos. A. Boyle
James O. Webb
L. W. Halloran

W. J. Bunting
D. C. Shanan
A. H. Whitaker
J. V. McEnery
A. C. Jones
Merle Cope
W. W. Bacon
C. J. Salvatore
John D. Rourke
Nicholas Greer
Warren Walker

(Information )

George F. Zimmer
Anna Pastman
L. M. Stanford
Robert M. Carson
A. C. P. Quimby
John George Myers
George J. Shapiro
Fred A. Thistle
Joseph W. Perrine
Nathaniel McCaffrey
Lawrence T. Gittings
L. E. Walz
Perot E. Blair
C. R. Rudrauff
Sidney Nelson
Wm. C. Thompson
Charles H. Blaney
Clarence W. Will

DEPARTMENT OF EXHIBITS

Ella Joyce

Frances L. Pickering
Kathleen J. Barnes
P. N. Barrington
Mary T. Glenn
Charlotte Linett
Ernest Scheirey
Samuel Morris
Fred B. Parker
Marie C. McCabe
Boyd C. Baumgarner
Pierre Malm
Stella E. Sweeney
Wm. A. Chaney
Sara A. Aller
George I. Haggerty
Margaret M. Dorman
C. R. Dengler
Dorothy Dunleavy

(Education and
Social Economy)

J. Russell Doubman
C. Jessica Donelly
Wm. E. Chalmers
Frances Schwartz

Bessie N. Johnson
M. E. McGrath
Marcel B. Ventura
Gustav Klauder
Charles H. Pierce

(Aerial Navigation )
P. W. Pierce

(National Air Races)
Howard F. Wehrle

(Fine Arts )

Ruth M. Rogers
Charles Frismuth
Vitor Egbert
Ed. Winterbottom
John Bateman
Anna Bach
Sadye Groffman
Frank Monaghan
John P. Collins
Joseph Gallagher
Peter Hagen
H. A. Delaney
R. A. McFarland

Samuel Marks
William Murphy
George D. Byers
James J. Henry
Harry V. Althouse
Jack Pifer
Andrea Falcone
C. W. Kepner
Harry L. Haiditch
Robert H. Kyle
Anna Williams
George L. Lawrence
Walter Duerst
Robt. Gilliart
Yvonne Greed
Alice Norden
C. J. Salvatore
Grace D. Kurtz
John Haley
Edward Cohen
Ralph Foster
Arthur Ritter
Lawrence Kelly
Claud H. Crawford
John H. Young
Alexander Belsky
Frank J. Nealia
James Campbell

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLICITY

Irene Turngren
Laura Welker
Joseph A. Caffrey
Otto C. Prinz
A. N. Eshman
Nan C. Ulmer
E. J. Reading
Frederick A. Rainey
Joseph Schwartz
Harry Kalodner
Willard A. Wilson
John Beamish
John A. Aldridge

Mary J. McGovern
Wm. F. Mitchell
E. B. Mero
Frederick Hamill
Andrew M. Parker
Elizabeth Moore
Avery B. Wingert
David W. Hulburd
Marian S. Morse
Irene H. Leonard
Pearl Bartman
Cloudesley Johns
Marion Kirkbride

Jessie N. Burness
Harry A. Weisblatt
Emma A. Kolp
David D. O’Donnell
Celia Rosenthal
Melvin W. Kahle

(Lecture and Radio
Bureau )

Elsa Justice
Marie E. White
Earl C. Smead
Charles Goudy, Jr.

DEPARTMENT OF CONCESSIONS
Smith Dorothy Arnwine Francis Shoemaker

478

DEPARTMENT OF PAGEANTRY AND SPECIAL EVENTS

Margaret E. Myers Gustave Shoeing Wm. C. Lenhard Harry Ayers

Robert Ludwig John E. Riley John A. Anderson Edith Bishop

Chari. Nolan

OFFICE OF MILITARY AIDE

Mary Cowan

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Henry Mildener
George H. Moore
John P. O’Hara
Edwin B. Morris

Wallace P. Wetzel
N. M. Neal
John S. Glicking
Robert Stephenson
Webster J.Sutphen
Robert R. Crook
Seymour M. Knight
Laurence T. Darrin
Edward J. Connor
E. L. Mattice
Albert L. Turner
E. C. Wagner
James F. Magee
Daniel J. Lynch
Frank B. Harrison
Stanford J. Bartlett
Edith Baylson
Eleanor Ashbrook
Wm. D. MacFarlan
D. A. Kline
John J. Cody
Richard T. Helm
H. F. Missimer
David L. Kun
James H. Kline
John Horridge
Robert E. Patchel
John H. Mason
Thos. D. Lane
T. R. Wright
Frank H. Huss
Goldie M. Haber
Hilda Green
Jos. Weber
Thomas M. Mallon

(Music)

Craig King
Charlotte King
Victor E. Moore
Florence L. Menow
Helen Farthing

William Radbill
Leon R. Neff
Wm. F. McDonald
Morris Davis

(Women’s Work )

Anna M. Melick
Lula Gretemacher
Ida B. Platt

(High Street)

Henriques Crawford
F. R. McCullough

Maurice Cubelbank
Allen D. Sanson
Charles E. Jones

Charles W. Barry
Charles Wilson
W. T. Ludwig

T. T. Morganstein
W. J. Tully

(Maintenance and
Repair)

Frank McDermott
J. Fielding Miller
Jos. Schmidt
Theo. M. Kneese
Robert E. Garnett

H. F. Franklin
Julian T. Jenkins
Robert Henderson
Thos. Thickpenny
Gordon H. Line
Charles Masters
Jos. Stoffel
Charles W. Mitchell
Julian T. Jenkins

I. E. McKenna
Edw. J. Tunney

(Plumbing —
Sanitation)

Leo J. Riley
John J. Doyle
Fred W. Matheas
Anna Macalintal

J. H. Irvin
Robert A. Black
Andrew E. Magill

R. E. Swope
Louis V. Bullis
P. S. Brown

DEPARTMENT OF WORKS
(Director’s Office)

George A. Buchalew
Joseph Durning
J. Ward Penn
Frank L. Deuel

A. H. Johnson
Edward Malone
L. E. Walz
Daniel D. Aronson
Robert Bohnfeldt
George Blessing
John E'. Stephens
Wm. A. Ferguson
Charles Severance
Milton I. Allen
E. J. Hurwitz
Leonard Halpern
J. M. Williams »

J. E. McLaughlin
Lloyd E. Quandt
Philip Fitzpatrick

L. C. McArdel
Ray H. Thomas
fsabelle Stoopes

M. C. Williams
Andrew Fayko
Emma A. Kolp
Jeanne Palmer
Philip Leschinsky
Francis B. Kratz
Thomas D. Lane
Walter Steinbruck
J. N. Williams
Royal McGeorge
David A. Kline

R. H. Chase

Daniel J. Sweeney
Lillian Weissbrod
John T. Joyce
Henry F. Clinton
Wm. H. Rendell

(Sculpture)

Charles E. Tefft
Alex. Mascetti
William D. Dodge

B. E. Bellissio
David Preble
M. F. Hart

(Draftsmen)

John Wasserman
Louis Kahn
J. H. Frank
Andrew J. Master
Hyman Cunin
Sydney C. Jelinek
Richard W. Chalmers
Paul Kopf
Joseph Bovner
Thomas Darlington
Richard O. Wregg
Chauncey K. Wu
Young O. Lee
Sol Kaplan
Walter H. Peale
A. Strug

E. Randall Beatty
A. J. Cossa
A. W. Rosenau

MISCELLANEOUS ACTIVITIES

Big Sister Association

H. K. Silverman
Mary McAlonan
Mary J. Morris

( Land Improvement)

E. J. Piester
M. M. Shoemaker

E. A. Holmes
Geo. W. McCool
A. F. Murray
Thos. M. Whiteman
George Singley
D. J. Miller
Richard H. Lockwood
Adolph E. Edwards
C. M. Curtis

DEPARTMENT OF DOMESTIC PARTICIPATION AND SPECIAL EVENTS

C. C. Nye
C. J. Owens
Charles M. Marsh
H. H. Birney, Jr.
John H. Flett
James H. Sayers
E. W. Pierce
Irene F. Hanley
Annette T. Weirback
Margaret Stokes
Marion H. Finn
Katherine Dempsey

S. B. Riddick
Wm. H. Nealing

James N. Lafferty
W. J. Donaldson
Estelle H. Norris
Helen Johnston
Helen A. Murphy

(Negro Activities)

J. C. Asbury

T. J. Galloway
F. G. Gilmore
Sarah M. Layten
Harriette Purvis
Margaret H. Cross
Beatrice Wilson

Irene G. Herbert
James Haul
Dr. John P. Turner
Merritt A. Hedgeman
Wm. Jackson
James Byars
Edgar L. Scott

(Flag Day)

J. A. B. Franciscus

( Athletics )
George W. Orton
Milton F. D’Eliscu

479

Anna Weinstein
Lawson Robertson
Gretchen Anderson
Leonard Frychberg
Charles H. Yust, Jr.
H. B. Felley
Dorothy Landy
Viv. H. Shertak
John Friel
John J. Beck
Alex. Morrison
Daniel J. Coogan
M. J. Enright

Harold W. Poore
Helene A. Stein
T. J. Bradley
H. Burnley
Harold P. Chandler
R. L. Franklin

John Burns
F. B. Mulford
W. E. MacFarland
N. W. Bininger

Geo. J. Siedler
Paul Swartz
James A. Campbell
Henry H. Porter

William Henne
Andrew Hamilton
Wm. C. Knoell
John S. Stickel
Harry E. Dale
Wm. N. Ralston
John Krimmel
Frank Hunter
George McElwee
Floyd B. Whitebread
Alexander N. Smith
Lillian Fritz
Reuben C. McKenty
Fred Pfleuger
Augustine McLellan
Lauritz Staal
Wm. J. Scott
Wm. D. Seidy
George Seel
Frank W. Greason
Benjamin Spang
Harry A. McGuire
Wm. D. Hoffman
Ed. J. Thompson
Daniel Hoffman
Fred Moore
Ely Fineman
Stanley J. Hagen
John E. Meehan
Wallace W. Jones
Ed. W. McElroy
Christian A. Dorrach
Wm. P. Hoffman
Samuel E. Foster
Thomas A. Travers
Joseph Aupperle
Fiorino Marano
Edw. L. DiBono
Frederick Simmiler
John J. Haggans
Max Berg
Wm. E. Patton
Samuel Brethwaite
Geo. Butler
Stanley Norbenzule
Joseph McManus
Walter H. Pierson
Ralph C. Horn
Samuel Clavin
Frank P. Hill
Wm. J. Toy
Peter McBride
Edward D. Ingram
John E. Hillman
James Kenney
Earl B. Scheeley
Otto A. Schnetzer
Wm. H. Cortelyou
John Renner
Frank J. Cannon

AUTOMOBILE INFORMATION SERVICE

H. Gallagher
William Gross
Rolston L. Halce
V. E. Lawler

D. S. McCafferty
Theo. McCormick

W. F. MacDonald
J. J. Monroe

C. B. Neugent
Victor Roystuart
Frank Young
H. W. Schrader

EXHIBITS SALES

Edw. A. Schofield
Frank A. Clark
H. M. Remington
F. H. Townsend

BUSINESS

Anna G. Zeh
Helen P. Leedom
Anna T. Grady

E. J. Waltman

F. K. Ricksecker
Nelson MacReynolds
George Cassera

MANAGER'S OFFICE

Sara T. Yanowitz
Felipa A. Dominguez
Frank P. Baldwin

DEPARTMENT OF POLICE

Chas. A. Quinn
Chris G. Silber
Patrick J. Scott
Wellington Dilson
Albert H. Baird
Thomas C. Hanson
David M. Rittenhouse
Harold P. Jones
Martin E. Shay
Charles A. Fischer
Thomas Boskus
Robert J. Green
Joseph Houser
David Hubbs, Jr.
Charles McCauley
Harry Freeman
Harry F. Larkin
Frank Ferre
Michael Harrahan
George A. Callahan
Russell J. George
Frank Rehm
George McHugh
John Mocak
John Love
Wm. J. McGroarty
Chas. J. Moore
E. C. Mclllvain
Albert F. Hodges
Walter F. Winnes
Joseph C. Ely
R. A. Montgomery
John W. Lexley
Arvid K. Widhson
Robert B. Wilde
Thos. F. McDermott
John J. Menords
Aaron Roshman
John A. Dulanty
Joseph V. Veil
Morris Moriarty

D. J. McGovern
Charles R. Harm
Herbert N. Lister
Charles Barth
John J. McMenagle
Paul J. Holland
James H. Connelly
L. Russell
Albert Sheiner
George Stewart
David J. Philips
Andrew Black
Isaac Westle
Wm. F. Valet, Jr.

Jos. E. Worthline
Thomas S. Maxwell
Hugh E. Todd
John J. McDevitt
Thos. K. Foster

Harry C. Hart
Edward Cahill
Henry A. Young
Wm. J. Weaver, Jr.
John J. Quinlisk
Joseph A. Lydon
Frank L. Repley
Herbert Harmon
John J. Mullin
W. J. Fitzpatrick
Wm. P. Santry
Paul V. Kennedy
Geo. J. Rightly
James A. Roach
J. Winterbottom
C. J. McCullum
Walter Krise
Howard Mounce
Edw. J. Coyle
Geo. Gensky
Walter S. Foley

E. S. Reidinger
Chas. R. Schwarz
Samuel H. Walker
Thos. H. Graham
Ed. F. Sweeney
Samuel Rudie
John F. Mullen
James M. Mullen
Augusta Waldman
Harry C. Meredith
Edw. C. Bradley
Vincent Carlin
Joseph J. Gibbons
Joseph V. Diamond
William Bangs
Charles E. White
Nathaniel O. Candy
Charles Weirauch
Harry McAnnalley
Herman Polens
John Slider
John F. Cannon
John F. Driscoll
Bernard Kaplan
James Hassey
Robert S. Moss, Sr.
George Storey
Louis N. Colflesh
James W. Connery
Edward J. Connery
Frederick O’Kane
Edward J. Flynn
Frank N. Dunn
Norman H. Heinle
Hayden Williams
John Lipset
Gordon J. Shuey
William N. Meyer
Thomas E. Loughrey

Dorothy Derr
Curtis G. Weigand
Harold T. Milliken
Alfred D. Duono
C. H. Acheson

Fred B. McLean
Chas. G. Bannach

Stella Alexander
R. E. Huntsberger
Mrs. Bessie Johnson

Martin J. Hannafy
Joseph P. Hannafy
Comly Eagle
Francis P. Flynn
Wm. L. Gibbs
Chas. Clugston
John Bravinskas
Jos. Michael
Joseph S. Miller
John P. Driscoll
Albert J. Ogens
Vincent A. Zismck
Chas. Rosenberg
Anthony A. Stanley
John J. McNulty
Frederick Cullman
Louis Fields
Frank Pallanto
James A. Todd
James E. McGowan
Chas. J. Ehrmann
Harry Davis
William Waters
George F. Medary
Henry Kitchanman
Thomas A. Nolan
Thomas McKee
Eugene Seefried
Charles W. Tupenny
Max A. Reeves
Thomas J. Higgins
Walter C. Niemyer
Constance Bennett
Joseph P. McGahan
Howard W. Shephard
Vincent A. Metzinger
Thomas Ciocca
Thomas H. Markey
Wm. Hoffman
Wm. H. Phillips
David Thompson, Jr.
John J. Trench
Anthony Hess
Samuel Stankus
Hugh J. Cook
William H. Nolan
Edwin Metzger, Jr.
Henry Erdin
Louis Turin
John Wright
John C. Kelly
Harry Levin
James J. Murphy
Charles Kules
Frank C. Smith
Edw. T. Bayer
Edw. W. Rhodes
Otto S. Myers
Thomas A. Dunn
James J. Reid

Herbert T. Ammon
Jos. Gertenbacher
Felix J. Bradley
John J. Bradley
Frank Roach
Wesley Phillip
James J. Carney
Josiah Westcott
Thomas Murphy
George W. Schaller
Charles Berger
George H. Keen
Joseph Falvey
Bernard G. Scullen
John Royer, Jr.
John E. Allen
John Daly
Frank J. Berg
Chris. Henderson
Martin J. Gallagher
Joseph F. Grike
Thos. L. Stainsby
Jos. B. Palmer
David Rosenthal
Henry F. Ferre
Wm. L. Conners
Edwin C. Blair

Elsie Mills
Hariett Hummell
Helen Tinney
Hazel Carter
Marie Burns
Hazel Clevenger
Clara Bradley
Mae Hetzel
Irma Stevens
Anna Bush
Catherine Gildea
Lou Horner
Harriett Reynolds
Loretia Eckert
Betty Longacre
Florence Mae Feeters
Phoebe Rife
Fay Altchuler
Catharine Lougherty
Betty Bonner
Hazel Dunleavy
Clara Trevins
Margaret Mellick
Anna Devine
Anna Curran
Irma Orth
Mary McClosky
Ruth Land
Agnes McCormack
Rose Zober
Harriett Orndorff
Mae Smith
Helen Lyons
Ada Vollhal
Anna Morrison
Eliz. Buckland
Eleanor Wright
Madeline Bloomaker
Virginia Brunner
Anna McFadden
Violet Dolan
Verda Benner
Catherine Cross
Margaret Young
Margaret Day
Anna Becker
Anna Papy
Margaret Foster
Anita Hanlin
Marie Bungdorf
Jeannette Wallace
Jane Cox
Blanche Kneipp
Elberta Shaw
Lavina Marker

Geo. Fehmanberger
Cameron S. Stineman
John A. Dorety
Edw. C. Downing
Isadore Block
George Graft
William Held
James Fasio
Jas. McDermott
Jos. A. Ervin
Albert Dougherty
William J. Lynch
William F. Hoopes
Julius Y. Zielinski
Washington Collins
Walter C. Ward
James E. White
Roy McClure
William Morten
Charles Harris
Edw. V. Simpson
Edw. A. Murphy
Solomon Ginsberg
John Finley
David W. Stewart
Elmer Groubard
Stanley Hone

Edw. O’Shea
Harry M. Green
Milton L. Baldridge
Chas. E. Bosworth
Levin E. Moore
Jos. E. Charlesworth
Canning R. Childs
F. A. Krokenberger
James Kramer
Charles H. Reiley
Hushin H. Johnson
Benj. J. Naythens
Frank C. Long
Adolph J. Katz
William C. Brown
Arnold W. Downes
Howard A. Messick
Ellis V. Sheeran
Wm. J. Murphy
John McCool
Fred LaVasseur
John W. Stanley
John P. Torpey
David Henderson
Frederick Stevenson
J. P. Gallagher
Thomas Pianka

CASHIERS

Anna Cardell
Mae Delubard
Pamela Warren
Grace Sansoms
Ann Logan
Edythe Melhouse
Mary McSwiggan
Margaret Donaghy
Frances Bolger
Ethel Lindenmuth
Dora Nelm
Adeline Crockett
Hazel Gray
Mary Penner
Florence Mitt
Edna Blaine
Bertha Francois
Bertha Taylor
Kathryn Cotgrove
Pauline Dutill
Vina Livingston
Margaret Donahue
Josephine Petty
Martha Speck
Lydia Steele
Nellie Alio way
Anna Baker
Florence Chittick
Virginia Morrison
Adelia Lamour
Hazel Miller
Grace Wagner
Marie James
Bessie Downes
Bessie Townsend
Evelyn Atkinson
Sarah Hamp
Margaret Garrett
Marian Bowen
Elsie Lawson
Martha Kamback
Mary Moltzheimer
Julia Mount
Esther Feld
Julia Gillespie
Kathryn O’Brien
Effie Fatkui
Edith Michaelson
Hallie Green
Freda Schmidt
Ruth Fisk
Mabel Zick
Dalia Sheehy
Evelyn Ebroer
Elizabeth Shaw

Hildegard Rozeen
Mary Cowchack
Margaret Lynch
Kathryn Buecheler
Frances Gantier
Mary Green
Virginia Taylor
Edyth Wilson
Dorothy Rotenbury
Alice Deagler
Katherine Prairia
Edith Greenberg
Bertha Lloyd
Margaret Conners
Elsie Nealey
Helen Allaband
Ethel Grant
Kathryn Boyd
Kathryn Applegate
Viola Cozens
Elizabeth Snyder
Margaret Reppard
Mary Singley
Elizabeth Kauffman
Anna Barnes
Catherine Haggerty
Mabel Wright
Fannie Brous
Lillian Godschall
Elizabeth Charters
Catherine Dunn
Annette Beatty
Helen Kates
Grace Gerard
Bertha Brewer
Mary Sheridan
Mary Tobis
Marie Buchanan
A. M. Canton
Lena Ackerle
Elleanor Norron
Harriett French
Laura Krafft
Frances Hughes
Marian Hoffner
Florence Miller
Edna Steelman
Evelyn Jason
Veronica Colding
Violet Couris
Lydia Hoag
Myrtle Read
Wilhemina Trotz
Beatrice Raymond
Agnes Gallagher

H. E. Leitmeyer
Burdett S. Fuller
Joseph N. Salisbury
Albert Bleden
James II. Pennell
Nathus Easton
George H. Pine
Joseph M. Robinson
George Settle
William Maturs
Wm. G. Wismeth
Thomas J. Cummings
James E. Shubert
Pat. J. Drain, Jr.
Thomas Caruso
Anthony Breamonte
James J. McCaney
Harry White
Walter S. Davis
Frank C. McManus
Emma L. Bateman
Gertrude A. Smith
Kathryn K. Martin
Edna E. Flenner
Nancy B. Burke
Paula H. Davis

Marjorie Potts
Nellie O’Donnell
Kathryn McBride
Cocia Rapiato
Hannah Ford
Frances McDonnell
Marie Klaus
Bessie Bechtenwald
Margaret Powers
Hannah Ehrlich
Mae Gantz
Patricia Monaghan
Margaret King
Lulu Duffy
Dorothy Beier
Hilda Morrison
Rhea Foust
Genevieve Etter
Marian Lockwood
Helen Roelot
A. M. McDermott
Zeda Voss
Alice Stevenson
Claire Keefe
Elizabeth Martin
Maude Davis
Emily Adams
Marie McFarlane
Tillie Blu
Anna Green
Minerva Brown
Elizabeth Cooper
Martha Thesing
Catherine Buchanan
Margaret Cunning
Mary Roseman
Gertrude Boehm
Verona Dougherty
Julia Bowers
D. Cooper
Ruth Simmons
Julia Richards
Marian Zee
Amy Byer
Chas. Thompson
H. Wilson
J. F. Massey
Chas. Maroney
Rady Miller
Sidney Schatz
John Jacob
Chas. Gardner
Milton Boverman
H. Kuehn
Eugene Lerch

George C. Clark
Sam Evans
Harry Gottschall
Jos. Forte
Isadore Heller
Wm. Francis

Abr. Krakow
Max Krankel
Andrew Quinn
Anthony Parisi
Wm. Bevans
David De Patron

Jos. McNamara
Joachim Fagan
Anthony Flood
Edward Black
Wm. English
I. Jamison

Elwood Hauser
Curtis Culp
C. Silver
Robt. Gray
Arnold Williams
Daniel Cavanaugh

LIST OF AWARDS

The following is a list of awards as contained in the records of the Exposi¬
tion as submitted by the Jury of Awards. There is every reason to believe that
this list is accurate and complete, but the publishers cannot assume any responsi¬
bility in this connection.

Agassiz Watch Company.

American Express Com¬
pany.

American Library Associ¬
ation.

American Pulley Company.

American Telephone and
Telegraph Company and As¬
sociated Companies.

Argentina, Government of
the Republic of.

Associated Tile Manufac¬
turers and collaborators:
Alhambra Tile Company,
American Encaustic Tiling
Company, Ltd., Beaver Falls
Art Tile Company, Cambridge
Tile Manufacturing C o m -
pany, Grueby Faience & Tile
Company, Matawan Tile
Company, Mosaic Tile Com¬
pany, National Tile Company,
Old Bridge Enameled Brick
& Tile Company, Olean Tile
Company, The C. Pardee
Works, Perth Amboy Tile
Works, United States En¬
caustic Tile Works, Wheeling
Tile Company.

Austin Organ Company.

Baldwin Locomotive
Works.

Bethlehem Steel Corpora¬
tion (3 Grand Prizes).

George W. Blabon Com¬
pany.

Burroughs Adding M a -
chine Company.

China, Republic of and
collaborators: Amoy Univer¬
sity, Boone University Li¬
brary School, Changsha
School for the Blind and
Dumb, Chekiang First Girls’
Middle School, Chekiang Pub¬
lic Institute of Technology,
Chekiang Technical College,
Commercial Press, Ltd., Ex¬
perimental School of Peking
Girls’ Normal University,
Fengtien First Normal
School, Ginling College, Hu¬
ai n i n g Girls’ Vocational
School, Institute of Sino¬
logical Research, Kiangsu
Girls’ Sericulture School,
Kulo Kindergarten, Library
Association of China, Man¬
churian Plague Prevention
Service, Nanking Technical
College, National Association
for the Advancement of Edu¬
cation, National Association
for Mass Education Move¬
ment, National Association
for the Unification of
Spoken Language, National
Library Association, National
Southeastern University, Na¬
tional University of Peking,

Grand Prize

Peking Museum of History,
Peking National Normal Uni¬
versity, Peking National Mu¬
seum of History, Peking Na¬
tional Medical College, Peking
Union Medical College,
Practice School of Peking
Women’s College, Shanghai
College, Shanghai Orphan¬
age, Shansi Board of Public
Education, Soochow Univer¬
sity, Sung Po Library, Tsing
Hua College, Tungchi Tech¬
nical College, Yangtsekee
Rural School, Yenching Uni¬
versity, Yentsekee Rural
School.

(China) C. I. T. Works.

(China) Dah Peh Rugs
Company.

(China) Guild of Jade Lap¬
idaries, and participants:
Chuan Chang, Hwa Chen
Company, Ltd., Pao Chen
Company, King Pah Chi, Pu
Ping Chi, Shih Tzu Chi, Yin
Kuei Chi, Lok Chun Chi, Ta
Ching Chi, Yin Fu Chi,
Wong Yung Chi, Ma Chang
Ching, Pao Yuen Hsing,
Shanghai Jade Company,
Hsing Yuan Tai, Van Yuen
Yung.

Chinese Canned Food Man¬
ufacturers and participants:
Kwan Sing Yuen Canned
Goods Company, Lao Tse
Yang Kwan, Ningpo Zu Sun
Provision Factory, Sun Sun
Canned Goods Company, Tai
Foong Canned Goods Com¬
pany, T a i Kong Canned
Goods Manufacturing Com¬
pany, Tien Yih Canned Prod¬
ucts Company, Y. S. Ting
Company, Tinghai Fishery
Works, Ting Yang Kwan
Canned Goods Company.

Chinese Condiments Man¬
ufacturers and participants:
China Chemical Works, Kun
Tai Factory, Tien Chu Ve-
Tsin Factory.

Chinese Gold Lacquer-
ware, Collective Exhibit of,
and participants: Shen Shao-
An Hsin Kee, Shen Shao-An
Kao Kee, Shen Shao-An Lan
Kee.

Chinese Grass - cloth and
other Linen Goods, Collective
Exhibit of, and participants:
Anking Women’s Vocational
Association, Tien Cheng Com¬
pany, Chin Chun Shun Com¬
pany, Dah Sun Company,
Cheng Dah Sun Company,
Chang Heng Company, Shun
Jih Chamber of Commerce,
Yun Kang Fu Company,

482

Shang Kao City Agricultural
Association, Yuen Lung Tai
Company, Yun Mou Com¬
pany, Fu Shun Company, You
Tai Shun Company, Nee
Tsang Company, Yih You
Company, Yen Yu Dah.

Chinese Hand-work Em¬
broideries, Collective Exhibit
of, and participants: An-
whei Provincial Girls’ Voca¬
tional School, C. S. Chang,
M. H. Chang, Changchow
Girls’ Vocational School,
Chien Tai Chang Fu-Kee,
Y. C. Han, Hangchow Girls’
Vocational School, Cheng
Hsio Girls’ School, Chung
Hwa Fine Arts Institute for
Girls, C. Hwang, Kao You
Girls’ Normal School, Kash-
ing Girls’ High School, P. Y.
Kiang & H. C. Cheng, S. C.
Ling, Z. H. Liu, Nantung
Embroidery Training School,
L. C. Tsao, H. M. Tsing, C.
L. Vung Sisters, Wusih Em¬
broidery Club, Yan Yu Em¬
broidery Company.

Chinese Porcelain, Collec¬
tive Exhibit of, and partic¬
ipants : Chekiang Institution
for the Improvement of Por¬
celain Manufacture, Kiangsi
Chinaware Company, Kiangsi
Commercial Museum, T. S.
Liang, D. C. Wong.

Chinese Raw Silk Manu¬
facturers and participants :
A n w h e i Girls’ Vocational
School, Anwhei No. 2 Agri¬
culture College, Shih An
Steam Filature, Fu Chang
Steam Filature, Luen Chang
Steam Filature, Lung Chang
Steam Filature, Shu Chang
Jin Steam Filature, Shu
Chang Yuen Steam Filature,
Shuen Chang Steam Filature,
Sing Chang Steam Filature,
Tien Chang Steam Filature,
Ju Chen Steam Filature,
Tien Chen Steam Filature,
Yuen Chen Steam Filature,
Ching Chi Silk Manufacture
Training School, Heng Chin
Steam Filature, Ju Ching
Steam Filature, Yu Ching
Steam Filature, Shun Chong
Steam Filature, Sui Chong
Steam Filature, Yu Chong
Steam Filature, Ju Dah. Steam
Filature, Zung Dah Company,
Jen Foong Steam Filature,
Shih Foong Steam Filature,
Shuen Foong Steam Fila¬
ture, Shui Foong Yu Steam
Filature, Tai Foong Steam

List of Awards — Continued

Filature, Yih Foong Steam
Filature, Yin Foong Steam
Filature, Yuan Foong Steam
Filature, Yuen Foong Steam
Filature, Ho Fu Steam Fila¬
ture, Peh-S-Fu Steam Fila¬
ture, Tai Fu Steam Filature,
Hangchow Raw Silk Associa¬
tion, Hangchow Hu Ling Silk
Company, Chang Ho Steam
Filature, Ye Ho Steam Fila¬
ture, Yuen Kang Steam Fila¬
ture, Lung Kee Steam Fila¬
ture, Dah Lai Steam Fila¬
ture, Tien Lai Steam Fila¬
ture, Chin Luen Steam Fila¬
ture, Ching Luen Steam
Filature, Hoong Luen Steam
Filature, Wei Luen Steam
Filature, Shui Lun Steam
Filature, Heng Lung Steam
Filature, Yuen Mou Steam
Filature, Tsun Nee Steam
Filature, Chang Shing City
Industrial Bureau, Teh Shing
Steam Filature, Tuck Shing
Steam Filature, Shun Shing
Steam Filature, Chien Sun
Steam Filature, Foong Tai
Steam Filature, Hoong Tai
Steam Filature, Pao Tai
Steam Filature, Ju Tai Steam
Filature, Huchow Tsatlee
Silk Steam Filature No. 1
Mill, Tung Wei Steam Fila¬
ture, Koong Yih Steam Fila¬
ture, Lien Yih Steam Fila¬
ture, Tung Yih Steam Fila¬
ture, An Yu Steam Filature,
Yin Yu Steam Filature,
Yuen Yu Steam Filature,
Yuan Yuan Steam Filature,
Ching Yuen Steam Filature,
Yu Yuen Steam Filature.

Chinese Silk Piece Goods
Manufacturers, Collective Ex¬
hibit of, and participants :
H. S. Chang Company, Heng
Ching Cheng Company, Wei
Cheng Silks Company, H. T.
Chien Company, Yu Da
Heng-Kee, Kuo Heng-Shing-
Tai Company, Y. N. Lee,
Lao Kiu Luen Silks Com¬
pany, M^yar Silks Company,
Cheng Yah Silks Company,
P- A. Yu, Van Yuan Com¬
pany.

Chinese Tea Producers and
participants : C. Y. Cha
Company, Chung Shing
Chang Company, Teh Shing
Chang, Yuen Chang Com¬
pany, Dah Cheng, China Tea
Company, Heng Chuen, Shui
Lan Chuen Company, Kyien
Chuen, Fong Chen Dah,
Heng Dah, Chen Tai Ho
Company, Mou Kee, Yang
Chuen Lung Company, Wu
Shih Mei Company, Oung
Lun Sheng, Chien Tai, Han
Yuen Tai Company, Hoong
Yih Tai Company, Shun Tai,
Wong Yu Tai Company, Van
Kang Yuen, Van Shun Tea
Company, J. C. Wong, Yu-
Au-Chuen, Van Tai Yuen.

Commercial Press, Ltd.

Connecticut, State of.

Copenhagen Fayence Fac¬
tory (Denmark).

Copenhagen Porcelain Man¬
ufactory, The Royal (Den¬
mark).

Crane Company.

Cuba, Department of Pub¬
lic Instruction and Fine Arts.

Cuba, Government of the
Republic of.

(Cuba) Ignacio P. Casta¬
neda.

Cuba, Department of Agri¬
culture, Commerce and La¬
bor.

(Cuba) Por Larranaga.

(Cuba) Meras, Rico y
Compania.

(Cuba) Torres Gener Her-
manos Herederos de Jose
Gener.

Czecho-Slovakia Republic,
Ministry of Commerce of
the.

Delaware, The State of.

Delco-Light Company (2
Grand Prizes).

Dentists’ Supply Company
of New York.

Dreuding Brothers Com¬
pany.

Electro Dental Manufac¬
turing Company.

Electric Storage Battery
Company.

Eureka Vacuum Cleaner
Company.

Field Museum of Natural
History, The N. W. Harris
Public School Extension of.
(2 Grand Prizes).

Follmer, Clogg & Company.

Franklin Institute of the
State of Pennsylvania.

John Friedrich & Brother,
Inc.

Funk & Wagnalls Com¬
pany.

Geological Survey of China.

General Electric Company
(2 Grand Prizes).

Friedrich Goldsch eider
(Austria).

Grolier Society.

Hastings & Company.

Peter Hertz (Denmark).

M. Hohner, Inc.

Hungarian Society of Ap¬
plied Art.

(Hungary) China Manu¬
factory “Herend.”

(India) I. Sogani.

Illinois, The State of.

Institute of American
Meat Packers.

International Business Ma¬
chines Corporation (3 Grand
Prizes).

Japan Central Tea Asso¬
ciation.

(Japan) Canned Food Pub¬
licity Association and con¬
tributors: Fujino Kwanzu-
mejo, Nihon Kani Kwanzu-
megyo Suisan Kumiai Ren-
gokai, Uwaden Kwanzume-
jo, Motonaga Shoten.

(Japan) The Cloisonne Ex¬
hibitors’* Association and con¬
tributors : Washio Bunjiro,
Hayashi Chuzo, Kawamura
Fujishige, Mori Haruichi,
Gonda Hirosuke, Ando Jubei,
Hayakawa Kamesaburo, Tsu-
kamoto Kanematsu, Kato
Shoten, Hayashi Kihei, Haya-

483

shi Kodenji, Miwa Kosaburo,
Kumeno Shiinetaro, Ota Mo-
toshiro, Hijikata Naojiro,
Ota Tamejiro, Kato Toshi-
biko, Ota Toshiro, Hayashi
Yasujiro, Ando Yoshichika,
Hayakawa Yoshitaro.

Japanese Ceramic Associa¬
tion and contributors : Funa-
ki Asataro, Fukumasu Azan,
Ishizaki Ban, Imoto Beisen,
Ogawa Bunsai, Higuchi Cho-
zaburo, Kawasbima Daiichiro,
Yaguchi Eiju, Mohri Gan-
kado, Tashiro Genji, Hayashi
Genkichi, Kato Gohei, Asami
Gorosuke, Yoneta Gosaburo,
Yemoto Gyoshu, Kato Haruji,
Fukuda Heisaku, Imaizumi
Imaemon, Uno Jinmatsu, Oda
Jinzo, Akiyama Jisaku, Kato
Josuke, Tsuji Junosuke, Miz-
uno Juzan, Miyamoto Kahei,
Ito Kaichi, Saito Kairaku, Ko¬
ran Gomei Kaisha, Nishimu-
ra Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha,
Shofu Kogyo Kabushiki Kai¬
sha, Fukagawa Seiji Kabush¬
iki Kaisha, Osaka Togyo Ka¬
bushiki Kaisha, Nihon Toki
Kabushiki Kaisha, Tezuka
Kaju, Ohta Kamajiro, Goshi
Kaisha Kawamuragumi, In-
ouye Keisaku, Shomura Ken-
kichi, Taniguchi Kichijiro,
Uchishima Kitaro, Nishimura
Koken, Fujita Koko, Toshi-
oka Kosen, Yamazaki Koyo,
Miyagawa Kozan, Manko To-
jiki Dogyo Kumiai, Nagoya
Tojiki Boeki Shoko Dogyo
Kumiai, Seto Tojiki Dogyo
Kumiai, Teshima Meirido,
Ikeda Mitsujiro, Tsuruta
Moriichi, Takata Noriyoshi,
Sekido Osamu, Ukita Raku-
toku, Kawamoto Rekitei,
Shimizu Rokubei, Yegashina
Ruitaro, Ishino Ryuzan, Ya¬
masaki Saburobei, Matsumo-
to Sakichi, Kato Sakusuke,
Sanyusha, Suda Seika, Ka¬
bushiki Kaisha Nagoya Seito-
jo, Takahashi Seizan, Tsu-
j imoto Shikajiro, Komori
Shinobu, Aoki Keitei Shokai,
Yamazawa Shoko, Onodera
Shosetsudo, Chujo Shoten,
Okumura Shozan, Nakamura
Shuto, Kinkozan Sobei, Sa-
wada Sozan, Suwa Sozan,
Ito Suiko, Keita Taisuke,
Teramae Tamekichi, Nakane
Teijiro, Nakamura Toko, Mi-
yata Torahei, Matsue Tora-
saku, Okura Toyen, Ito To-
zan, Miyanaga Tozan, To-
kuda Yasokichi, Kuwata Yo-
juro, Uchida Yosakichi, Kita-
mura Yozan, Shimada Zen-
saku, Ide Zentaro, Yokoyama
Zuisho.

Japan Export Silk Traders’
Union and contributors: Aka-
za Hyozo, Aoi Kigyojo, Aoki
Totaro, Yamada Chota,
Onishi Daikichi, Horiuchi
Goichi, Saito Ichitaro, Fuku-
shima Habutae Kabushiki
Kaisha, Fuji Gasu Roseki
Kabushiki Kaisha, Ishikawa
Kigyo Kabushiki Kaisha,
Gifu Kinutsumuki Kabushiki
Kaisha, Kano Yoriori Ka-

List of Awards — Continued

busliiki Kaisha, Hanyu Ko-
jiro, Matsuzumi Yoriite Ori-
mono Kabushiki Kaisha, Ni¬
hon Kinuorimono Kabushiki
Kaisha, Kobe branch, Naka-
nishi Kinjiro, Kusunoki Ma-
sao, Aibara Mori, Yamamoto
Naojiro, Naito Naokiyo, Ta-
kabe Kenkichi, Matsu Ori-
kojo, Fukuiken Orimono
Dogyo Kumiai, Namikiyo
Shoten, Takeuchi Ryozo, Yo-
koyama Ryozo, Funada Sei-
jiro, Kido Seisaku, Kamatoya
Shatsu Gomei Kaisha, Kamei
Shinjiro, Narita Shinjiro,
Ohashi Shidzue, Kikuchi
Suiji, Suzusei Shoten, Do-
yoshita Takumatsu, Tamba
Shokai, Teranishi Shoten,
Sato Tetsutaro, Mori Tomi-
zo, Okamoto Yukichi, Taka-
hashi Zenkichi.

Japan Metallic Work
Traders’ Association and
contributors : Isozaki Bia,

Okamura Bikyu, Murai Bisei,
Sayama Chosaburo, Murata
Chosen, Shirayama Chuji,
Hasegawa Chusaburo, Ichi-
nose Eitaro, Yoneda Fudo,
Fujita Shoten, Midzuno Gen-
roku, Shindo Gyokushin,
Nakamura Hambei, Goto Hei-
jiro, Yonezawa Hiroyasu,
Kawamura Hizakichi, Taka-
ta Ikutaro, Ito Shoten, Ta-
kagi Jirohei, Hori Joshin,
Tamagawa Kakuhei, Ishi-
kawa Katsunobu, Udagawa
Kazuo, Nozaki Keitaro, Ki¬
kuchi Kihei, Morikawa Ki-
ichi, Kyoto Kinkokai, Taka-
oka Kinkokai, Yoshida Kin-
ya, Sakuraya Kiroku, Kur-
cha Kiyokatsu, Ono Koten,
Saida Kozo, Kikuchi Kuma-
ji, Hirayama Kwantei, Wa-
tanabe Manri, Iwai Masa-
toshi, Ito Mitsuaki, Wata-
nabe Nagao, Shimidzu Nobu-
yoshi, Mishima Okusaburo,
Miyata Rando, Midzuno Ro,
Nakano Saburo, Shima Sahei,
Sugawara Sakuzo, Kyoto
Seikinski, Kanamori Shich-
iro, Furuya Shidzuo, Hirata
Shigemitsu, Shimidzu Sho-
sai, Takahashi Shozaburo,
Tsuchiya Soeki, Hara Soe-
mon, Yokokura Soshiro, Fu¬
jita Tadao, Hoshiyama Take-
liachiro, Abe Taroshichi, Te-
rada Tatsue, Shugo Tatsu-
jiro, Homma Tausai, Kurita
Teirnin, Takao Teishichi,
Nambu Tetsubin Dogyo Ku¬
miai, Sota Tokutaro, Mishina
Tomejiro, Kawashima Toshu,
Kamakawa Toyomatsu, Ku-
sakari Toyotaro, Kawano
Tsunetaro, Shimidzu Wa-
kichi, Nomori Yasutaro, No
Yojiro, Okada Yokichi, Koba-
yashi Zembei, Kadoha Zen-
jiro, Tsukahara Zenjiro.

Japan Lacquer Industry
Association and contributors:
Hioka Akira, Kashiwagi Bun-
saki, Nakagawa Bumpei, Ya-
magata Makie Chinkin Ku¬
miai, Sakae Chuen, Mitani
Chusaku, Yakata Eitaro,
Tachibana Fuetsu, Sasada

Gekkyo, Takahashi Gengoro,
Sato Genji, Tenjin Gombei,
Tanaka Gomeikaisha, Furu-
kubo Gosaburo, Inai Gyo-
kuho, Kusakari Hachiemon,
Nanao Harutaro, Tochiha Hi-
kotaro, Ikoma Hiroshi, Uchi-
da Hokan, Konishi Hyoshiro,
Sato Ichiro, Sakamoto Ikkei,
Yamada Isaburo, Furukawa
Isaku, Migi Ishikawa, Ichi-
naka Isokichi, Sano Joei,
Nishida Jonosuke, Sato Jiro,
Kanemoto Juichi, Mori Jun-
jiro, Taya Junzo, Hioka
Kadzuo, Takaoka Shikki
Kaisha, Sakamoto Kakutaro,
Takebayashi Kakunan, Arita
Kametaro, Hirose Kasuke,
Shishu Katsutaro, Hirano
Keitaro, Shikkogei Kenkyujo,
Tanaka Kenya, Koizumi

Kichitaro, Kanamori Kichi-
taro, Kuroda Kichitaro,
Maeda Kihei, Naito Kiheiju
Oyanxa Kimpei, Furuima

Kmichiro, Yamamoto Kisabu-
ro, Nakamura Kitaro, Tsuroka
Kitaro, Mimura Kiyoshi, Fu-
ruzaka Kohei, Yamakawa
Koji, Otani Kwanto, Nakae
Kyuhei, Nakamura Kyumei,
Sawade Mankichi, Iwanmura
Masao, Nemoto Masakichi,
Sorakuma Masanobu, Saka-
shita Masanouka, Takaoka
Midorikai, Kubo Mohachi,

Yuasa Moriichi, Ooka No-
buzo, Maruyama Norimasa,

Koshimura Ryokichi, Tatsuno
Ryosaku, Chikusbiro Ryotaro,
Ohama Sadao, Tosamaru Sa-
kichi, Kawabata Sashichi,
Imamura Sanjiro, Sendai
Shikki Kaisha, Machino Sho-
hachi, Niki Seiha, Hiroso
Seiji, Ota Seiji, Morita Seim
osuke, Anri Seishin, Yawata
Seita, Ikeda Seitaro, Ina-
mura Seiiaro, Koshikimi Sei¬
taro, Naobe Sekisai, Takata
Sensai, Hashimoto Sheichi,
Sunaba Shigekichi, Iidzuka
Shioji, Ko Shikenjo, Nikki
Shikkiten, Nitta Shikkiten,
Oi Shikkiten, Takaoka Shikki
Shinyo Kumiai, Ishikawa
Shodo, Ota Kyodai Shokai,
Takaoka Shikki Shokai,
Ogaki Shokun, Hirose Sho-
taro, Yamamoto Shotaro, Oni-
shi Shuko, Homma Shunka,
Oshika Shunkai, Takeishi
Shuri, Idzumo Suzua, Ku¬
bota Shusuke, Muroda Tame-
jiro, Watanabe Torao, Yama-
naka Totaro, Nakajima Toyo,
Iijima Tsuneji, Suda Tsune¬
taro, Naobe Uemon, Okabe
Uichi, Ohama Unokichi,
Terajima Yasaku, Nakano
Yasutaro, Shimpo Yoshitaro,
Yamamoto Yunosbin, Nishi-
mura Zohiko.

Japan, Raw Silk Association
of, and contributors : Abe Sei-
shi-Jo, Andogumi Seishi-Sho,
Arato Silk Filature Company,
Ayabe Seishi & Company,
Junsuikan Chigasaki Seishi-
Jo, Gunze Raw Silk Mfg.
Company, Hasegawa Seishi
Gomei-Kaisha, Hiba Seisha
Company, Ltd., Hinode Sei-

484

shi & Company, Ltd., Hod-
ono Sons & Brothers, Ho
Seishi-Jo, Ibaragi-ken Seishi
Company, Ltd., Ina-sha, Ishi-
guro Seishi-Sho, Ishikawa &
Company, Ishikawa Seishi
Gomeigaisha, Isozawa Seishi-
Jo, Ito Seishibu, Ltd., Iyo
Seishi & Company, Jakushu
Seishi Company, Ltd., Kago-
shima-Ken Seishi Kyodo Ku-
mi, Kansai Seishi & Com¬
pany, Ltd., Katakura &
Company, Sbinsho-sha Kats-
uno Seishi-Jo, Kawano S^i-
shi & Company, Kondo Sei¬
shi-Sho, Kosui-sha, Rokumon-
sen Goshi Kwaishi, Junsui-
Kwan, Matsouka Seisho-Jo,
Mikawa Seishi Kabushiki
Kaisha, Miyachi Seishi &
Company, Hara Nagoya Sei¬
shi-Jo, Nikka-Sanshi & Com¬
pany, Ltd., N ishikawa Sei¬
shi, Ltd., Noro Seishi-Jo,
Oguchi-gumi, Okayakan Sei¬
sho-Jo, Okijamagunze Seishi
Company, Okura Raw Silk
Filature, Ltd., Ryusui-sha,
Saku-sha, Sansei-sha, Sat-
suma Seishi Company, Ltd.,
Settsu Filature & Company,
Shimizu Seishi-Jo, Shishin
Seishi Company, Ltd., Taiko
Seishi Yamaju Seishi &
Company, Ltd., Tasemaruaka
Seisho-Jo, Taseikanejo-Goshi-
gaisha, Taseikanejo-Seishi-Jo,
Taseikanejo-S e i s h i-Jo and
Taseikanejo - Goshigaisha,
Tase-Maruta Seishi-Jo, To-
gun-sha, Hara Tomioka Sei¬
shi-Jo, Toyonaka Seishi Com¬
pany, Ltd., Tsutsui Seishi-
sho, Unpinsanshi Company,
Ltd., Wakabayashi Seisho-Jo,
Yamadai Sakurai Seisho-Jo,
Yamaju Seishi & Company,
Ltd.

(Japan) Nippon Braid
Union Trade Association and
contributors : Aichiken Sa-
nada Dogyo Kumiai, Hiro-
shimaken Aikikoku Sanada
Dogyo Kumiai, Hiroshi-
maken Bingo Sanada Kig-
yo Kumiai, Ibaragiken Yushu-
tsu Sanada Dogyo Kumiai,
Ishikawaken Yushutsu Asasa-
nada Kigyo Kumiai, Kaga-
waken Bakkansanada Kigyo
Kumiai, Kobe Sanada Kigyo
Kumiai, Niigataken Asasa-
nada Dogyo Kumiai, Okaya-
maken Sanada Dogyo Kumiai,
Yamaguchiken Sanada Dogyo
Kumiai, Yokohama Yushutsu
Sanada Dogyo Kumiai.

(Japan) Nippon Brush
Union Trade Association and
contributors: Furukawa Keitei
Shokai, Kyoto Kosho Kabush¬
iki Kaisha, Osaka branch, Mae-
yama Kijiro, Notoya Shoten,
Sawa Kyojiro, Tachiki Sho¬
ten.

(Japan) Nippon Cotton
Textile Union Trade Associa¬
tion and contributors:
Akita Genshichi, Fukuiken
Orimono Dogyo Kumiai,
Giseido, Katsukura Mokichi,
Katsukura Mokichi Shoten,
Kawashima Kyubei, Meiji

List of Awards — Continued

Boshoku Kabushiki Kaisha,
Mori Tomizo, Naito Naokiyo,
Nakada Saiichi, Nihon Men-
chijimiseishoku Kabushiki
Kaisha, Okuzawa Kintaro,
Okuzawa Shoten, Sakurai
Shoten, Sasagawa Boshoku
Kabushiki Kaisha, Yamanaka
Yoshishige, Yamato Shokai,
Yamamoto Seitaro, Yamatoya
Shatsu Gomei Kaisha, Yoko¬
hama Branch of the Maru-
rama Shoten, Yoshida Tsune-
jiro.

(Japan) Tokyo Ivory Ob¬
ject Dealers’ League and con¬
tributors: Nakamura Shozo.
Kaminaka Tamazo, Saito
Teruichiro. Chashi Sakichi,
Kobavashi Yakeichi, Takenoya
Daisaburo, Watanabe Denza-
buro, Wakana Eizo, Miura
Fukutaro, Yoshinami Gosa-
buro, Mogi Heikichi, Ikeda
Kakichi, Sunamoto Kakujiro,
Nomura Keiichi, Oki Kenji,
Murata Kichigoro, Saito Nao-
kichi.

(Japan) Tokyo Toy Whole¬
sale Traders’ Association and
contributors : Kuramochi Cho-
kichi, Ishikawa Kunijiro, Yo-
koyama Masazo, Hirose Tat-
sugoro, Yamada Tokubei.

(Japan) Tosa Paper
Traders’ Guild and contrib¬
utors: Hatanaka Hanji, Ka-
wauchi Nakusugami Seizo
Kumiai, Kamiya Tengu Cho-
shi Seizo Kumiai. Miura
Shoko Kabushiki Kaisha, Na¬
kada Shikaji, Nihon Roshi
Seizosho. Nihon Shigyo Ka¬
bushiki Kaisha. Shioda Yago-
hei, Tosa Shigyo Kumiai
Seishi Shikenjo. Ueda Sho¬
ten, Matsura Ushitata.

(Japan) Mikimoto Kokichi.

(Japan) Nishimura Sozae-
mon.

(Japan) Takashimaya Gofu-
kuten.

(Japan) Tanaka Rishichi.

(Japan) Teshigawara Nao-
jiro.

Jones & Laughlin Steel
Corporation.

Herman A. Kahler (Den¬
mark).

H. C. Aberle Company.

The Aeolian Company.

Allegheny Steel Company.

Altorrasagasti Barges y
Piaza.

American Braille Press.

American Federation of
Organizations for the Hard
of Hearing, Inc.

American Foundation for
the Blind.

American Pulley Company.

American Slicing Machine
Company.

Anthracite Operators’ Con¬
ference.

Apex Hosiery Mills.

D. Arditi.

His Excellency, the Presi¬
dent of the Argentine Repub-

Karlsbad, Municipal Ex¬
hibit of the City of.

Laird, Schober & Company.

Ganeshi Lall & Son (In¬
dia).

Irene Laszlo.

Thomas L. Leedom Com¬
pany.

Longines Watch Company.

Los Angeles Chamber of
Commerce.

E. L. Mansure Company.

W. H. & A. E. Margerison
& Company.

“Louis Mark” Shoes.

National Advisory Com¬
mittee for Aeronautics.

National Carbon Company.

National Cash Register
Company.

National Casket Company,
Inc.

National Society of the
Colonial Dames of America
(2 Grand Prizes).

New Jersey, The State of.

Ohio, The State of.

Pennsylvania, Common-
wealth of.

Pennsylvania Railroad.

(Persia) Ministry of Com¬
merce, Public Works and
Agriculture (2 Grand Prizes).

Philadelphia, City of.

Philadelphia Textile School
of the Pennsylvania Museum
and School of Industrial Art.

Porto Rican-American To¬
bacco Company (2 Grand
Prizes).

Theodore Presser Company.

Proctor & Schwartz, Inc.

Remington Typewriter
Company.

Royal Baking Powder Com¬
pany.

Russia Cement Company.

Sangamo Electric Com¬
pany.

Salvation Army.

Sesqui-Centennial Commit¬
tee in Charge of Exhibit on
Friendship Between Nations.

(Spain) Gobierno de Su
Majestad Catolica el Rey de
Espana.

(Spain) Juan Bta. Huerta
Avino.

(Spain) Escuela de Cera-
mica de Madrid.

Medals of Honor

lie, Dr. Marcelo T. de Al-
vear.

(Argentine) Carlos C.
Reissig y de Albornoz.

(Argentine) Honorable
Pascual Escennarro, General
Commissar, Argentine Dele¬
gation.

(Argentine) Honorable Dr.
Emilio Mihura, Minister of
Agriculture.

(Argentine) Honorable Dr.
Mario A. Carranza, Presi¬
dent of the National Com¬
mission to the Sesqui-Cen¬
tennial International Exposi¬
tion.

(Argentine) Honorable Dr.
Ernesto Restelli, Sub-Secre¬
tary of State.

485

(Spain) Fabrica Nacional
de Toledo.

(Spain) Ministerio del Tra-
bajo, Comercio e Industria.

(Spain) Munecas Pages.

(Spain) M. Pallarols.

(Spain) Viuda e Hijos dc
Daniel Zuloaga.

State Institution for Pro¬
moting Peasant Art and
Home Industry.

John B. Stetson Company.

Textile Machine Works (2
Grand Prizes).

Tiffany Ecclesiastical Stu¬
dios.

Tobacaleros de Cayey.

United States Coast Guard,
Treasury Department.

United States Department
of Agriculture.

United States Department
of Commerce.

United States Department
of the Interior.

United States Navy De¬
partment.

United States Post Office
Department.

United States Department
of State.

United States Treasury
Department.

United States War Depart¬
ment.

United States Shipping

Board.

University of Pennsylvania.

U. S. Slicing Machine
Company.

Wall Paper Manufacturers’
Association of the United
States.

John Wanamaker.

L. E. Waterman Company.

Westinghouse Electric and
Manufacturing Company.

Westinghouse Air Brake
Company.

Weston Electrical Instru¬
ment Corporation (2 Grand
Prizes).

Wittnauer & Company.

Whiting Paper Company.

Violinist Publishing Com¬
pany.

Yezaki Yeizo.

Zsolnay Industry (Hun¬
gary).

(Argentine) Honorable
Carlos Schlieper, Official
Primero, Argentine Delega¬
tion.

(Argentine) Alejandro Mo¬
reno Vivot.

Arkansas, State of.

Atlantic City Exhibit.

Atlantic Refining Company
(2 Medals of Honor).

(Austria) Friedrich Grau-
mann’s Eidam & Company.

(Austria) Wiener Kun-
sterzgiesserei A. G.

(Austria) Segal & Com¬
pany.

(Austria) Tannwalder
Baumwollspinnfabrik.

(Austria) Wiener Werk-
statte.

List of Awards — Continued

Automatic Electric Co.

Hector Ayerza.

Antonini y Baibiene.

Arturo Barzi.

Battle Creek Food Com¬
pany.

Berkshire Knitting Mills.

Berlitz School of Lan¬
guages.

Bessemer Gas Engine Com¬
pany.

Cia. Bilz.

Marcelo de Elia Bonne-
maison.

Boyertown Burial Casket
Company.

Bristol Company.

Bryn Mawr College.

Canadian National Insti¬
tute for the Blind.

Careful Crossing Exhibit
collaborators: Batimore &

Ohio Railroad, Pennsylvania
Railroad, Reading Company.

Jose E. Castillo.

Tien Fa Chang.

Chapin Memorial Home for
the Blind.

China Institute in America.

(China) Chang King Kee.

(China) Pacific Alkali
Company, Ltd.

(China) K. S. Wang Com¬
pany.

(China) Y. S. Pan.

(China) Tsao Hsien Cham¬
ber of Commerce.

Chinese Cereals and Cot¬
ton, Collective Exhibit of,
and contributors : Chekiang
Institute of Agriculture, Che¬
kiang Provincial Agricultural
Experiment Station, Chekiang
Provincial Cotton Experi¬
mental Station, D. S. Jang,
Kiang-yin Rice Association,
King Hwa Agricultural So¬
ciety, B. Y. Lee, Mou Sing
Flour Mill, F. Y. Tsui, C. J.
Yang.

Chinese Fans, Collective
Exhibit of, and participants :
T. Y. Chang, C. H. Chou,
Shu Lien Kee, C. Y. Wang.

Chinese Inksticks and
Pens, Collective Exhibit of,
and participants : Bu Wen
Tang Pens Manufacturing
Company, Hu Kai-Wen Ink-
sticks Company, Shao Ts-
Nien Pens Manufacturing
Company, Tsao Soo-Kong
Inksticks Company.

Chinese Miscellaneous
Food Products, Collective Ex¬
hibit of, and participants:
H. S. Chang Sauce Mfg. Co.,
Dah Cheng Company, Fung
Hua County Agricultural Bu¬
reau, Hung Yu Chang Egg
Products Factory, Hung
Yuen Factory, International
Dispensary, Kwan Sun Com¬
pany, Ming Dah Oil Factory,
Shun Tai Company, Sun
Mou Factory, Tung Yuen
Company, Yi Tai Chang
Company.

Chinese Silverware, Collec¬
tive Exhibit of, and partic¬
ipants: Pao Ching Silver¬
ware Company, Ching Fu
Company, Ching Hwa Com¬
pany, Pao Shing Silverware

Company, Sing Voong Chang
Company.

Chinese Tapestry Satin,
Collective Exhibit of, and
participants : C. F. Chang
Company, T. P. Chang Com¬
pany, T. T. Chi Company,
Y. M. Chu Company, C. Y.
Hwang Company, Chen
Chang Kee, H. F. Lee Com¬
pany, T. Y. Liu Company,
Y. C. Liu Company, H. F.
Nui Company, K. T. Wang
Company, P. N. Wang Com¬
pany, S. L. Wang Company,
C. T. Wong Company, S. F.
Wong Company, S. C. Wu
Company, C. S. Yang Com¬
pany.

(China) Miss Tan Wai-
Ying.

(China) Wu Teh-Shun
Pottery Company.

Chung Fou Manufactured
Silk Company, Ltd.

Chung Hwa Book Co.,
Ltd.

Cifuentes Pego y Com-
pania.

Clovernook Home for the
Blind.

Cleveland Society for the
Blind.

Colegio Leon XIII.

Commercial Press, Ltd.

Committee on Medicine and
Allied Sciences.

F. E. Compton & Com¬
pany.

Connecticut Institution for
the Blind.

Conservacion de la Fe.

E. Conti & Figli.

County of Cape May, New
Jersey.

Crawford McGregor and
Canby Company.

(Cuba) La Ambrosia In¬
dustrial S. A.

(Cuba) Dr. Antonio S. de
Bustamente.

(Cuba) V. L. de Arechaga
S. en C.

Cuba, Department of Pub¬
lic Works of.

(Cuba) Roca y Guell.

(Cuba) Hershey Corpora¬
tion.

(Cuba) Manuel Cuetara
Lorenzo.

(Cuba) Marianao Indus¬
trial S. A.

(Cuba) Dr. Jose Maria
Reposo.

(Cuba) Rafael Martinez
Ybor.

(Czecho-Slovakia) Fisher
Brothers.

(Ceecho-Slovakia) Koukol
& Michera.

(Czecho-S 1 o v a k i a) M.
Milec.

Czecho-Slovakia Republic,
Ministry of Commerce of the.

(Czecho-Slovakia) Ludwig

Moser & Soehne & Meyr’s

Neffe.

(Czech o-Slovakia)
Jaroslav Novak.

Dr.

(Czech o-Slovakia)
Oberleithner’s Sons.

Ed.

(Czech o-Slovakia)
Palme and Sohne.

486

(Czecho-Slovakia) Karel

Palda.

(C z e c hjo - Slovakia) L.
Preuss and Welten.

(Czecho-Slovakia) Rach-

mann Brothers.

^ (Czecho-Slovakia) Rudolf
V esely.

(Czecho-Slovakia) Victoria
China.

(Czecho-Slovakia) Zahn &
Sons.

Dalton Adding Machine
Company.

Dauphin County Branch,
Pennsylvania Association for
the Blind.

Delco-Light Company.

District of Columbia As¬
sociation of Workers for the
Blind.

Honorable Vic Donahey.

Drexel Institute.

Enterprise Manufacturing
Company.

Angel Estrada y Company.

La Federal.

Fidelity Knitting Mills.

Fleischmann Company.

J. B. Ford Company.

Fouke Fur Company.

Franklin Trust Company
of Philadelphia.

Freihofer Baking Company.

Gaceta Algodonera.

(Argentine) Doctor Angel
Gallardo.

Gefatura de Policia.

General Electric Company
(3 Medals of Honor).

(Germany) Wilhelm Fels-
che.

(Germany) N. Nuding, Jr.

Glen-Logan Corporation.

Casimiro Gomez y Co.

Gregg Publishing Company.

Charles Gulden, Inc.

Gulf Refining Company.

Compania General de Fos-
foros.

Grolier Society.

Haiti, Republic of (2
Medals of Honor).

Hancock Knitting Mills.

Hartford, Connecticut,
Board of Education of the
Blind.

Ariznabarreta Hnos.

Casa Saint Hnos.

Sagazola Hnos.

Heller Brothers Company.

(Hungary) “Greco.”

Horton Manufacturing
Company.

Hungarian Home Industry
Society.

(Hungary) “Our Shop.”

(Hungary) “Izabella”
Home Industry Society.

Indiana, The State of (De¬
partment of Agriculture).

(India) Udhavadas & Com¬
pany.

Instituto Biologico Argen¬
tine.

(Japan) Honorable Iwao
Nishi.

(Japan) Association of
General Goods of Yokohama
and contributors : K. Murata,
Y. Sbinohara, Yokohama Fish
Oil Manufacturing Company,
Suzuki & Company, Ltd., S.

List of Awards — Continued

Tase, S. Watanabe, T. Ya-
zawa.

Japan Department Stores
Association and contributors :
Matsuya Gofukuten, Matsu-
zakaya Gofukuten, Mitsuko-
shi Gofukuten, Shirokiya
Gofukuten, Takashimaya Gof¬
ukuten.

Japan, Raw Silk Associa¬
tion of, and contributors
N. Minorikawa, Sanyen Dou-
pion Filatures Association.

Jones & Laugklin Steel
Corporation.

Professor Frank Kiss.

Kofu Crystal Work
Traders’ Association and con¬
tributors : Tsuchiya Aizo,

Omori Fumies, Maeda Ichi-
taro, Yoishi Kun, Ichinose
Masujiro, Kitzukuri Seiju,
Nanazawa Seigu, Osada Shi-
rataro, Ishiwara Sohei, Yama-
guchi Sukezo, Tsunoda Tada-
ji, Kyoba Takeo, Hagiwara
Toyotaro, Yanagisawa Masa-
kichi.

Honorable W. Freeland
Kendrick.

A. E. Kunderd.

Kyoto Export Fan Traders’
Guild and contributors: Sa¬
kata Bunsuke, Hamakazpma-
moru Shoten, Ishizumi Kisa-
buro. Yamaoka Komazo,
Hashimoto Kumejiro, Fuiita
Naojiro, Mieido Senami. Oni-
shi Shobei, Akiyasu Tetsu-
taro.

Lackawanna Branch, Penn¬
sylvania Association for the
Blind.

LaFrance Textile Indus¬
tries.

Alberto E. Lalanne.

T. B. Lippincott Company.

Mackinon & Coelho.

McCormick & Company,
Inc.

Martin y Cia.

La Martona S. A.

Massachusetts Commission
for the Blind.

Mauri.

(Argentine) Ministerio de
Obras Publicas.

(Argentine) Ministerio de
Guerra.

(Argentine) Ministerio de
Marina.

Mir Chaubell & Company.

Monroe Calculating Ma¬
chine Company.

Honorable A. Harry
Moore.

Morse Chain Company.

Shih Chang Mou.

Compania Nacional de Per-
fumeria, S. A. (Cuba).

National Committee for
the Prevention of Blindness.

National Packaging Ma¬
chinery Company.

New Jersey Commission
for the Blind.

New Jersey State Depart¬
ment of Education.

New York Association for
the Blind.

New York Guild for Jew¬
ish Blind, Community
Workers of.

Ohio Commission for the
Blind.

Parochial Schools of the
Archdiocese of Philadelphia.

Penn Leather Company.

Pennsylvania Association
for the Blind.

Pennsylvania Home Teach¬
ing Society.

Pennsylvania Industrial
Home for Blind Women.

Pennsylvania Institution
for the Instruction of the
Blind.

Pennsylvania Museum and
School of Industrial Art.

Pennsylvania State Col¬
lege.

Pennsylvania State Council
for the Blind, Collective Ex¬
hibit.

Pennsylvania Working
Home for Blind Men.

Perkins Institution for the
Blind.

(Persia) H. M. I. Kiachif
Brothers.

(Persia) His Excellency,
Said Hassan Taqi-Zadeh.

Philadelphia Board of Edu¬
cation.

Philadelphia Department of
Public Safety.

Philadelphia Department of
Public Welfare.

Philadelphia Department of
Wharves, Docks and Ferries.

Philadelphia Commercial
Museum.

Philadelphia General Hos¬
pital, Department of Public
Health, Phila.

Philadelphia Paint, Oil and
Varnish Club for the Paint
and Varnish Industry of the
United States.

Piccardo & Cia.

Honorable Gifford Pinchot.

Pneumatic Scale Corpora¬
tion, Limited.

Porto Rican-American To¬
bacco Company (2 Medals of
Honor).

Radio Corporation of
America.

Reading Company.

Riehle Brothers Testing
Machine Company.

Cristaleria Rigoleau.

Honorable Robert P. Rob¬
inson.

Doctor Tristan Achaval
Rodriguez, President, Ar¬
gentine Delegation.

Rosenau Brothers, Inc.

Ruiz & Company.

Ricardo Saguier.

Pedro Sala y Co.

Sangamo Electric Company
(4 Medals of Honor).

The C. F. Sauer Company.

A. Schorr.

Shizuokaken Ginger,
Sponge Gourd, Red Pepper
and Peanut Traders’ Guild.

Singh Singh & Company.

Honorable Len Small.

Sociedad del Divino Rostro.

South Carolina Association
for the Blind.

(Spain) Tomas Aymat.

(Spain) Beltran.

(Spain) Luis del Cid.

487

(Spain) Cesar de Mada¬
riaga.

(Spain) Edmundo y Eloy
Ilernandes.

(Spain) Manufactura de
Corcho, S. A.

(Spain) Carlos Nadal Mo-
nera.

(Spain) Real Fabrica de
Tapices.

(Spain) Emilio Vilella.

Spencer Turbine Company
(3 Medals of Honor).

Governor - General Sun
Chuan-fang.

Sun Oil Company.

Cia. Swift de la Plata.

Tinius Olsen Testing Ma¬
chine Company (2 Medals of
Honor).

Tobacaleros de Comer ir.

Trojano Trojani.

The Trask School of Lip
Reading.

Trivium.

Honorable John H. Trum¬
bull.

Underwood Typewriter
Company, Inc.

United States Cast Iron
Pipe and Foundry Company.

U. S. Government:

Bureau of Biological Sur¬
vey, Department of Agricul¬
ture.

Bureau of Plant Industry,
Department of Agriculture
(2 Medals of Honor).

Bureau of Public Roads,
Department of Agriculture.

Bureau of Soils, Depart¬
ment of Agriculture.

Forest Service, Department
of Agriculture.

Office of Exhibits, Depart¬
ment of Agriculture.

Bureau of the Census, De¬
partment of Commerce (2
Medals of Honor).

Bureau of Fisheries, De¬
partment of Commerce (2
Medals of Honor).

Bureau of Foreign and Do¬
mestic Commerce, Depart¬
ment of Commerce.

Bureau of Mines, Depart¬
ment of Commerce (4 Medals
of Honor).

Bureau of Navigation, De¬
partment of Commerce.

Bureau of Standards, De¬
partment of Commerce.

Coast and Geodetic Sur¬
vey, Department of Com¬
merce.

United States Lighthouse
Service, Department of Com¬
merce (2 Medals of Honor).

Office of Indian Affairs,
Department of the Interior.

Bureau of Education, De¬
partment of the Interior.

Bureau of Reclamation,
Department of the Interior.

Department of Labor.

Children’s Bureau, Depart¬
ment of Labor.

Department of State.

Bureau of Medicine and
Surgery, Navy Department.

Navy Department.

National Museum.

Post Office Department.

List of Awards — Continued

United States Government
Printing Office.

Smithsonian Institution.

Public Health Service,
Treasury Department.

United States Veterans’
Bureau.

Federal Board for Voca¬
tional Education.

Camp and Ceremonial Ac¬
tivities, War Department.

Honorable Dr. Francisco
Vinas, National Congressman
(Argentine).

M. Alvarez Vega.

Cayetano Verdi.

E. y Amadeo Villa.

Villamil, Santalla y Cia. S.
en C. (Cuba).

Carlos C. Reissig de Al-
bornoz.

Acevedo y Cia.

Nicholas W. Akimoff.

Bradley C. Algeo.

Rene J. Allen.

Allerton Farms (2 Gold
Medals).

Altacrest Farms.

Altorfer Bros. Company.

American Forestry Asso¬
ciation.

American LaFrance Fire
Engine Company.

American Nokol Company.

American Pulley Company
(2 Gold Medals).

American Unitarian Asso¬
ciation.

Ames Shovel and Tool
Company.

Honorable William M. An¬
derson.

Angelus Watch Company.

Ansco Photoproducts, Inc.

(Argentine) J. Andino.

(Argentine) Alfredo Cor-
engia.

(Argentine) Genaro Mus-
solino.

(Argentine) Liga Patriot-
ica Argentina.

(Argentine) Marcelo Lotti.

(Argentine) Alfredo Ma¬
rino.

(Argentina) Campomar y
Soulas.

(Argentine) Pedro Tenti.

Sebastian Arbelo.

The Armand Company.

C. S. Arn (2 Gold
Medals) .

Honorable A. Otis Arnold.

Association of General
Goods of Yokohama (2 Gold
Medals) and contributors :
Chikusan, M. Furuya, Hyo-
go, Osaka & Kyoto Agar-
agar Guilds, Kitagumi, Offa-
ken Sangio Kumiai, Nissin
Oil Company.

L. Aubert.

(Austria) Raimund Ba-
delt.

(Austria) Johann Beran.

(Austria) Josef Beran.

(Austria) Blascek & Com¬
pany.

(Austria) Emerich Fischer.

(Austria) Wilhelm Flesch’
Sohn.

Villavicencio.

V ineland Flint Glass
Works.

The Wahl Company.

W e s t e r n Pennsylvania
School for the Blind (2
Medals of Honor).

Western Union Telegraph
Company.

Weston Electrical Instru¬
ment Corporation (4 Medals
of Honor).

Westinghouse Electric and
Manufacturing Company.

Wisconsin Association for
the Blind.

Woman’s Medical College
of Pennsylvania.

Gold Medals

(Austria) Bernhard Gold¬
schmidt.

(Austria) Johann Gottwald.

(Austria) Alois Gruber.

(Austria) Gebruder Kainz.

(Austria) Lenkwerk-Gebru-
der Schneider.

(Austria) Emmerich Mada-
rasz.

(Austria) Rabl & Grun.

(Austria) Adolf Sinder-
mann.

(Austria) Rudolf Souval’s
Nachf. Ludwig Umlauf.

(Austria) Leo Wagner.

(Austria) Turner & Glanz.

Franklin Baker Company
(2 Gold Medals).

Baltimore and Ohio Rail¬
road Company.

Barber Asphalt Company.

Professor James Barnes.

Josef Bartl.

P. H. Bartlett.

Professor C. B. Bazzoni.

Honorable Harry T. Bax¬
ter.

D. Becker & Sons.

The Belber Trunk & Bag
Company.

Allala Belhadj.

Bell & Howell Company.

Marcus Benjamin, Ph-D.

Vertriebsgesellschaft d e r
Staatlichen Bernstein - Manu-
faktur m b H.

Elmer C. Bertolet.

The Bessler Disappearing
Stairway Company.

Bethlehem Steel Corpora¬
tion (28 Gold Medals for
various products).

Billiwhack Ranch.

Hugo Bilgram.

C. G. Bitzer & Son (2
Gold Medals).

Blaisdell Pencil Company.

S. Blamer & Sons.

Michael Bodak.

Bommer Spring Hinge
Company.

Miguel Bonfanti y Cia.

Charles E. Bonine.

Commander Evangeline C.
Booth.

Honorable Randolph Boyd.

Boy Scouts of America.

Breyer Ice Cream Com¬
pany.

Brighton Watch Case Com¬
pany.

Bucknell University.

488

Wusih Lace Manufacturers
and participants: C. H. Yen,
Y. P. Shen, Heng Chong
Company.

His Excellency, Doctor W.
W. Yen, Premier and Act¬
ing Foreign Minister of
China.

Yokohama Export Textile
Manufacturers’ Guild and
contributors : Kojima Masaji,
Yokohama Orimonkako Kyo-
dokojo.

F. X. Zettler Stained
Glass Studios, Inc.

Honorable Ziang-ling
Chang, Commissioner-General
of China.

Honorable Newton A. K.
Bugbee.

California Crushed Fruit
Corporation.

Harold Calvert.

Mrs. Mary Dranga Camp-
beH.

Canada Dry Ginger Ale.

Canadian Colleges.

Cantilever Corporation.

M. Carranza.

Carlos Cattaneo.

Clement E. Chase.

Cheek-Neal Coffee Com¬
pany.

(China) King Hwa Parish
House.

(China) Zung Ching &
Sons.

Chinese Bamboo Work,
Collective Exhibit of. and
participants: Chang Wen-Yu
Studio, Ho Huh Company,
Jin Yi Factory, H. F. Lee,
F. C. Ma, Yu Pien, Sze
Wen-Siu Studio, P. Y. Wu.

Chinese Dry Goods, Collec¬
tive Exhibit of, and partic¬
ipants: Ching Chang Cheng
Company, Hwa Chun Com¬
pany, Teh Dab Factory, Foot
Ease Hosiery Works, Gin
Sing Company, Foo Hwa
Company, King Hwa Mei
Lun Company, The Kisson
Manufacturing Company,
Chuen Koong Factory. Chien
Lun Company, Ti-I Weaving
Factory, M. H. Voong, Sean
You Zoo.

(Chinese) Yi Fong Enam-
melled-ware Company.

(Chinese) Hangchow Iron
Works.

(Chinese) Hangchow Silk-
woven Embroidery Manufac¬
turers.

Chinese Incense Manufac¬
turers and participants: S.
Y. Chao, The China Chemi¬
cal Works, T. Y. Sun, T. C.
Tsa, F. C. Wang, W. S. Wu,
T. Y. Yang.

Chinese Leather Article
Manufacturers and partic¬
ipants : Hongkong Leather
Shoes Company, Lung Shing
Company, Sze Sing Com¬
pany.

Chinese Paper Manufac¬
turers and participants : Tien
Chaftg Paper Manufacturing

List of Awards — Continued

Company, V. C. Chen, Yu
Kang Paper Factory, Y. C.
Nien, Wong Lu-Chi Ching-
Kee, Tsao Shing Tai Paper
Factory, King Sun Ho Com¬
pany, Yenshan City Indus¬
trial Bureau, Yu Yuen Com¬
pany.

Chinese Parasols, Collective
Exhibit of, and participants :
Hwa Chang Factory, C% S.
Chen, Chenkiang Parish
House, Ma Kwan Kee, Hwa
Shing Factory, Tsao Yu
Shing.

Chinese Sericulture, Col¬
lective Exhibit of, and par¬
ticipants : Anhui Girls’ Vo¬
cational School, Anhui Seri-
cultural Experiment Station,
Anbui No. 2 Agricultural
School, Y. C. Hsiung, Ki-
angsu Provincial Sericulture
Works, Chekiang Agriculture
Experiment Station, Cheki¬
ang Girls’ Sericulture Train¬
ing Works, Chekiang Pro¬
vincial Sericultural School,
Chekiang Sericultural Ex¬
periment Station.

Chinese Straw and Grass
Products, Collective Exhibit
of, and participants: Kueng
Ho Straw Hats Company,
Tin Shun Kuo Ho Zo, Kwan
Hwa Straw Hats Company,
Sung Ling & Company,
Chang Yung Matting Fac¬
tory.

Chinese Stoneware Manu¬
facturers and participants :
Chen Tai-Foong, Pan Poo
Chamber of Commerce, C. J.
Yuan.

Chinese Tobacco Manufac¬
turers and participants :
Cheng-Shing Chang, Wang
Dah-Cheng, Foong Dah Com¬
pany.

Chinese Toilet Articles
Manufacturers and partic¬
ipants: .The Association for
Domestic Industry, Tai
Chang Peppermingt, China
Brothers Industrial Works,
Hong Ah Company, Interna¬
tional Dispensary, I-Sing
Company. Hen Li Factory,
Shong Lun Company, Fu
Mou Company, Nanyang
Company, Fu Shing Com¬
pany, Yuen Shung Company,
Kwan Sun Company, Ah-
Hwa Zue-Kee.

Chinese Vegetable Oils,
Collective Exhibit of, and
participants : Koong Sing
Company, Yen Jin Ho Com¬
pany, Shui Yu Lung Com¬
pany. Ta Yu Yue Company.

(China) Sun Sun Com¬
pany.

(China) Tswei Yu-Fu.

(China) Li Yuen Com¬
pany.

Tinson C. Chow.

George Wood Clapp,
D.D.S.

Cleveland Public Library.

Coed. Technical Philippine
Schools.

Coleman Lamp & Stove
Company (3 Gold Medals).

A. Colautti.

College of Fine Arts, Syra¬
cuse University.

College of the City of New
York.

Conti Soap Distributors,
Inc.

A. B. Cook.

Honorable Calvin Coolidge.

Connery & Co., Inc.

The Conover Company.

Tom Corwin Farm.

Cory Farms.

Abram Cox Company.

Richard S. Cox (2 Gold
Medals).

Crane Company.

Honorable Carl N. Crispin.

(Cuba) Agricultural Ex¬
perimental Station of San¬
tiago de los Vegas, Havana.

(Cuba) Luis Valdes Car-

Julian Martinez

rero.

(Cuba)

Castells.

Cuba, Department of Com¬
munications of.

(Cuba) Cesar Jimenez
Fuste.

Cuban National Tourists
Commission.

(Cuba) JosS Fernandez y
Hermanos.

(Cuba) P. Fernandez y
Compania.

(Cuba) Labiada Hermanos.
Carlos de Lorenzo.
Francisco Utset

(Cuba)
(Cuba)
Macia.
(Cuba)

Jar-

Compania de
cias de Matanzas, S. A.

(Cuba) Jose Narvaez.

(Cuba) Compania Manu¬
facturer Nacional, S. A.

(Cuba) Compania Indus¬
trial Manso S. A.

(Cuba) Santa Maria y
Compania, S. en C.

(Cuba) Valea & Company.

(Cuba) Viuda de Lima e
Hijos.

Curies Neck Farm (2 Gold
Medals).

Czechoslovak Art Studios.

(Czechoslovakia) Commer¬
cial Legionaires Corporation.

(Czechoslovakia) Cristalla.

Czecho Peasant
Inc.

( Czechoslovakia)

Brothers.

( Czechoslovakia)

Hoffman, Gablonz

( Czechoslovakia)

Goldberg.

( Czechoslovakia)

Hrdina.

(Czechoslovakia)

Kavalier.

( Czechoslovakia)
zar.

(Czechoslovakia)
Kurzweilova.

(Czechoslovakia)

Ceramic Works.

(Czechoslovakia)

Machkova.

(Czechoslovakia)

( Czechoslovakia)

Rosenfeld.

( Czechoslovakia )

Simon.

Art Co.

Detva.

Fraenkel

Heinrich

a/N.

Karl

Stepan

J. V.

A. Kla-

F a n c a

A. Liska.
M o d r a

Marie

M. Pam.
Lazarus

Frederick

(Czechoslovakia) Stepanck
Brothers.

(Czechoslovakia) West Bo¬
hemian Caolin & Tile Fac¬
tory.

(Czechoslovakia) Karl
Wuenseh.

Delaware and Montgomery
Counties Council, Boy Scouts
of America.

Department of Welfare,
Bureau of Restoration, Prison
Labor Division, Pennsyl¬
vania.

The Dirigold Corporation.

Joseph C. Doane, M.D.

Doten-Dunton Desk Com¬
pany.

Drexel & Company.

The Duff Manufacturing
Company.

Frank J. Duggan & Son.

Lawrence W. Dunham,
D.D.S.

Durant Motors, Inc.

Edelstein’s Pine Crush.

Edison Electric Appliance
Company, Inc.

Honorable John S. Ed¬
wards.

William C. L. Eglin (2
Gold Medals).

(Egypt) A. & K. Arouani
and G. G. Hakim.

Elmira College.

Emmadine Farm.

The Enterprise Manufac¬
turing Company of Pennsyl¬
vania (5 Gold Medals).

Mohamed Ennifar.

Escher & Ryan (2 Gold
Medals).

Escuela Mecanica de la
Armada.

Estey Piano Company.

Professor Edmund Farago.

“The Fashionable.”

Oscar Fate & Son (2 Gold
Medals).

Federal Board for Voca¬
tional Education.

Fels and Company.

Fez Company, Ltd.

Ficcazola e Hijos.

Fine Arts Commission.

Stanley G. Flagg & Com¬
pany, Inc. (2 Gold Medals).

Dean Guy Stanton Ford.

Honorable James H. For¬
rester.

Fixed Nitrogen Research
Laboratory, Department of
Agriculture.

Edward W. France (2
Gold Medals).

Francet, Inc.

Rev. Brother Francis dc
Sales, F. S. C.

Benjamin Franklin.

R- T. French Company.

Charles Freshman Com¬
pany, Inc.

Frick Company, Inc.

John Friedrich.

The Frontier Press Co.

Fulper Pottery Company.

Nevin E. Funk.

Juan D. Gaddi.

General Convention,
Church of the New Jeru¬
salem.

General Electric Company
(9 Gold Medals).

489

List of Awards — Continued

(Germany) Joseph Gautch
Company.

(Germany) Feurich- Actien
Gesellschaft.

(Germany) Hirsch & Wein-
mann.

The Gideons.

Girard College.

Girl Scouts, Inc.

Honorable George S. God¬
ard.

Grace Godfrey.

Good Roads Machinery
Co., Inc.

Charles H. Grakelow.

The Great Atlantic and
Pacific Tea Company (2
Gold Medals).

Greenwold’s — Linen Im¬
porters.

Mary Hallock Greenewalt.

John Robert Gregg.

Grolier Society (3 Gold
Medals).

Alfred Gysi, D.D.S.

Stavros P. Haggea &
Sons.

A. R. Hamilton (2 Gold
Medals).

The Hampton Normal and
Agricultural Institute.

Hangchow Silk-woven Em¬
broidery Manufacturers,

Yuan Chen Ho Company,
and Tu Cheng Sun Silk
Weaving Factory, partic¬
ipants.

Honorable Charles W.
Hardesty.

Albert W. Harris.

T. Harris & Sons (2 Gold
Medals).

Dr. Reber Hartman.

Honorable James C. Hast¬
ings.

John V. Hastings.

Einar Hausvik & Company.

Haverford College.

Hayfield Farms (2 Gold
Medals).

B. H. Heide.

Hempstead Farms.

J. B. Henderson (2 Gold
Medals).

Herbin Freres.

Donald Woodward Herd.

Torres Gener Hermanos,
Herederos de Jose Gener.

Geo. W. Heskett (2 Gold
Medals).

Honorable J. Gilpin High-
field.

Honorable Edward Hines.

(Holland) J. S. Meuwsen.

Erza Teubal Hnos.

Pini Hnos.

Mrs. Lowell F. Hobart.

Hoff Vending Corporation
of America.

Hokkaido Agricultural As¬
sociation.

Holly Beach Farms.

Holyoke Heater Company.

Hood College of Frederick,
Maryland.

K. Hovden Company.

Howard University.

F. A. Huddlestun (2 Gold
Medals).

C. Howard Hunt Pen Com¬
pany.

Ching Hwa Paint Manu¬
facturing Company.

(Hungary) Sigmund Stro-
bel Kisfaludy.

(Hungary) Nick. Ligeti.

(Hungary) Elek Lux.

(Hungary) Gergely Szan-
to.

Illinois Central System.

Individual Drinking Cup
Company, Inc.

International Business Ma¬
chines Corporation (3 Gold
Medals).

International Dental Health
Foundation for Children,
Inc.

(India) V. G. Maharaj.

(India) Singh Singh &
Company.

(India) I. Sogani (3 Gold
Medals).

(India) Taj Mahal Trad¬
ing Company, Ltd.

(India) Solasa Venkatara-
miah.

Chevalier Jackson, M.D.

Sister Jadwiga.

Lazaro Jaijnovich.

Japan Fine Art Marine
Products, Association of, and
contributors: Tanii Gvoku-
sui, Nakamura Kintaro, Ka-
miyama Kanyo, Miyakawa
Myoshun, Maeda Nansai,
Saito Bishu, Isana Shokai,
Kiuchi Shoko, Goto Shoun,
Yoda Shujiro, Shibayama
Somei, Magara Yasuo, Toyo-
kawa Yokel, Toyokawa Yotei.

Japan Peanut Traders’
Guild.

Japan, The Raw Silk As¬
sociation of.

(Japan) Konishi Kotakudo.

(Japan) Mino Paper
Traders’ Guild, and contrib¬
utors: Matsuhisa Eisuke,

Hotta Jihei, Okada Hyosuke,
Ota Kenichi, Furuta Kiku-
jioro, Horie Toshado Mino
Kojo, Nishida Seiichi, Mat-
sui Shoten, Uchida Seishijo,
Shoji Seishijo, Ota Zenzae-
mon, Nihon Sashi Kabushiki
Kaisha.

(Japan) Nippon Celluloid
Ware Union Trade Associa¬
tion, and contributors: Ozaki
Nisaburo, Oyama Celluloid
Kabushiki Kaisha, Oyama
Namitaro, Sato Sankichi,
Aibara Sei, Suzuki Seino-
suke, Saito Sennosuke, Haya-
shi Shige Shoten, Uyeno Sti-
keo, Suzusei Shoten, Fuji-
yasu Togoro, Tokiwa Cellu¬
loid Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha,
Yamazawa Toraji, Ueki Yo-
shizo, Toyo Celluloid Kog¬
yo jo, Tsutsunaka Celluloid
Kogyojo, Yanagisawa Tsune-
kichi, Yagi Usaburo, Suzuki
Wakichi, Yamato Shoten,
Ono Yoshizo, Nakazato Ben-
jiro, Hoshino Bunzo, Take-
uchi Chushichi, Tanaka Dem-
pachi, Takeda Gonzaburo,
Fukuda Goro, Ebihara Hide-
kichi (Sakura Shokai), Saka-
kibara Hideo, Iida Hisano-
suke, Hagiwara Kametaro,
Takahashi Katsuzo, Ito Kei-
ji (Nankai Celluloid Kog¬
yojo), Kimura Keijiro, Hira-

490

yama Kenji, Teramoto Kei-
suke, Fujieda Kiyoe, Tekiba
Gwangu Kojo, Soda Kojuro,
Miyasawa Kurakichi, Ichi-
bashi Kyuzo, Ueno Masahei,
Yamazaki Motojiro, Naga-
mine Celluloid Kogyo Ka¬
bushiki Kaisha, Nakajima
Celluloid Kakojo, Dai Nihon
Celluloid Kabushiki Kaisha,
Nihon Celluloid Kushi Kyodo
Hanbaijo.

(Japan) Shizuokaken Gin¬
ger, Sponge Gourds, Red
Pepper and Peanut Traders’
Guild.

(Japan) Suzuki Toramatsu.

The Jell-O-Company, Inc.

S. T. Johnson Company.

Jonah & Joseph.

Jones & Laughlin Steel
Corporation (2 Gold Medals).

D. D. Kenney.

Ferdinand Keller.

Maurice S. Keller Corpo¬
ration.

Albert Kelsey, F.A.I.A.

Honorable Clyde L. King.

Evert King.

G. R. Kinney Company,
Inc.

Webster Knight.

Kraeuter & Company, Inc.

The Kroydon Company.

Lao Poh Heng Shuen
Combs Manufacturing Com¬
pany.

Lafayette College.

T. Lajouane y Cia.

Emil Lampinen.

Doctor F. Lamson-Scrib-
ner.

Theo. J. Lapres, Inc.

John D. Larkin (2 Gold
Medals).

La Union.

Jose Leonardi.

Life Extension Bureau of
the North Carolina Mutual
Life Insurance Company.

Lieberman Manufacturing
Company.

Lit Brothers.

Locomotive Stoker Com¬
pany.

Jacob Lundgren.

Antonio Lupinacci.

Doctor Howard McClena-
han.

E'. W. McConnell.

McCormick & Company,
Inc. (2 Gold Medals).

Honorable John A. Mc¬
Dowell.

A. H. McLean (2 Gold
Medals).

Majestic Watch Company.

The B. Manischewitz Com¬
pany.

J. Fred Margerum.

Lt. -Commander F. Grant
Marsh.

H. W. Marshall.

Ernesto Martinelli y Cia.

Maryland-Baltimore Ses-
qui-Centennial Committee.

Suzuki Masakichi.

William W. Matos.

The Maytag Company.

Honorable Joseph P.
Meyers.

Louis Meyers & Son, Inc.

Minnesota Holstein Com¬
pany.

List of Awards — Continued

Guiseppe A. Mongelli.

Clarence Moore.

G. E. Morgan (2 Gold
Medals).

Morgan, Hastings & Com¬
pany.

Captain Sidney Morgan.

Oscar Moser.

Sanford A. Moss, Ph.D.

National Advisory Com¬
mittee for Aeronautics.

The National Drug Com¬
pany.

National Carbon Company.

National Child Welfare
Association.

National Farm School.

National Radiator Com¬
pany.

National Slate Blackboard
Company.

National Teachers Agency,
Inc.

National Wall Paper
Wholesalers’ Association.

Near East Relief.

Doctor C. H. Neubert.

New York Central Lines.

New York State College
of Forestry, Syracuse Uni¬
versity.

Wayne Nottingham.

Omos Light.

Onagoiti y Cia.

Raul Otero.

Rev. Dr. Jos. O’Hara.

Olleschau.

Osaka Industrial Arts As¬
sociation and contributors :
Moriguchi Kyuji, Hayami
Takusai, Onishi Uhei.

Owosso Sugar Company.

Paine Lumber Company,
Limited.

Agua Palau.

Panama Canal.

Paramount Textile Ma¬
chinery Company.

Parfums d’Orsay.

Arthur L. Parker.

Juan Passani (Argentine).

The E. L. Patch Com¬
pany.

The Paterson Parchment
Paper Co. (2 Gold Medals).

Pathex, Inc.

F. Pavel & Company.

William E. Pearse.

The Pennsylvania Institu¬
tion for the Deaf.

Pennsylvania Roofing
Slate Quarries.

Daniel Perses.

(Persia) Sultan Mahmoud
Amerie.

(Persia) Hedayatullah

Gbadimi.

(Persia) Agha Khan

Ghaem Maghami.

(Persia) Sani Khatam.

(Persia) Kiachefieh Or¬

phanage.

(Persia) Ali Akbar Kia-
chif.

(Persia) H. M. I. Kiachif
Brothers.

(Persia) School of Fine
Arts of Kamal-Ol-Molk.

(Persia) Miss Shamsoz

Zoha Saberi.

Philadelphia Council, Boy
Scouts of America.

Philadelphia School of De¬
sign for Women.

Pierce, Butler & Pierce
Manufacturing Corporation.

Oscar Pischinger, GmbH.
(Germany).

Pittsburgh Steel Products
Company.

Porto Rican-American To¬
bacco Company.

Casa Prada.

Premier Service Company.

Purdue University.

Philadelphia College of
Pharmacy and Science.

Quebrachales Fusionados.

Radio Corporation of
America.

Candido Ramirez.

Honorable William T.
Read.

Trust Koyero Relojero.

W. F. Renk & Sons (2
Gold Medals).

A. H. Riise (2 Gold
Medals) (Virgin Islands).

V. A. Ritter (2 Gold
Medals).

Roberts and Mander Stove
Company.

Honorable Ernest E.
Rogers.

Rogers Isinglass & Glue
Company.

James S. Rogers.

The Roosevelt Memorial
Association, Inc.

Marcus Rothschild & Son.

Percy Russell, D.D.S.

(Roumanian) A. Schorr.

Ruud Manufacturing Com¬
pany.

Sacramento Chamber of
Commerce.

Safety Car Heating and
Lighting Company.

Safety Electric Sander
Corporation.

Sangamo Electric Com¬
pany (6 Gold Medals).

Schutte & Koerting Com¬
pany.

Wm. S. Scull Company.

J. P. Seeburg Piano Com¬
pany.

A. Landrin Seidler and
Princess Lubor Schetinin.

Mondo y Serres.

Severiano Jorge y Com-
pania.

Doctor K. W. Shaw.

Beatrix Sherman.

Dr. J. G. B. Siegert &
Sons.

Silent Automatic Corpora¬
tion.

Stephen Chapman Simms.

Smith, Drum & Company.

J. O. Singmaster & Son.

Sni-A-Bar Farms (2 Gold
Medals) .

Southern Textile Ma¬
chinery Co.

(Spain) H. Agelet y Cia.,
S. en C.

(Spain) Cabrelles.

(Spain) Barrera y Barata.

(Spain) Casa Guisasola.

(Spain) Castellanas Mas¬
ter Studios.

(Spain) Cividanes &
Bravo.

(Spain) Industrias de Arte
Reunidas.

(Spain) Juan Ruiz de
Luna.

491

(Spain) Felix Bernaldez
Martinez.

(Spain) Peyro.

(Spain) Major Alfonso dc
Los Reyes.

(Spain) Pando Rodriguez
y Cia., Fabrica de San
Clemente.

(Spain) A. D. Salzedo.

(Spain) Fabrecas y Sen-
tenero.

(Spain) El Real Sitio.

(Spain) Cesar de la Torre
de Trassierra.

(Spain) Ricardo Vilalta.

(Spain) Edvardo Villegas

Sparklets, Inc.

Special Libraries Associa¬
tion.

Henri Spingarn.

Spratt’s Patent, Limited.

Spring Stopper Company.

Standard Underground
Cable Company.

Sterling Range aijd Fur¬
nace Corporation.

Rear-Admiral Herman O.
Stickney.

George B. St. John.

St. Mungo Manufacturing
Company of America.

Storni y Company.

Strathglass Farm.

Stromberg-Carlson Tele¬
phone Mfg. Co.

Structural Slate Company.

P. J. Sullivan.

Sun Oil Company (2 Gold
Medals).

Stewart D. Swan, Ph.D.

Sword Burners, Incorpo¬
rated.

Sycamore Farms.

The Synagogue Council of
America.

Hollinshead N. Taylor.

R. Tedeschi.

C. B. Teegartin & Sons
(2 Gold Medals).

Temple University.

Jose Thenee.

Thermokept Corporation.

Miss Martha G. Thomas.

Holland Thompson, Ph.D.

Oakleigh Thorne.

Louis C. Tiffany.

Casa Tosto.

Beatrice Toubkin.

Treasure Island, Inc.

Trussell Manufacturing
Company.

U. S. Steamboat Inspec¬
tion Service, Department of
Commerce.

U. S., The Alaskan Rail¬
road, Department of the In¬
terior.

U. S., The General Land
Office, Department of the In¬
terior.

U. S., The Geological Sur¬
vey, Department of the In¬
terior.

U. S., The National Park
Service, Department of the
Interior.

U. S., The Children’s Bu¬
reau, Department of Labor.

U. S., The Women’s Bu¬
reau, Department of Labor.

U. S., Library of Con¬
gress, Washington, D. C.

U. S., Bureau of Aero¬
nautics, Navy Department.

List of Awards — Continued

U. S., Bureau of Con¬
struction and Repair, Navy
Department.

United States Marine
Corps, Navy Department.

United States Naval Acad¬
emy, Navy Department.

U. S., Naval Observatory,
Navy Department.

U. S., Bureau of Agricul¬
tural Economics, Depart¬
ment of Agriculture.

U. S., The Bureau of Ani¬
mal Industry, Department of
Agriculture.

U. S., The Bureau of

Chemistry, Department of
Agriculture.

U. S., The Bureau of

Dairy Industry, Department
of Agriculture.

U. S., The Bureau of

Home Economics, Depart¬
ment of Agriculture.

U. S., The Federal Horti¬
cultural Board, Department
of Agriculture.

U. S., The Insecticide and
Fungicide Board, Depart¬
ment of Agriculture.

U. S., The Office of In¬
formation, Department of
Agriculture.

U. S., The Office of Mo¬
tion Pictures, Department of
Agriculture.

United States Civil Serv¬
ice Commission.

U. S., The Bureau of
Fisheries, Department of
Commerce.

U. S., The Census Bureau,
Department of Commerce.

U. S., The Central Gallery,
Department of Commerce.

U. S., The Coast and Geo¬
detic Survey, Department of
Commerce.

James Richardson Adams.
The Aerocrete Corporation
of America.

Alexander S. Alexander.
American Eugenics Society.
Clifton Allen.

Ames Iron Works.

Y. Ando.

Ansco Photoproducts, Inc.
R. Arai.

Leif Arup.

(Austria) Jacob Altenberg.
(Austria) Rudolf Bahnert,
(Austria) Karl Hagen-
auner.

(Austria) Anton Henn.
(Austria) Carl Mayr &
Company.

(Austria) Johann Posselt.
(Austria) Hans Wottle.
Rose Baker.

Balloon Amusement Com¬
pany.

James Barnes.

William Pope Barney.
Franklin Barrett.

Dudley Bartlett.

Arthur E. Bassett, D.D.S.
Clifford W. Bates.

Geo. H. Benzon, Jr.

U. S., National Committee
on Wood Utilization, Depart¬
ment of Commerce.

United States Patent Of¬
fice, Department of Com¬
merce.

U. S., Navy Radio and
Sound Exhibit, Navy Depart¬
ment.

U. S. Post Office Depart¬
ment (2 Gold Medals).

U. S. Public Buildings and
Public Parks of the National
Capital.

United States Coast Guard,
Treasury Department.

U. S. Bureau of Engrav¬
ing and Printing, Treasury
Department.

U. S. Mint, Treasury De¬
partment.

U. S. Public Health Serv¬
ice. Treasury Department (3
Gold Medals).

United States Veterans’
Bureau.

United States Cast Iron
Pipe and Foundry Company.

United States Printing
and Lithograph Company.

Universal Winding Com¬
pany.

Mother M. Ursule De
Jonckhere.

Union Special Machine
Company.

Union Switch & Signal
Company.

J. B. Van Sciver Com¬
pany.

Alejandro Moreno Vivot.

J. F. Walker & Sons.

Rodman Wanamaker.

C. Wang.

Warren-Knight Company.

G. Washington Coffee Re¬
fining Company.

John Warren Watson Com¬
pany.

Silver Medals

K. A. Berger.

Benjamin L. Berry.

The Best Foods, Inc.

Bethlehem Steel Corpora¬
tion (2 Silver Medals).

George H. Bickley.

Dr. Mabel Bishop.

Fernand Bloch.

Rev. John J. Bonner, D.D.

D. O. Bornn & Sons.

D. Knickerbocker Boyd.

fleorge A. Brennan.

Robert R. Bringhurst.

Mrs. Helen Barnes Brown.

Zaidee Brown.

Frank J. Callier.

C. Isabel Campbell.

Mother M. Caroline.

Thomas M. Chance.

P. K. Chang.

Child Study Association of
America, Inc.

(China) ChangchoAy Parish
House.

(China) The Eagle Globe
Polish Company.

(China) Shun Chang Yuen
Glassware Works.

Chinese Manufacturers of
Phonograph Records and par-

492

Weather Bureau, Depart¬
ment of Agriculture.

Ernest G. Weber.

Honorable Frank B.
Weeks.

Westingbouse Electric and
Manufacturing Company (4
Gold Medals).

Westmoreland Coal Com¬
pany.

West Texas Chamber of
Commerce.

The S. S. White Dental
Manufacturing Company.

White Rock Mineral
Springs Company.

Winthrop C. Whittemore,
D.M.D.

Wild Flower Preservation
Society, Inc.

J. Leon Williams, D.D.S.

Harry T. Wilkins (2 Gold
Medals).

J. M. Wilson.

Major Sir Nevile R. Wil¬
kinson, K.C.V.O.

William P. Wilson.

J. Wiss & Sons Company

Martha S. Wittnauer.

Wolff Manufacturing Cor¬
poration.

R. D. Wood & Company.

The Woods School.

Jenny Wren Company.

A. S. Wright.

The A. E. Wright Com¬
pany.

Wuerfel & Horna.

Yokohama, Association of
General Goods of, and con¬
tributors: Shinano Agar-

Agar Guild, K. Kobayashi, S.
Nagaoka, Nippon Peppermint
Manufacturing Company.

York Manufacturing Com¬
pany.

Gabriel C. Yun.

Adrian Zagbis and Son.

Hajnalka Zilcer.

O. F. Zurn Company.

ticipants : The China Evening
Post, The Great China Com¬
pany.

(China) Hwa Ching Com¬

pany.

(China) Collective Exhibit
of Honey and Wax Industry
and participants : Hwa I-Tze,
Shiu Nien Agricultural So¬
ciety, Chekiang Institute of
Agriculture.

(China) Collective Exhibit
of Duck and Goose Feather
Industry and participants:
Tung Yuen Company, Hwa
Sing Company, K. K. Tung.

(China) The C. I. T.
Works.

G. I. Christie.

Arthur Church.

Guillian H. Clamer.

Edward L. Clark.

Miss S. Lillian Clayton.
R.N.

The Coleman Lamp &
Stove Company.

William B. Coleman.

Pedro Sola Colon.

Commercial Coal Mining
Company.

List of Awards — Continued

T. F. Cooper.

Robert J. Coulter.

Mrs. Richard S. Cox.

Dr. George S. Crampton.

Professor H. Jermain
Creighton.

Paul Philippe Cret.

Crosby, 6-5-4 Products,
Company.

Crown Optical Company.

(Cuba) Academy of His¬
tory.

(Cuba) Agricultura y Zoo-
tecnia.

(Cuba) Allones Limited.

(Cuba) American Photos
Studios.

(Cuba) Dr. Emilio Cancio-
Bello.

(Cuba) Dr. Nestor Car-
bonell.

(Cuba) Gerardo Castella¬
nos G.

(Cuba) Diario de la Ma¬
rina.

(Cuba) Echevarria y Perez,
Inc.

(Cuba) Francisco Meluza
Otero.

Cuba Odontologica.

(Cuba) Dr. M. Garcia
Garofalo Mesa.

(Cuba) Dr. Tomas Ser-
vando Gutierrez.

(Cuba) Romeu Hermanos.

(Cuba) Infanzon & Rod¬
riguez.

(Cuba) Lecuona Music
Company.

(Cuba) Mercurio.

(Cuba) El Mundo.

(Cuba) National Academy
of Arts and Learning.

(Cuba) “Neptuno.”

(Cuba) Policlinica Nacio-
nal Cubana.

Cuba, The Times of.

(Cuba) Veloso & Company.

(Cuba) El Tobaco.

George S. Cullen.

Burleigh Currier.

(Czechoslovakia) F. Bruna.

(Czechoslovakia) Pick and
Ganz.

(Czechoslovakia) Br. Jach.
& Mil. Linka.

(Czechoslovakia) Frank J.
Tuma & Company.

General Society, Daughters
of the Revolution.

De Walt Products Com¬
pany.

John Donnelly & Company.

Mrs. Sarah R. Donovan.

Dr. J. Russell Doubman.

Harry V. Dougherty.

Dr. Augustus S. Downing.

Bartley J. Doyle.

Henry A. Dreer, Inc.

A. H. Edgerton, A.M.,
Ph.D.

Henry J. Eiser.

Electric Razor Corporation
of America.

Electro Dental Manufac¬
turing Co.

The Enterprise Manufac¬
turing Company of Pennsyl¬
vania.

Frank Estrada.

Owen Brooke Evans.

R. J. Evans.

The Fairbanks Company.

E. and T. Fairbanks and
Company.

Mrs. Martha P. Falconer.

Dr. John I. Fanz.

Professor C. D. Fawcett.

John M. Fenton.

Fearn Sisters.

Professor Robert H. Fern-
aid.

Mrs. R. D. Finel.

Professor W. Q. Fitch.

Walton Forstall.

O. Fukushima.

Charles L. Fulkert.

W. H. Fulweiler.

The Garden Nurseries.

J. E. Garabrant.

General Electric Company
(3 Silver Medals).

General Pencil Company.

William Paul Gerhard,
Doctor of Engineering.

(Germany) Frederich
Schroder.

(Germany) Gebrueder
Seim.

(Germany) Pluvimors Ver-
triebs.

John K. Gerrich.

George C. Gibson.

Edmund B. Gilchrist.

Professor Arthur W. Good-
speed.

Doctor George B. Gordon.

Frank M. Graff.

Elbert A. Gruver.

E. Hackner Company.

Haiti, Republic of (6 Sil¬
ver Medals) .

Admiral Reynold T. Hall,

U. S. N.

Hubert A. Hagar (2 Silver
Medals).

M. Hara.

F. W. Harding.

Dr. Samuel Bannister
Harding.

V. Harrison-Berlitz.

Romain C. Hassrick.

Mary S. Haviland.

Professor Carl Hawley.

Ellwood Heacock.

Professor Carl Hein.

Frederic V. Hetzel.

Clarence Wilson Hewlett.

Ercell C. Hill.

Doctor George A. Hoadley.

Z. Horikoshi.

Doctor Charles B. Hollis.

Henry Howson.

Albert N. Hoxie.

Hudson River Day Line.

(Hungary) “Elizabetha.”

(Hungary) Mrs. Frank

Fodor.

(Hungary) Michael Hollo.

(Hungary) “Keramos.”

(Hungary) Dan Keres-

ztenyi.

(Hungary) Paul Keres-

ztenyi.

(Hungary) Elza Kalmar

Kovesbazi.

(Hungary) Pottery Indus¬
try.

(Hungary) Porcelain In¬
dustry.

^Hungary) Mrs. John Mol-
czer.

(Hungary) Steven and

Joseph Molnar.

(Hungary) Magda Oppel.

(Hungary) Stesvau Rad-
vanyi.

(Hungary) Irene and Mar-
git Scbontheil.

(Hungary) Bela Seenger.
(Hungary) Steven Szent-
gyorgyi.

Mother M. Ignace.

(India) Manek Brothers.
(India) F. A. M. Vincent.
Insurance Company of
North America.

International Colorgraph
Corporation.

N. lshida.

K. lsome.

Frederick A. Ives.
Governor Ed. Jackson.
(Japan) J. Hitomi.

(Japan) Y. lkuta.

(Japan) S. Ohta.

(Japan) T. Toyoshima.

C. Seymour Jones.

Ray E. Jones.

Harry Kaiser.

K. Kasai.

T. Kato.

Joseph H. Kauffmann,
D.D.S.

Professor W. H. Kava-
naugh.

T. Kazama.

Ma Tuck Kee.

George L. Kelley.

John Harvey Kellogg,
M.D., LL.D., F.A.C.S.

J. A. Kemp.

Kenmore - Fredericksburg,
Virginia, Exhibit.

John A. Kennedy.

Kate Kerby.

K i a n g s e Lacquer-ware
Manufacturers and partic¬
ipants: C. D. Wang, Y. D.
Yang, Yuen Dah Company.
M. J. Kinsella.

H. C. Knerr.

K. Kodama.

O. Komai.

La France Manufacturing
Company.

Mother M. Laureul.

Lawes Culinary Devices.

W. H. Lee.

K. C. Li.

F. Linares.

H. H. Lineaweaver & Co.,
Inc.

John F. Little.

Doctor J. Grier Long.
Very Rev. Mother M.
Louise DeMeesler.

Mother M. Lubgarde.
Giovanni Luise & Sons.
Professor H. S. Lukens.
John J. Macfarlane.

Isabel Maddison.

Godfrey S. Mahn.

Carl T. Majer.

George P. Mallonee.

Mother M. Marguerite.
Marx-Lyons Company.
Reverend Fred Sidney
Mayer.

Clarence W. McCaulley.
Howard McClenahan.

Ellis McFarland.

Dr. Claude McGinnis.
Doctor J. D. McLean.
Meadows Manufacturing
Company.

Clyde L. Messick.
Zung-Chung Mo.

Monroe County Publicity
Bureau.

493

List of Awards — Continued

Moody Bible Institute of
Chicago.

Morrison Safety Ladder
Foot Suction Grip Company.

Frederick Moser.

Margaret Steel Moss.

Y. Murai.

J. E. Myers.

The Needlework Guild of
America.

Ralph F. Nolley.

North Carolina, State of.

North State Pottery Com¬
pany.

Rose H. Oakes.

Lawrence M. Oakley.

Oasis Inc. Motor Dining
Coach de Luxe.

Ohio, Agricultural Depart¬
ment, State of.

O. K. Vacuum Brush Sales
Company.

Paispearl Products Incor¬
porated.

A. N. Palmer.

The A. N. Palmer Com¬
pany.

K. F. Pang.

Colonel Edward J. Parker.

Willard Parker.

Doctor Harold Pender.

Pennsylvania Grade Crude
Oil Association.

John Russell Pope.

Dr. Ellen C. Potter.

Pratt Food Company.

Morton Moore Price.

Proctor & Schwartz, Inc.

The Progressive Thinker.

Public Schools of the Vir¬
gin Islands.

Henry H. Qnimby.

Radio Corporation of Amer¬
ica.

Lois Antoinette Reed.

Mrs. Lena M. Roberts.

John J. Robinson.

Doctor William Dudfield
Robinson.

James S. Rogers.

Athol Ewart Rollins, A.B.

George D. Rosengarten,
Ph.D.

Royal Baking Powder Com¬
pany.

B. Sah.

Victor L. Sanderson.

Frederick J. Seaman.

Charles A. Scheuringer.

George B. Schleicher.

Schipper Bros. Coal Min¬
ing Co.

Schwab Safe Company.

Dr. B. L. Scott.

Professor Jeannette Scott.

Robert Scoville.

Wm. S. Scull Company.

Edward J. Scupham.

Seamen’s Church Institute
of America.

“Agme” Actiengesellschaft
fuer Markenerzeugnisse.
Amazon Rubber Company.
American Birth Control

League, Inc.

American Federation of

Labor.

F. R. Arnold & Company.
(Austria) Walter Bosse.
(Austria) Josef Hammer.

Coleman Sellers, 3rd.
William J. Serrill.
Sesqui-Centennial Commit¬
tee of the Protestant Epis¬
copal Church Diocese of
Penna.

S. Shirae.

C. T. Shu.

Grant M. Simon.

A. Simons.

Simplex Valve & Meter
Company (2 Silver Medals).
Marjory Sims.

John P. B. Sinkler.
Skerrett Manufacturing
Co., Inc.

(Spain) La Alpujarrena.
(Spain) Barber y Lorca.
(Spain) A. S. Barnuevo.
(Spain) M. Barrachina.
(Spain) Ramon Blay.
(Spain) Juan B. Cabedo.
(Spain) La Cartuja.
(Spain) Julian Concep¬

cion.

(Spain) Foz y Compania.
(Spain) Fundicion San

Antonio.

(Spain) Perez Gil.

(Spain) Ricardo Valdurie
Gimenez.

(Spain) Casa Gonzalea.
(Spain) La Granadina.
(Spain) Jose Guardiola.
(Spain) J. Ibargoitia.
(Spain) Salvador Izquier-
do.

(Spain) Federico Loidi.
(Spain) Tomas Maiques.
(Spain) Enrique Mariner.
(Spain) J. M. Martinez.
(Spain) V. Llopis Marti.
(Spain) Nunes y Mata-
moros.

(Spain) M. Del Olmo.
(Spain) Fernandez Pala¬
cios.

(Spain) Manuel Parra.
(Spain) Julio Pascual.
(Spain) Ramos Rejano.
(Spain) Emisio Villanova.
Rupert P. Sorelle.

Victor Spitz.

Ernest B. Sprankle.

Mrs. James Starr (2 Sil¬
ver Medals).

Mrs. E. D. Stelling.

Adolf Stelling
Simon Steudler.

Edwin D. Stevens.

Anne Biddle Stirling.

John W. Stockwell
St. Thomas Bay Rum Com¬
pany, Ltd.

Stromberg-Carlson Tele¬
phone Manufacturing Com¬
pany.

H. Craig Sutton.

Gaston Taieb.

Bronze Medals

(Austria) Karl Hittmann’s
Wwe.

James M. Babinec.

Frank Baldwin.

Dr. Louise C. Ball.
William J. Barton.

Henry Bodkin.

Samuel ft. Boggs.

Lindner Bongaardt.
Bridgeton, N. J., City of.

494

Jacob Taiewonsky.

E. Terasaki.

Mary Louise Terrien.

Doctor W. E. Thompson.

W. H. Tomhave.

E. A. Tompkins.

Charles R. Toothaker.

Trans-Lux Daylight Pic¬
ture.

J. S. Tow.

The Tri-Lok Company.

Dr. H. W. Tseng.

James C. Tucker.

Amadi Smida.

John P. Turner, M.D.

C. C. Tutwiler.

S. E. Uhler.

United States Cast Iron
Pipe and Foundry Company
(3 Silver Medals).

U. S.. The Bureau of En¬
tomology, Department of
Agriculture.

U. S., The Office of Agri¬
cultural Instruction, Depart¬
ment of Agriculture.

U. S. Steamboat Inspec¬
tion Service, Department of
Commerce.

U. S. Bureau of Pensions,
Department of the Interior.

U. S. Hydrographic office
of the Navy, Navy Depart¬
ment.

University of Delaware.

Ursinus College.

(Virgin Islands) A. H.
Riise.

Virgin Island Bay Rum
Mfg. Co.

John Wagner.

Walter C. Wagner.

Professor Bertram Walker.

William E. Wall.

Harry William Walz.

Ethel Warfield.

Ethel B. Waring, A.M.

Frederick W. Weber.

Wedge Mechanical House
Heating Furnace Company.

Roscoe L. West.

Westinghouse Electric and
Manufacturing Company (3
Silver Medals).

Professor W. Chatin
Wetherill.

W. H. White.

A. Wohltmann.

Albert B. Wolcott.

Robert L. Wood.

Professor Carl R. Wood¬
ward.

Thomas Woody.

Earl G. Wright.

George Yamaoka.

S. N. Yuan.

Hyman Zucker.

Rabbi George Zepin.

Caleb J. Brinton.

Harry B. Brown.

Reverend H. L. Burkett.
W. Atlee Burpee Company.
Honorable Harry Byrd,
Governor of Virginia.

Mrs. M. E. Cadwallader.
Capitol Machine Co., Inc.
Carter Carlton Mfg. Com¬
pany.

List of Awards — Continued

Connery & Company, Inc.
John F. Cousart.

Ernest L. Crandall.
Georges P. Creuse.

(Cuba) Ballesteros & Com¬
pany.

(Cuba) Osvaldo Bernardon.
(Cuba) Compania Indus¬
trial Mato, S. A.

(Cuba) Fabrica de Lad-
rillos Capdevila, S. A.

(Cuba) Infanzon & Rod¬
riguez (2 Bronze Medals).

(Czechoslovakia) Vaclav
Nosek.

(Denmark) C. Joachim.
Jennie G. Diehl.

George Dunn.

Sara Eddie.

Harry Edwards.

The Enterprise Manufac¬
turing Company of Pennsyl¬
vania.

Forhan Company.

William L. Fisher.

General Electric Company.
Walter Gilbert.

Globe Slicing Machine
Company, Inc.

Arthur J. Godwin.

Mrs. Fred Grosscup.

S. E. Guinn Mfg. Co.
Haiti, Republic of.

Lena M. Hodge.

Holly Book Store, Inc.
Carl C. Holzapfel.

F. Hoyt & Company.
(Hungary) Olga Szabo.

C. Howard Hunt Pen Com¬
pany.

C. Francis Jones.

Thomas W. Jones.

Ichang Mission Products.
International Printing
Pressmen & Assistants’ Union
of N. A.

Chas. M. Kramberger.
Ossa A. Krebiehl.

The Kuffeez Company.
Martin Lasa.

Carl F. Lauber.

Anton Aas.

Professor Felix Adler.

Ajax Bobbin & Spool Com¬
pany.

Madame Allone Doll Com¬
pany.

American Civic Associa¬
tion.

American Safety Table
Company.

(Argentine) Alejandro T.
Bollini.

(Argentine) Dr. Felipe A.
Espil.

(Argentine) Eduardo
Gruning Rosas.

(Austria) Hans Wottle.

Becker, Smith & Page,
Inc.

Lewis S. Bowman.

H. Cadwallader, Jr.

California Walnut Grow¬
ers’ Association.

Eversley Childs.

Christopher B. Coleman.

(Cuba) Manuel R. Pintado.

(Cuba) Pedro Rodriguez.

S. S. Fong.

Mrs. H. E. Ford & Son.

Anna B. Lentz.

E. J. Lidholm.

Arthur E. Lindborg.

Calixto Rodriguez Mauri.

E. W. McConnell and
Frank L. Talbot.

Metropolitan Life Insur¬
ance Company.

Henry F. Michell Com¬
pany.

Molby Boiler Company.

Dr. Charles Moore.

National Council of Jewish
Women.

National Farm School.

Negro Needlework Activi¬
ties.

North Carolina Department
of Agriculture.

North Carolina Department
of Conservation and Develop¬
ment, Raleigh.

North Carolina Department
of Health.

North Carolina Historical
Commission, Raleigh.

North Carolina Department
of Public Instruction, Ra¬
leigh.

North Carolina Division of
Negro Education, State De¬
partment of Public Instruc¬
tion.

North Carolina State High¬
way Commission.

Fernandez Palicio y Cia.
S. en C.

Charles N. Pappas.

Pennsylvania League of
Women Voters.

Peerless Weighing Ma¬
chine Company.

Philadelphia Council of
the Home and School Asso¬
ciations.

Portable Machinery Com¬
pany.

Presidio Nacional.

Joseph Rapsevez.

Ready-To-Hang Clothes
Dryer Company.

Honorable Mention

Mrs. Howard S. Gaus.

Mrs. Amelia Gehringer.

General Electric Company
(3 Honorable Mentions).

William B. Gilmour.

Henry Gleason.

Dr. Benjamin C. Gruen-
berg.

Mrs. Sidonie M. Gruen-
berg.

(India) M. Dealdas &
Sons.

Indiana Corn Growers’ As¬
sociation.

Indiana Horticultural So¬
ciety.

John R. Inscho.

Haiti, Republic of (2 Hon¬
orable Mentions).

Ralph Heilman.

E. H. Hopkins.

A. C. Howard Shoe Polish
Company.

J. D. Hull.

(Hungary) “E'xisit.”

(Hungary) Eva Strieker.

(Hungary) John Tersan-
szky.

Japan Tourist Bureau.

495

J. Harris Reed.

Elmer M. Rice.

Rochambeau Import & Ex¬
port Company.

Romeo y Julieta S. A.

Sanitary Postage Service
Corporation.

C. F. Seabrook Company.

Barton Sensenig, M.A.

Richard Sheer.

Clarence R. Shoemaker.

Silver-Brite Manufactur¬
ing Company, Inc.

F. M. Smith.

(Spain) Arturo Garcia
Carraffa.

(Spain) Hijas de J. Es-
pasa.

(Spain) Angulo Garcia.

(Spain) A. G. Malabear.

(Spain) Jos6 Rubio.

Standard Shop Equipment
Company, Inc. (2 Bronze
Medals).

Mrs. J. B. Starr, Jr.

Reverend Percy R. Stock-
man.

Sun Oil Company.

Hermes Lodge of The
Theosophical Society of
America.

Tiny Toy Manufacturing
Company.

Alice N. Trask.

Honorable E. Lee Trinkle.

United Utilities & Engi¬
neering Corporation.

Villamil, Santalla y Cia.
S. en C.

Vineland, N. J., Chamber
of Commerce.

Dr. Louis C. Washburn.

Westinghouse Union Bat¬
tery Company.

The White-Williams Foun¬
dation.

Miss Woods School for
Exceptional CRildren.

York Oil & Chemical Com
pany.

Dr. D. Jayne & Son.

D. B. Johnson.

Lena W. Jones.

Charles Kittleborough.

Knox County Horticultural
Society.

John Kodet.

LaFrance Textile Indus¬
tries.

Edward M. LaMar.

Lawrence County Horti¬
cultural Society.

J. Otto Lee.

Richard Leiber.

Lillian Lewis.

Robert Mackay.

Herman Mayer Company,
Inc.

William R. Mendte.

B. Morterud.

Mrs. S. A. Nichols.

Owen County Horticultural
Society.

Teachers in the A & B
Grades of the Advanced De¬
partment (Academic) Penna.
Institute for the Deaf.

Mrs. James L. Penny-
packer.

List of Awards — Continued

(Persia) Zahra Khanum
Kiachef.

Karl Pfafflin.

The Phillips-Laffitte Com¬
pany.

Mrs. Cecile Pilpel.

M. L. Plumb.

Proportional Representa¬
tion League.

Quaker Lace Company.

A. H. Radford.

Regional Planning Federa¬
tion of the Philadelphia Tri-
State District.

Laura Spelman Rockefeller
Memorial.

Sangamo Electric Company
(3 Honorable Mentions).

Gold Medals
H. Anglada-Camarasa.
Boris Anisfeld.

Frank W. Benson.
Miguel Blay.

Emil Carlsen.

Gleb W. Deruj insky.
Lawren Harris.

Childe Hassam.

Charles W. Hawthorne.
Chien Hua-Fu.

Annie Hurlburt Jackson.
Kawashima Jinbei.

Ando Jubei.

Mori Junjiro.

Rockwell Kent.

Albert Laessle.

Paul Manship.

Gari Melchers.

Ivan Mestrovic.

Komai Otojiro.

Joseph T. Pearson, Jr.
Tanaka Rishichi.

Leopold Seyffert.

Takeuchi Seiho.

Iida Shinshichi.

Ohgaki Sbokun.

John Sloan.

Nishimura Sozaemon.
Robert Spencer.

Shunko Kohyu Sugiura.
Ohta Toshiro.

Marijan Trepse.

Ling Wen- Yuan.

Ling Fo Yang.

Yezaki Yeizo.

Ma Yi-Chuen.

During the progress of the
Exposition there was formed
a boys’ harmonica band un¬
der the direction of Albert N.
Hoxie of Philadelphia. These
juvenile musicians acquitted
themselves so creditably upon
numerous occasions that mem¬
bers of the organization were
awarded diplomas for indi¬
vidual excellence, while the
band itself received a medal
of honor. The list of those
receiving the awards follows:

Tony Sarg.

Science Park. Inc.

Scriptex Ink & Paste Com¬
pany.

Mrs. C. Shillard-Smith.

Simplex Valve & Meter
Company.

Skerrett Manufacturing
Company, Inc.

Southern Aid Society of
Virginia, Inc.

Southern Industrial Edu¬
cational Association.

Stanley J. Straus.

Julius Svitra.

J. L. Thurston.

A. F. Troyer.

C. E. Troyer.

Fine Art Awards

Silver Medals
Wayman Adams.

Walter Beck.

Ernest L. Blumenschein.
Adolphe Borie.

A. Stirling Calder.

Frank Carmichael.

John R. Conner.

Charles Demuth.

Leo Friedlander.

W. Wallace Gilchrist, Jr.
Paul L. Gill.

Kawai Gyokudo.

Frederick G. Hall.
Margaret Foote Hawley.
Charles Hopkinson.

Eric Hudson.

John C. Johansen.

Joza Kljakovic.

Sergei T. Konenkow.

Iwai Masatoshi
Allen Lewis.

Richard S. Meryman.
Mariano Miguel.

Maurice Molarsky.

Nicolai Pechin.

Albin Polasek.

Herbert Pullinger.
Sviatoslav Roerich.

W. Elmer Schofield.

Niki Seiho.

Shaw Shu-Lang.
Hasegawa Takejiro.

Leslie P. Thompson.

E. Kent K. Wetherill.

Nien Yuen-Peh.

Jose Ramon Zaragoza
Valentin de Zubiaurre.

Harmonica Band Diplomas

Gold Medal
Albert N. Hoxie.

Medal of Honor

Sesqui-Centennial Harmon¬
ica Band.

Silver Medal

Lena Blanche Jones.
Fred Sonnen.

496

U. S., The Office of Coop¬
erative Extension Work, De¬
partment of Agriculture.

U. S., The Office of Ex¬
periment Stations, Depart¬
ment of Agriculture.

Vac-U-Swat Company.

Veterans of the Foreign
Wars of the United States.

M. L. Vogler.

Clyde Walb.

Mrs. Thomas Walker.

Edward F. War f el.

Mrs. Harry L. Water-
house.

West Philadelphia Shop
Employes.

L. H. Wu.

Bronze Medals
Peggy Bacon.

Burtis Baker.

Lowell L. Balcom.

R. Sloan Bredin.

Eda Nemoede Casterton.
Ming Hsian-Ching.

Sheng Wun-Shang.

John E. Costigan.

Antonio Sanchez Araujo.
John C. Vondrous.
Preston Dickinson.

John F. Folinsbee.
Beatrice Fenton.

Howard Giles.

Walter Goltz.

Frederic V. Guinzburg.
George O. Hart.

Yoshida Homei.

Yamamoto Kanaye.

Tobari Kogan.

Clarence R. Johnson.
Benjamin T. Kurtz.
Katharine W. Lane.
Hayley Lever.

Joel J. Levitt.

Antonio P. Martino.

B. J. O. Nordfeldt.

Marie Danforth Page.
Henry B. Pancoast, Jr.
Ivan Radovic.

Wellington J. Reynolds.
A. H. Robinson
Rudolph Ruzicka.

Birger Sandzen.

Charles J. Taylor.
Theodore Van Soelen.
John Wenger. _

Alejandro Ortiz Echague.
Alice Kent Stoddard.
Harry Wickey.

M. W. Zimmerman.

Honorable Mention

Daniel Adelsburg.
William Anderer.

John Ashcroft.

Joseph Benison.

Morris Blinder.

John Brecht.

Richard Cameron.
Louis Chaiken.

Eugene Clauson.

Paul Cohen.

Orlando Cole.

Jerry Coltune.

List of Awards — Continued

Paul F. Donatb.
Louis Farnan.

Lewis Feldman.
Eugene Freckete.
John D. Frick.

Paul Gershman.

Max Goldstein.

Abe Gorsky.

Joseph Graham.
William Grieb.
Robert Hay.

William Hay.

Frank M. Headman.
Jack Hirsch.

Edwin Hohlfeld.
Arthur Jackson.

Babe Jaffe.

Max Jarvis.

Jack Kane.

Bernard Kaplin.
Martin Kaplin.
Joseph Keiserman.

Fred Kornfeld.
Raymond Kraus.
Albert Langley.

John Lanham.
Abraham Lieberman.
John Mayhort.

R. E. McGinnis.
Edward McHugh.
John Mountney.
Nicholas Oberle.
Robert Ottey.

Barney Palmer.
Alfred Pannebakker.
Herman Pannebakker.
George Paroonagian.
Joseph Parsons.
Milton Pastman.
Frank Pedano.

John Pugliese.

Harry Rose.

Robert Schneider.

Reimer Schach.
Jacob Schachter.
Frank Schwartz.
Sol Shafritz.
Norman Smith.
Robert Smith.
Warren Smith.
Raymond Spritzler.
Jack Sweeten.
Melvin Thomas.
James Thorpe.
Dearon Tufankjan.
William Walton.
Gerald Woerner.
Abe Weiss.

George Werner.
Sam Winward.
Louis Yablonsky.
Justus Yerger.
Manuel Zeid.

Oscar Zimmerman.

The award to the Hoover Company has been omitted from this list because notice has been
served on the publisher that both the classification of the Hoover Company’s product and the
award to it are in litigation.

RECIPIENTS OF THE AMERICAN YOUTH AWARD AND THE

AMERICAN TEACHER AWARD

The American Youth Award and the American Teacher Award were estab¬
lished by the directors of the Sesqui-Centennial International Exposition in
recognition of the important part the youth and teachers of America have played
in the development of the nation. Each state and the District of Columbia
selected a boy and a girl of high school age who either by the performance of
some act of heroism or devotion or by virtue of some other fitting qualification
was adjudged its best representative of American ideals in youth. Likewise each
state and the District of Columbia selected a woman school teacher within its
boundaries who had accomplished the greatest good for the pupils of her state.
The recipients, with the name of the teacher third in each group, were :

Alabama

Malcolm Franklin, Birmingham
Anne Louise Dougherty, Fairhope
Mrs. Belle Garrett Scarborough,
Hayneville

Arizona

Rankin Armstrong Curtis, Phoenix
Ruth Mary Logie, Phoenix
Miss Ethel Rosenberry, Phoenix

Arkansas

Daniel Autry, Little Rock
Pauline Weaver, Prescott
Miss Bertha Vinson, Little Rock

California

Harry Logan, West Los Angeles
Mary Junita Blackburn, Los Angeles
Miss Alice Belle Williston, San Jose

Colorado

Paul Patterson, Denver
Josephine Bernice Lattin, Loretto
Mrs. Mary Elnora White Isbell,
Denver

Connecticut

David Coley Hewitt, West Hartford
Kathleen Booth Delaney, Hartford
Miss Mary F. Mallon, Bridgeport

Delaware

Franklin Collins Staats, Smyrna
Elizabeth Brown Muir, Dover
Miss Mary Brown, Glasgow

Florida

John Pierce Ingle, Jr., Jacksonville
Leslie Marie Jones, Jacksonville
Miss Ellen W. Richardson, Jackson¬
ville

Georgia

William Marlin Penn, Thomaston
Lillian Knowlton, Americus
Mrs. Sadie L. Grant, Covington

Idaho

Vernon Morgan Budge, Paris
Catherine Ogden, Boise
Miss Ivy M. Wilson, Boise

Illinois

Frank Ernest Kanter, Chicago
Lois Ellene Taylor, Earlville
Miss Laura Williamson, Chicago

Indiana

Collier H. Young, Indianapolis
Sarah Isabel Sherwood, Indianapolis
Miss Elizabeth Eloise Flett, Roch¬
ester

497

Iowa

Burton Lee Moine O’Connor, Nqwton
Thelma Eldridge, Des Moines
Miss Henrietta Frank, Cedar Rapids

Kansas

Joseph Winchester, Jr., Minneapolis
Vesta Wolfersperger, Minneapolis
Miss Laura Fitch, Kansas City

Kentucky

Newell Marmaduke Hargett, Augusta
Sarah Slack Rogers, Frankfort
Miss Eva Allen, Louisville

Louisiana

George Earle Leone, Zwolle
Elsie Clare Thomas, New Orleans
Miss Irene Maude Laskey, New
Orleans

Maine

Clayton Francis White, Norway
Hallie A. McKeen, Stoneham
Miss Annie Eugenia Bailey, Sanford

Maryland

Thomas Jefferson Miller, Jr.,
Baltimore

Elizabeth S. Wise, Baltimore
Miss Mary Lucy Redmond,
Annapolis

Massachusetts

Walter Joseph Moberg, Dorchester
Jean Currie Campbell, Springfield
Miss Julia F. Callahan, Lynn

Michigan

Thomas J. Rentenbach, Hancock
Wilma Bertha Kraus, St. Johns
Miss Emma Loughnane, Lapeer

Minnesota

Harold Carlson, Aitkin
Clara Haueter, Norwood
Miss Annie J. Hawes, Renville

Mississippi

Hal Stuart Raper, Columbus

Bena Virden, Canton

Miss Bessie Jane Weaver, Columbus

Missouri

Alfred A. Niederhelmun, Holt’s
Summit

Emma Alice Robeson, Kansas City
Miss Ella F. Helm, Webb City

Montana

Russell Evans Smith, Billings

Evelyn Watt, Bozeman

Miss Nellie Redlingshafer, Creston

Nebraska

Edward Brown, Omaha
Edna L. Daniels, Hershey
Miss Bird Claybaugh, Omaha

Nevada

Abe S. Riley, Carson City
Kathryn Mary Robison, Sparks
Mrs. Libbie Conover Booth, Reno

New Hampshire
John S. Hobson, Concord
Alice Margaret Thompson, East
Rochester

Miss Marion R. Stebbins, Concord
New Jersey

H. Walter Muller, Jersey City
Edith May Adams, Barrington
Miss Elizabeth G. Gilbert, Jersey
City

New Mexico

Benjamin Franklin Rose, Jr., Roswell
Hazel Amelia Smith, Roswell
Sr. Mary Bernard, Santa Fe

New York

Arthur Franklyn Kennell, New York
Jean Livingston Marx, Albany
Miss E. Florence Kimmins, Buffalo

North Carolina

James Martin Johnson, Jr., Raleigh
Frances Claire Thomas, Raleigh
Miss Eliza Anne Pool, Raleigh

North Dakota

Edwin McCosh, Valley City
Miriam Clarice Belk, Bismarck
Miss Mary Stark, Mandan

Ohio

William Bruce Campbell, Youngs¬
town

Virginia Angell Williams, Cleveland
Miss Cassie M. Kelner, Lakewood

Oklahoma

Arthur Melvin Wise, Clinton
Frances Lucile Tate, Oklahoma City
Miss Etta D. Dale, El Reno

Oregon

Charles Sumner Campbell, Dallas
Edith Louise Starrett, Salem
Miss Leona L. Larrabee, Portland

P ennsylvania

Carl John Werner Long, Carrick
Helen F. Dodge, Philadelphia
Miss Ethel Daisy Ray, Oakmont

Rhode Island

Carl Milton Conrad Krantz, West
Warwick

Alice Irene Tew, West Warwick
Miss Ella Louise King, Central Falls

South Carolina
Davis Jeffries, Jr., Union
Anne LaTrobe New, Columbia
Miss Blanche Garner, Union

498

South Dakota

John Tilden King, Pierre
Veda Grace Frothinger, Bradley
Miss Anna Kennedy, Pierre

Tennessee

Robert L. Billington, Jr., Columbia
Mary Lester Pullin, Knoxville
Miss Ellen Click, Sneedville

Texas

Clovis Balford Morrison, Hagerman
Mary Johnson, San Antonio
Mrs. Ella F. Little, Temple

Utah

Robert Llewellyn Davis, Salt Lake
City

Helen Morrison Alkire, Salt Lake
City

Miss Matilda Peterson, Salt Lake
City

Vermont

Major B. Jenks, Burlington
Rena Marguerite Bush, Bellows Falls
Miss Jessie Axtell Judd, Bellows
Falls

Virginia

William Hatcher Connelly, Gladys
Anne Elizabeth Garrett, Danville
Miss Katherine Powell Howerton,
West Point

Washington

Paul Victor Anderson, Tacoma

Ethel Alice Paul, Camas

Miss Frances Stubblefield, Spokane

West Virginia

John Lichtenberger Bruner, Giarles-
ton

Irene Barnes Carney, Sherrard
Miss Edna Jones, Morgantown

Wisconsin

William Hamilton Frackelton,
Milwaukee

Irma Radtke, Portage

Miss Ruth Neprud, West Allis

Wyoming

Earl L. Collins, Powell

Thelma Martha Bowser, Hillsdale

Miss May Amoretta Ives, Sheridan

District of Columbia

Lawrence J. O’Neill, Washington
Roberta Harrison, Washington
Miss Maud E. Aiton, Washington

SESQUI-CENTENNIAL FESTIVAL CHORUS

Central Unit

Acheson, Constance
Achieff, Luella
Ackley, Mrs. Ida M.
Adams, Louise
Adams, Sarah
Alleback, Mrs.

Catherine
Altenderfer, G. W.
Aman, Bertha
Anderson, Arthur B.
Anderson,

Catherine T.
Anderson, Mrs. G.
Angeny, Ida T.
Archer, Catherine
Archinal, Kitty
Aston, Annie E.
Bachter, Elizabeth
Bachter, Joseph
Bailey, Chester E.
Bailey. E. Donald
Bailey, Minnie A.
Baker, Mrs. Robert
Bale, H. Rowland
Barbour, Gerald A.
Barnes, Mildred
Bartle, Mrs. George S.
Bartlett, William G.
Bauer, Emily A.
Baxter, Isaac J.
Beacher, Helen
Bean, Mary E.

Beck, Mrs. Anna
Beck, Louis R.

Beck, Marie
Bemson, Matilda
Berry, Mildred
Berry, Olive E.
Beveridge, Mrs. H.
Bhatta, Elizabeth
Biehl, Mrs. Babetta

Biehl, Frieda
Bigley, Margaret A.
Binns, Mrs. Ruth
Bittner, Mrs. A. Curtis
Blanton, Louise
Blumberg, Rosella N.
Board, Gertrude D.
Boelke, Selma D.
Bogardus, Helen
Bokser, Bertha
Boner, Gladys A.
Boner, Mrs. Mildred
Bones, Martin L.
Boudart, John A.
Boudwin, Anna
Boudwin, Mrs. E. S.
Bougy, Mrs.

William E.

Bowen, Mrs. Bessie
Bowers, Benjamin N.
Bracken, Elizabeth
Bradley, Lawlor
Brandt, Mrs. J. E.
Bray, Harry
Brobst, Mrs. Gertrude
Brookes, Grace
Brooks, Ida
Broom, Dorothy B.
Brown, Mrs. G.

Brown, Samuel J.
Buck, Emma
Buckner, Florence L.
Bunting, Frances B.
Bunting, Jennie
Bunting, Sue
Bussey, Eleanor
Buttenbusch,

Josephine
Bixler, Mrs. W.
Herbert

Bixler, W. Herbert

Cairns, A.

Carson. Mrs. K.
Carson, Louisa
Cassidy, Regina
Cassler, Grace
Chadwick, Alice
Chadwick, May
Chappell, Emma D.
Chappell, Marion
Childs, Kathryn
Clark, Grace M.
Clark, William A.
Clausen, Agnes
Clausen, Edna
Clavan, Gertrude
Clinton, J. Kenneth
Cliver, Elsie R.
Coffee, Samuel H.
Coleman, Edna G.
Collier, Austin M.
Congdon, Anna M.
Connell, F.V. B.
Connolly, Sadie
Constable, Mary L.
Conway, Emma L.
Cooper, Mary E.
Corrigan, Elizabeth
Corrigan, Minnie
Cotrell, W. E.
Craven, Nettie M.
Crist, Hannah
Cross, Mary E.
Crum, John W.
Culver, Ada
Cunnington,
Marjorie M.
Curtin, Vi
Dallas, Viola M.
Dallas, Mrs. W.
Dalpe, Frances I.
Dandy, Dominick

Daw, Marian
Dawson, Alice
Dayton, Logan M.
Deiss, Arthur L.
Delany, D. M.

Delany, Helen
Demorest, Lois
Dengler, Louise B.
Dennychuk, Dr. Simon
De Pue, Mrs. George
De Pue, Helen E.
Devereux, Mrs. Ella E.
Devereux, John C.
Dice, Anna
Dickinson, Joseph S.
Dietzel, Mrs. E. H.
Dollarton, Betty A.
Donaldson,

Frederick W.
Donaldson, Margaret
Doran, Mrs. E. M.
Downes, Edward
Drabble, Edna B.

Drew, Mrs. Jane
Drossin, Rhea
Du Bois, Sarah C.
Duffy, J. E.

Dunmire, Ethel M.
Ebert, Louise
Ehlers, Josephine C.
Echhom, David
Eike, Ruth L.

Elder, Anna
Elliott, Brantley E.
Elliott, Frank R.
Elliott, Mrs. Mabel
Ely, Mrs. Irma L.
Engel, Mrs. Bertha
Engelke, Mrs. Sandy
English, Edith M.
English, Lillian M.

Festival Chorus — Continued

Enos, Mrs. Clara
Ermold, Mrs. M. Atlee
Esslinger, Josephine
Evans, lone H.

Ewing, Emma N.

Faber, Mrs. Alice S.
Farner, Dorothy
Farner, Margaret
Feiereisel, Ida
Fein, Mrs. Ella
F eldmanm Anna
Felgoise, Clara
Ferris, Emma M.
Ferris, Mrs. I.

Fieldin, Mrs.

Florence C.

Filer, Emma V.
Finkeldey, Anna
Finkeldey, Louise
Fisher, Mrs. A. W.
Fisher, Alfred W.
Fisher, Sara K.
Fishman, Rosa
Flanagan, Mrs.

William J.

Flanagan, William J.
Flynn, Joseph O.
Foering, Helen V.
Ford, Mrs. Albert W.
Ford, Fannie P.

Ford, Franklin L.

Fose, Mrs. Clara
Fox, Alma M.

Fox, Anna
Fox, Ernest
Fox, Gertrude
Fox, Hattie
Fox, Marie
Fox, Thomas
Frank, Edward Earl
Frank, P. R.

Franz, Mrs.

Madeline V.

Frazier, Mrs.

Nadine B.

Freas, Herbert A.

Free, Minnie L.

Fricka, Ellena
Friend, K. D.

Fuller, Mrs. A. C.
Fulton, Margaret S.
Fulweiler, Florence K.
Furlong, Edward
Gaerthe, William J.
Garrett, Bessie
Garrighan, Edward A.
Garttmyer, Mrs. A.
Gaugle, Henry G.
Gelehrter, Pauline
Gelzinis, Nellie M.
Gentner, Mrs. William
Gibson, Mrs. Anna F.
Gill, Mrs. Harry N.
Gilvear, Mrs. R.
Gladding, Mrs. Maude
Goldman, Ruth
Goodfellow, Frances
Goodwin, Josephine
Gordon, Oswald H.
Gordon, Sara
Gosner, Clarke
Gootshall, Jane
Graeff, Harry P.

Graeff , R. R.

Graessle, Emil F., Jr.
Graham, Florence B.
Graham, Jennie
Graham, Mrs. Laura
Graham, Virginia A.
Greenfield, Irene
Greer, A.

Greiner, Rosa B.
Gressel, Pauline
Grey, Wilbert
Griffith, T. W.

Griffiths, M. Florence
Gruner, Emma G.

Grinnage, Jessie I.
Grubb, Mrs. Mabel M.
Gruber, Louise
Gruner, Helen F.
Guinan, Gertrude
Gunten, Clara van
Haas, Goldie R.

Haas, Sylvia J.

Haenel, Emma E.
Hagenkotter, Violet
Hahn, Bertha
Haigh, Helen
Hall, Mrs. A. M.

Hall, Arthur W.

Hall, Olive M.

Hallas, Mrs. Edith O.
Hallas, Virginia
Halteman, Milton L.
Hamilton, Thomas F.
Hanley, Mrs. Guy
Hanna, Eliz. A.
Harmstad, Mrs. Harry
Harmstad, Harry
Harper, Mrs. Gladys
Harrington, Ruth
Harris, A.

Harris, Mrs. C. R.
Hartmann, Mrs.

Louise

Harward, Kathryn
Hazell, Mrs. A. T. C.
Heifner, Mrs. L. M.
Heil, Ida
Heil, Nicholas
Heimberger, Mathilda
Heimberger,

R. Elisabeth
Heiser, May R.
Hendrickson, Mrs.
John B.

Hendrick, Florence S.
Hense, James Henry
Herman, Rebecca
Herrin, Lillian
Herrmann, Mrs.

Mae E.

Herron, Esther
Hess, Anna E.

Hess, Mrs. Lillian
Hess, Mary C.

Hess, Mrs. M.L.
Hewitt, Mrs.

Margaret
Hibbs, Catherine
Hildreth, Nora
Hill, D. A.

Hillier, Josephine
Hinchcliffe, Adalyn J.
Hippie, Mrs. Mary
Hirch, Beatrice
Hirst, Esther T.

Ho dell, John J.
Hoeppler, Mrs.
Charlotte

Hollopeter, Charles F.
Hollopeter, Henry C.
Holloworth, Florence
Holzwarth, Amanda T.
Holzworth, Anna M.
Holzworth,

Frederick W.
Horner, Bertha E.
Horton, Lydia S.
Hosbach, Lydia J.
Hosbach, W. S.

Houck, Elsie
Hoy, Wesley
Hubbert, Mrs. Harvey
Hubbert, Harvey
Hudson, Grace I.
Hugger, Janet
Hughes, Cora
Hunsberger, John
Hussey, Mrs. J.
Hussey, Margaret
Immel, Mary B.
Ireland, Mrs. W. J.

Irwin, Hilda M.

Irwin, James M.
Jackson, Mrs. Caleb A.
Jackson, Neva W.
Jacobson, F. E.
Jacobson, Frank L.
Jacobson, Rebecca
Jeffries, M. Cecilia
Jenemann,

Elizabeth B.
Jenemann, Harry J.
Jenkins, Mrs. Douglas
Jenkins, Flora V.
Jenks, Rae B.

Jesse, Elizabeth B.
Jesse, Herbert A.
Jewell, Anna R.

Jillard, William G.
Johnson, Esther S.
Johnson, Harriet C.
Johnson, Kathryn E.
Johnson, Leonard G.
Johnston, Mrs. R. S.
Johnston, Robert S.
Jones, A. Arthur
Jones, Alice
Jones, Bessie A.

Jones, Nan
ones, Mrs. Sallie M.
Jones, Sara
Jung, Dorothea E.
Justice, Mildred E.
Kachel, Anna M.
Kalne, Fred A.

Kalter, Bella
Kane, Albert
Kass, Fannie
Kauffman, Margaret
Kearney, Mrs.

Joseph A.

Kear ins, Jane E.
Keenard, Mrs. C.
Keller, Eleanor M.
Kennedy, Florence
Kelley, Mrs. Viola M.
Kent, Mabel E.
Kessler, Evelyn
King, Mrs. Laura
King, Margaret
Kistler, D. A.

Kitchen, Mrs. G. B.
Kline, Anna G.

Knight, Eleanor
Knight, Rae
Koble, Elizabeth
Koch, Harry E.
Koerwer, Emma
Kohl, Mrs. C. E.
Koockogey, C. Edna
Kornban, Anna W.
Krashef, Regina
Krashef, Stella
Kreitkin, Simm
Kugler, Sophie C.
Kunz, Edgar
Kunz, Emanuel
Kunz, George W.
Kurtz, F. G.

Ladner, Evelyn M.
Lafferty, Lillian
Lambert, L.

Lange, Marie C.
Langham, Edythe
Langstadter, Rose F.
Latham, Chester B.
Lavin, Sara G.

Lawley, M. H.

Lawson, Florence W.
Leaphart, Harry L.
Lee, Margaret
Lee, Margaret E.

Lees, John S.

Lehman, Almeda A.
Lemont, Mrs. Mary P.
Leshner, Violet L.
Letts, Allan M.

Levers, Edna F.

Levin, Frances
Lillicup, Mrs.

_ William H.

Linder, Marie
Lindt-vonder, M.
Lindt-vonder,, Captain
Lippincott, Hilda
Lithgow, Anna
List, Mrs. W. H.

Lloyd, Mrs. William
Lloyd, William A.
Lockhart, Ethel
Locuson, Mrs.

Clara M.

Loeb, Mildred
Longacre, Lucy M.
Lorenz, Helen P.
Lowe, Helen
Lukaisct, Ann
Lutton, Benjamin F.
Lydon, Joseph
Lynn, Mrs. Mary J.
Lynn, Mrs. W.

Lyon, Mrs. Mary
Lytel, Mrs. Eunice
Leonard, Mrs. George
Macfarland, Dorothy
Macferon, Mrs. M; B.
Macgregor, Flora K.
Magann, Charlotte
Magill, Mrs. L. R.
Maguire, May
Maier, Laura E.
Manning, Florence L.
Margolis, Mrs. Philip
Markley, Mrs. Ada V.
Marsh, Eliza J.

Marsh, Henrietta
Marsh, Mabel S.
Marshall, Thomas F.
Martin, L. C.

Martin, Leah
Masland, Alan
Mason, Dora
Mauger, Mrs. Anna F.
Mayer, Mrs.

Virginia L.

McBeek* Mary
McCallum, Joseph J.
McCoy, Mary
McCullin, William J.
McCurdy, Elisabeth
McCutcheon,
Katherine W.
McDowell,

Mrs. Katherine
McGann, Mary C.
McKernan, Nellie N.
McNulty, Julia
Mehary, Mrs. Ella S.
Meltzer, Martha M.
Menger, Agnes C.
Mercer, E. B.
Meredith, Naomi
Metz, Mrs. George
Meyer, Anna T.

Meyer, Lois
Micott, Mrs. G. L.
Miller, Agnes
Miller, George
Miller, Mrs. J. D.
Miller, Mrs. W. K.
Miller, William K.
Mills, Mrs. E.

Mills, Thomas A.
Mitchell, Mrs.

Charles M.

Mitchell, Martha
Moffitt, Elizabeth
Mogan, Mrs. Agnes
Mohr, Mabel I.
Montgomery,

William E.

Monroe, Sarah A.
Montgomery,
Maryellen
Moore, Dora M.

Festival Chorus — Continued

Morcom, Mae
Morgan, Anna E.
Morris, J. Boyd
Morrison, Hilda S.
Morrison, James M.
Morton, A. R.
Moutier, Beatrice
Moyer, M. L. A.
Moyer, Mrs.

Martha S.

Mulford,

Genevieve A.
Mullin, Lillian
Muller, Mrs. Emma
Mullen, Elmida
Murphy, David F.
Murrie, Carlos R.
Myers, Mrs.

George W.

Myers, Harry, Jr.
Myers, Harry W.
Nachsin, Beatrice S.
Neff, Bessie
Nelson, Mrs.

Kathryn

Nerling, Hattye S.
Newman, Adolphe L.
Newman, Mrs. Elma
Nichols, C. Leverne
Niethammer, Betty J.
Niethammer,

Helen M.

Nitecki, Roman
Norris, Mrs. John J.
Nuggler, Esther
O’Brien, Ella
O’Brien, Rebecca
Oechsle, Esther
Oechsle, Mrs. H.
Oechsle, Howard
Oechsle, Ruth
Ogden, Edna P.
Ogden, Stanley L. Jr.
Ollis, Anna
Ogden, Mae E.
Omlor, Paul H.
Ottem, Louise C.
Palan, Olga
Parkin, Julia A.
Parian, Fannie E.
Pearson, Mary M.
Perry, O. H.

Phillips, Lillian E.
Phillips, Margaret V.
Pierce, May
Piper, Mrs. A. E.
Piper, Violet
Pitts, Mrs. Lillie
Plank, Ethel S.
Pohlsen, Emma K.
Pollard, Mrs. Elsie
Pollastrini, Oliver P.
Pollock, David W.
Pollock, Jean F.
Pollock, William
Porter, Grace L.
Preston, Adelaide
Preston, Mrs. E. A.
Preston, Ethel
Pyle, Dorothy C.
Pyle, Mrs. L. L.

Raff, Dorothe E.

Raff, Frederick D.
Raff, Ruth
Raff, Ruth

Achenbach, Mrs. A. E.
Adams, Mrs. Harry
Adams, Helen
Adkins, Mrs. A. S.
Aikens, Ella
Aikens, Margaret
Albert, Toerrese
Alessandroni,

Eugene V.

Allen, Elizabeth

Recker, Mrs. Kate
Reed, Dorothy
Reese, Evelyn M.
Reeves, Mrs. C. Harry
Reilly, Catherine M.
Reilly, Kathryn
Remish, J.

Rennert, Leona K.
Reynolds, Mrs. Elsie
Reynolds, Raymond C.
Reynolds, William R.
Rhoade, Helen
Rice, Edith T.
Richards, Mrs. Irene
Richardson, Laura
Rickards, Thomas P.
Rieger, Mrs. H. E.
Rigby, Thomas
Ring, Annie E.

.Rivell, Hannah M.
Rivels, Helen
Roach, Charles E.
Roach, Grace E.

Roach, Walter D.
Roberts, W. Thomas
Robinson, Reba
Rock, Margaret
Rodgers, Della L.
Roesch, Naomi
Ross, Mrs. Clara
Ross, Harry
Ross, William
Ruff, S. A.

Ruhl, Mrs. Lillie H.
Runkle, Mrs. Sadie
Russo, Anna M.

Sachs, Louise A.

Sack, Marion J.
Salzman, Anna
Salzman, Edward
Sands, Mrs. Ida
Sasse, Charles E.
Sauers, Florence
Sauers, Walter F.
Saull, Elizabeth
Saur, Mrs. Harry J.
Schaffer,

Mrs. Warren H.
Schars, Edith A.
Schars, Elsie
Schars, Irene
Schlessman, Laura V.
Schlichting.

Edward E.

Schnee, Mrs. Jane
Schubert, Kathryn
Schuchman, M.
Schuler, Byrena K. J.
Schwarz, Mrs. D. Grey
Schweinle,

Frederick H.

Scott, William H.
Seals, John R.

Seaman, Mabel F.
Seeger, Mrs. Grace
Seeger, Margaret H.
Seel, Alma K.

Seher, Gertrude L.
Seipt, Mary
Seitz, Pearl
Seltzer, Anna S.
Senderling,

Mrs. Howard
Senseman, Mae M.
Seyler, Mrs. Ida E.
Sharer, Rosa

Sharp, Irene
Shea, Katherine F.
Shirk, Charles B.
Shirk, Mrs. Walter
Shirk, Walter W.
Siddall, Edward
Siegel, Pauline
Simkin,

Mrs. Catherine
Sipps, Alida
Skillen, Dr. J. Randall
Smallwood, Elizabeth
Smith, Anna J.

Smith, Mrs. Anna K.
Smith, Mrs. Carter
Smith, Florence A.
Smith, Helen C.

Smith, Mrs. Marie W.
Smith, Mary E.

Smith, Mrs. Virginia
Smitt, T.

Snyder, Mrs. Fred H.
Snyder, M.

Solverson, Agnes A.
Specht, A. W.

Specht, Mrs. Lucy
Sperr, Charles J.

Sperr, Marie
Spitzer, Marguerite
Spitzer, Mrs. Theresa
Sproul, Agnes
Sproul, Sara
Stackhouse,

Beatrice E.

Stahl, Katherine M.
Staley, Laura B.
Starke, Mrs. Ella
Steelman, Mrs. Anne
Steinhoff, Violet
Stephens, M. F.
Stevens, Betty
Stevens, Florence E.
Stevens, Horace R.
Stewart, Dorothy
Stewart, Elizabeth
Stewart, Mrs. Esther
Stewart, Ethel H.
Stewart, Mrs. Lydia
Stewart, Sadie M.
Stine, Annie
Sting, Catherine
Sting, Harold C. W.
Stone, Maud F.

Stover, Mary E.
Streeter, Mrs. N. D.
Strickon, Pauline
Strobel, Albert C.
Strobel, Esther M.
Strode, Eleanor
Stumpf, Ada M.
Stumpf, Mrs. Rowena
Sweet, Eleanor
Taylor, Ethel
Taylor, James A.
Taylor, Margaret
Teale, Anna
Teale, Vincent
Tegge, Mary H.

Terry, Mrs. J.
Thompson, Clara B.
Thompson, Estella V.
Thompson, Harry B.
Thompson, Helen M.
Thompson, Hetty
Thompson, Martha W.
Thompson, Mary

South Philadelphia Unit

Anderson, L. B.
Armas, Mrs. Joseph
Armstrong,

Mrs. Florence
Armstrong, Mae
Armstrong. Margaret
Babilins, Frank
Baker, Harry
Banks, Emily
Barardi, Alfred

Barardi, Madge A.
Barrett, Margaret
Barron, Francis
Barron, Mary V.
Bastian, Florence M.
Beauchini, Anna
Benedict, Meyer
Bewlev, Mrs. Emma
Bidewell, Olive
Biermati, Margaret E.

Thompson, Naomi
Tilton, Grace
Tomlinson, Erma
Tompkins,

Mrs. Harry C.
Townsend,

Mrs. Bertha M.
Trautwine, Ida M.
Tresselt, Ralph
Treibel, Laura V.
Trevaskis, John P.
Trout, Minnie M.
Ulmer, E. Mildred
Ungerbuehler,
t Mrs. Adelphia
Ungerbuehler, Anna
Urbank, Ellen
VanLeer, Gertrude
Van Osten,

Mrs. Elizabeth
Van Osten, J. B.
Volker, Mrs. John
Volker, Verna
Voorhees, Charles C.
Wachter, Elsie
Wahl, Mrs. Laura M.
Waitt, Chauncey
Waitt, Earl
Walker, Nina
Wall, William
Walter, Mrs. Charles
Wanamaker,

Mrs. C. F.

Wark, Arthur L.
Wasson, Jane
Weaver, Edith
Weaver, Kathryn
Webster, Harold
Weimer, Lewis R.
Weisberg, A.

Weller, Mrs. Alice
Weller, J.

Wells, Garrett
Welsh, Cecelia
Welsh, Marie J.
Welte, Mrs. J.

Wentz, Mildred
Wentz, Sylvia E.
West, Mary
Weston, William J.
Wilbur, Lena M.
Williams, Mrs. E.
Williams, Ruth C.
Wilson, Mrs. Agnes
Wilson, Mrs. Edward
Winch, James A.
Winn, Rae D.

Wise, Sarah
Wisinger, Mrs. A. J.
Witwer, Katherine
Witwer, Titus K.
Woerwag,

Mrs. William R.
Wood, Arthur
Wooding, Walter H.
Wright, Edna
Wright, Grace
Wurster, Julia
Yeager, W. B.
Yocum,

Mrs. Charles J.
Yocum, Charles J.
Young. Mary E.

Zern, Della D.

Ziesel, Evelyn I.
Zoelle, William

Biondo, Irene
Biondo, Josephine
Biondo, Philip A.
Bockelman,

Mrs. Margaret
Bockius, Albert
Boltz, C. S.

Boltz, George
Bossone, Mildred
Bossone, Rose

Festival Chorus — Continued

Bonsted, Lillian A.
Boyle, Anna
Bradbury, Mabel
Brechetti, Samuel
Briggs, Mrs. Florence
Brooks, Muriel
Brown,

Mrs. Arthur E.
Brown, Bertha
Brown,

Mrs. Catherine
Brown, Reba
Bruce, Mrs. E. A.
Bruce, Sarah E.
Bryfogle, M. E.

Bundy, Josephine
Bunker, William H.
Burke, Louise
Burkhart, Emily
Burns, Mrs. E.
Bushong, Mrs. Marie
Campbell, Mrs. P. L.
Capon, Mrs. W. A.
Caraffa, Caroline
Carey, W. G,

Caroley, Anna
Carroll, E. A.

Casales, Mrs. Agnes
Casales, Anthony
Cassiday, Lewis C.
Cavallerie, Elsie
Cavallerie, Mabel
Cavallerie, Mary
Ceitlin,

Mrs. Augusta H.
Cerino, Antonette
Chambers,

Mrs. James
Charters, Eleanor
Cheney, Mrs. Sarah H.
Ciotti, Fernando
Ciotti, Gina
Ciotti, Lillian
Ciotti, Rose
Cipriano, Philip
Clarke, Florence
Cohen, Beatrice
Coll, Gettrude
Coll, Jeanette
Comely, Mary E.
Conley, J. J.

Contino, Peter
Conway, Stephen T.
Costello, John
Creighton, Thomas
Critzer, Mrs. Ethel
Croneland, Martin
Cusack, James
Dare, Etta
Davis, E.

Davis,

Mrs. William A.
Davis, William A.

De Iorio, Eleanor E.
De Iorio, Helen E.

De Iorio, Oliver J.

De Lucca, Edmund
De Lucca, Ina
Del Vechio,

Mrs. Pasquale
Del Vechio, Pasquale
De Marco, Joseph
De Pasquale, Anna
De Pasquale,

Catherine
De Wald, Lucretta
Dey, Pamela
Dey, Mary
Dickman, Jean
Di Donato, Irene
Di Donato, Margaret
Di Donato, Raphael
Dinan, Frances A.
Dollscheck, GeorgeA,
Doloff, Minnie
Doloff, Rose
Donaldson,

Frederick W.
Donnelly, Frances

Doris, Mrs, L.
Dougherty,

Mrs. Anna A.
Dowling, Rose
Edwards, Isadore
Eisenberg, Sonia
Elliott,

Mrs. Harriet S.
Engelfried, Mrs. Elsie
Engelfried, Harry J.
English, Margaret
English, Mary
Epstein, Mary M.
Evans, Katherine
Falcucci, William
Farley, Jeanette A.
Farlow, Frances
Feely, Sarah
Feldman, Herman
Fendt, Margaret
Ferguson, Reba
Figenbaum, Sigmund
Fikenser, Charlotte
Firth, Edna
Flood, Violet
Floyd, Albert
Forlano, Rose
Frantz, Milton
Frantz, Robert
Fredericks, Harry C.
Fry, George C.
Fulford, M. Agnes
Fusco, Eleanor
Galbraith, Calvin S.
Gallagher, Joseph
Gamble, Tillie
Garsh, Annie M.
Garsh, Mrs. Helen
Gelehrter, Clara
Gelehrter, Joseph
Gerhart, Dorothy
Gerhart, Mrs. Samuel
Gerhart, Samuel
Gibstein, Freda
Goddard, Mrs. K.
Godwin, Ada E.
Goldberg, Herman
Goldvelit, Charles
Gould, Burton M.
Graham, George W.
Graham, Mrs. M. L.
Graham, Walter
Graham,

Mrs. William M.
Greenberg, Sidney
Gulick, Rene
Gunn, Anna
Hallowell, J. D.
Hamill, Mrs. Thyra
Hanwood, Mrs. J, T.
Hare, Mrs. M.M.
Harris, Emilie
Harrold, Jane E.
Harstine, Paul K.
Hart, Helen
Hawthorne, F. B.
Hays, Isaac
Heddon, Mrs. Eva
Higbee, Horace J.
Higgins, Dorothy
Higgins, Grace
Higgins, Margaret
Hilferty, Margaret
Hollingsworth,

Mrs. Laura K.
Hopkins, Emma
Hopkins, L. T.
Huggins, Maude
Huggins, Maynard
Huggins, Myrtle
Hunter, Frank
Hyatt, Margaret
Iadevaia, Vincent
Ioker, Frank
Ivers, Mrs. Margaret
Jenkins, Elva
Jennis, Mrs. A.
Johnson, Anna
Johnston, Edward F.

Johnston, Katherine
Jones, Mary E.

Jones, Mrs. Sallie M.
Kallish, Leon
Katz, Jennie
Katz, Morris
Kegelman, Bertha
Kegelman, Louise
Kelly, Mrs. A. M.
Kelly, Elizabeth
Kenny, Teresa C.
Kershaw, Robert C.
Keyser,

Mrs, Edward, Sr.
Klauder, Mrs. Clara
Knapp,

Mrs. Elizabeth
Kramer, Mrs. Clara
Kramer, Mabel
Krause, Mrs. S.
Kravitz, M.

Kreamer, Mrs. Nan
Kunz, Mrs. Hattie
Kutler, Rose
Lakernick, Morris
Lassu, A.

Leadbeater, Florence
Leauby, Mrs. Anna
Lee, James E. V.
Leonardo, Diomedes
Leonardo, Romulus
Lev, Morris
Levenick, Florence
Levorlse, Marguerite
Lillicrap,

Mrs. William H.
Lippi, Mrs. Andrew F.
Littlehales, Thomas
Loeslein, Elsa
Lombard, Florence D
Long, Elinor
Long, Maude
Lusen, Mrs. Betty
McAllister, Violet
McCarren, Elizabeth
McCarren, Katherine
McClintock, Mary C.
McCob, Rosabel
McConnell, Elizabeth
McCutcheon,

Katherine
McGettigan, Hugh
McGinley, Frances
McGinley, Gertrude
McGoldrick, Mary
McKaig, Mrs. William
McKay, Anna W.
McKemon, Mrs. M. J.
McKinley, Anna
McKinsey, Cleo I.
McKinsey, Evelyn
Macks, Edward
MacNeill,

Mrs. Martha
March, Laura
Markoff, Abraham
Markoff, Ida
Maschler, Mary
Matey, Eleanor L.
Mauly, Mrs. Leddie
Mechling, Edna
Mehary, Mrs. Ella S.
Mejuine, Catherine
Melling, Katherine
Melling, Gertrude
Mellon, Margaret
Meredith,

Charles M., Jr.
Meredith,

Mrs. Charles M., Sr.
Merlino, John
Messick, H. B.

Meyers, Charles
Meyers, Elizabeth
Meyers, Mathilda
Meyers, Mrs. Russell
Mich, Ella A.

Mich, Emma
Middleton, Susie R.

Millard, Walter J.
Miller, Joseph B.
Miller, Mrs. M.

Moffitt, Margery
Moffitt, Mrs. Ruth
Monroe, Anna May
Monroe,

Mrs. Elizabeth S.
Montgomery, Grace
Moore, Mrs. Anna
Moore, Ethel
Moore, Mary J.

Moore, William J.
Morell, Ruth
Morrow, Arthur, Jr.
Morrow, Eleanor
Mullin, Joseph
Munyan, Mrs. Norman
Myers, Margaret
Nicholas, Mrs. Lottie
Noblet, Agnes M. F.
O’Meara, Catherine
O’Neill, Elizabeth
Orlow, Maxwell B.
Osse, Mrs. Edward A.
Osse, E. Celeste
Palais, Roslyn
Pancoast, Dorothy
Parker, Mrs. Bertha
Patrick, Mrs. M.

Paul, Daniel
Peters, John
Peterson, Elizabeth
Petkop, Charlotte
Phillips, Sara
Pierro, Alphonse L.
Pierro, Lena
Pierro, Mrs. Mary
Pinelli, Frank
Plank, Edith
Potter, W. Arthur
Princotta, Cono
Proctor,

Mrs. Josephine
Proctor, Mrs. Stella
Pyle, Ernest
Quirk, George J.
Raesch, Gertrude
Raesch, Ida
Ramspacher,

Claude W.

Rankin, Daisy
Rankin, Mrs. Emily
Rasmus, Martha
Reisman, Mrs. Adelia
Reedy, Mrs. J.
Ricciardi, Mrs. C.
Richards, Mrs. J.
Richards, D. John
Richards, John F.
Ringler, Alfred
Ritchie, Fannie
Robb, Annabell
Robb, Elizabeth G.
Robinson, Emma
Romano, Frances
Rosa, Mrs. Teresa M.
Rosenfeldt, Isabel
Rubin, Morris
Satamovia, John
Shertle, Ruth
Shertle, Walter H.
Shertle, W. Harold
Schleifer, Benjamin
Schmeltzer, Joseph
Schnell,

Mrs. Margaret
Schoefer, Mrs. M.
Schruman, William R.
Schultz, H.

Scott, A. Marie
Seamon, Helen
Seifert,

Mrs. Catherine
Seneca, Annette
Seneca, Julia
Shane, Gladys
Sherles, Sylvia
Sherry, Anna

Festival Chorus — Continued

Shields, Marcella
Shisler, Lillian
Shrayer, Esther
Shrope, Eva D.
Shrope, William D.
Shulman, Frances
Simpson, Mrs. Edna
Simpson, William T.
Sleeth, Sara E.
Small, Alice
Smith, Edith
Smith, Edna
Smith, Evelyn
Smith, Mrs. Helen
Smittle, A. J.
Spectory, Bernard
Spikol, Emanuel
Stafford, Catherine
Stahl, Clara

Ackermann, Ethel
Adshead, Mrs. Wm.
Amend, Elise
Amend, Katherine
Anderson, Florence M.
Antrim, H. Carlton
Appleboel, Henry
Archendorf, Walter
Armstrong, Lillian
Armstrong, Mildred
Armstrong,

Mrs. Nellie
Ashby, Lillian
Ashworth, Elsie
Ashworth, John W.
Aspen, C. H.

Aspen, Mrs. Ellen
Astapovicz, Florence
Aucker, Mrs. Chas. H.
Audrey, Lucy M.
Audrey, Malpas I.
Auker, Mrs. Adolph
Auker, Adolph
Auker, Mrs. Mitchell
Ashworth, Anna
Ayars,

Mrs. Clifford R.
Ayars, Clifford R.
Azareivicz, Mary C.
Babbitt, Lillian
Bacher, Bertha
Badger, Mrs. R. L.
Ballantine, Rose A.
Ballantine, Sarah
Baltz, Ethel
Banks, Helen
Barandon, Helen
Barlow, Mrs. Mary
Barnlcol, Ida
Bassfad, Agnes
Bateman, Doris A.
Bates, Amy
Bauder, George H.
Baum, Mrs. F. B.
Bausman, Estelle
Beare, Violet M.

Beby, Lillian N.

Beck, Mary A.

Becker, Anna C.

Behr, Karl H.

Beizer, Anna
Bellamy, Edna
Benner, Mrs. Eleanor
Bennett, Marie
Bennett, Maud A.
Bellamy, Edna
Benson, Dorothy V.
Benson, Harry
Benson, Walter
Bergey, Edith
Berko, Anna G.

Biddle, Caroline F.
Biddle, Walter R.
Bischoff, Mrs. George
Bischoff, George G.
Bishop,

Mrs. Adelaide C.

Stehr, Stella
Taflin, Samuel
Taylor, Elizabeth F.
Taylor, Margaret
Teramo, Ugo
Thomas, Annabel
Thomas, Mrs. Eleanor
Thompson, Daniel C.
Thompson, L. M.
Tinaro, J.

Tirendi, Jennie
Titelman, Goldie
Tivrella, John M.
Trainer, Catherine
Treftz, Mrs. Stella
Trench, Gerald
Trench, Mrs. M. J.
Trice, M. I.

Uhler, Mrs. Mary

Utermohlen,

William C.

Van Lindt, Mrs. Anna
Veilman, Mrs. Mary J.
Vernon, Paul F.

Vogel, Anna D.
Walkin, Minnie
Ward, Esther
Waschler, Max
Watt, Josephine
Watts, Sarah
Weisfeld, Jean
Weiss, Nathan
Weiss, Nathan
Welsh, Mrs. Minerva
West, Mrs. Blanche
West, Minnie C.
Whartualy, George S.
Wheeler, Mrs. C. A,

North Philadelphia Unit

Bishop, Olga B.
Biswenger, Benj. E.
Blaisse, Gertrude L.
Blaisse, Mrs. W.
Blaser, August
Bley, Mrs. O. C.

Bley, Walter F.

Bloch, Arthur
Boice, Florence E.
Boice, Mary A.

Booth, Mrs. J.

Booth, J.

Borie, Alfred
Bourie, Mary
Boyle, Anna C.

Boyle, Lawrence C.
Bracken, Mrs. W.
Breen, John J.
Brennan, Mrs. Joseph
Brenner, Edythe M.
Brenting, C. H.

Brick, Percy
Briel, John
Britton, Edith
Britton, Joseph
Brodesser, Emma
Brodesser,

Mrs. Lydia A.
Bronson, Esther
Brooks, Ida
Brooks, Martha
Brous, Eleanor R.
Brous, Mrs. Henry
Brous, Henry
Brown, Emilie
Brown, Mrs. H. A.
Browne, Mrs. Thos. H.
Browne, Dr. Thos. H.
Bruckne, John
Brunner, Alma M.
Bubeck, Charles F.
Buck, Ida M.
Buckhalter, Amy
Buckhalter, Wm. W.
Buckley, Ethel
Buckley, Gertrude
Bunting, Dorothy E.
Bunting, Frances B.
Burger, Elsie A.
Burger, Mary A.
Burtonwood, John
Bushet, Valeria
Bushey, Thos.

Butler, Ethel
Butler, Margaret
Byram, Thomas
Cairns, Mrs. J.

Cairns, Margaret
Cairns, Robert
Calron, Catherine M.
Campbell, Irene E.
Campbell, Margaret
Carlin, Hughie, Jr.
Carter, Mrs. Ida E.
Carwithen,

Dorothy M.

Carwithen, E. Franklin
Castor, William
Castor, Matilda J.
Chestnut, Mrs. Robt.
Chestnut, Robt.
Chidester,

Mrs. Edythe
Christian, Earl
Clark, Mrs. E.

Clark, Mrs. J.

Clark, Mary
Clark, Ruth
Claus, Margaret
Clayes, Jeanne
Clayton, J. Wesley
Clayton, Mabel V.
Clements, Eleanor
Coale, Mrs. Thos. E.
Coale, Thos. E.

Coates, Margaret
Coates,

Mrs. Morvanue
Coats, Isabella M.
Cobb, Mrs. R. B.
Coester, Sara D.
Cohen, Bella
Coleman, Eugenia
Collier,

Mrs. Christine P.
Collier, Chris. P.
Collins, Mrs. A. V.
Comly, Mrs. J. Byron
Congar, Florence
Conn, Mrs. Helen P.
Conn, Mrs. Sophia
Connell, Mona T.
Consine, Ethel
Cook, Grace
Cook, Jennie
Coombs, Mrs. H. W.
Coombs, Howard W.
Cordray, Bessie
Corless, Drusilla
Corry, Mrs. Edwina
Corry, William P.
Cosgrove, Jas. J.
Cowdrick, John G.

Cox, Mrs. Adelia
Cox, Harriet C.

Craig, Florence I.
Craig, Mrs. John
Cramer, Mildred
Crankshaw
Mrs. John A.
Crankshaw, John A.
Creep, Anna M.

Creep, Helen
Creighton, Bella
Cressman, Clara M.
Crooks, Wm., Jr.
Crosland, Mrs. Norval
Crossley, Dorothy
Crossley, Thomas
Crothamel, Dorothy
Crow, Miss M.

Crozier, Helen
Curley, Agnes

White, Richard
Williams, Mrs. J. E.
Williams,

Mrs. W. Lincoln
Williams, William
Wilson, Mrs. K. E.
Winnering, Lucille
Wise, Mrs. Ella
Wooding, Mrs. Walter
Woodward,

Mrs. Samuel
Wunnenberg, Fred
Yahrling, Gertrude
Yoppolo, Carl
Zaro, John C.

Zavorska, Frances
Zellner, Mrs. John G.
Zellner, John G.
Zimmerman,

Mrs. O. A.

Curley, Mary
Curran, Margaret
DafHn, Douglas S.
Dames, Julia Gress
Daniel, Edna
Davidson, Estelle C.
Davidson, Janetta B.
Davis, Bernice M.
Davis, Mrs. Charles C.
Davis, Frances
Davis, James L.

Davy, Bernice L. R.
Dawson, Herbert S.
Day, Miss A. M.

Deal, Mrs. Isabella
De Cray, C. E.

Deegler, Ella
Deegler, Mathilda
Dennison,

Rev. Herbert G.
Dewsnap, Venora M.
Dicken, Winifred A.
Dietrich, Irene
Dixon, Lewis
Doane, Mrs. William
Doffin, Sara Arnold
Dombey, Jesse
Douglas,

Mrs. Winifred
Drehy, Ralph C.
Driscoll, Mary F.
DuBree, Marie H.
Dutcher, Dorothy
Dutcher, Mary
Eckhardt, Dorothy
Eckhardt, Samuel
Edwards, Barrett
Edwards, Mrs. Wm.
Eichner, Evelyn
Eisenbach, Hattie
Elbe, Joseph
Elhee, Hilda
Ells, Florence
Emmett, Mrs. H.
Emerson, Luther P.
Entenmann,

Mrs. C. G.

Ernst, Mrs. Anna
Ettinger, Elizabeth
Fahl, Irwin B.

Farber, H. J.

Farber, Helen L.
Faunce, Mrs. H.
Fawns, Anna
Feaster, Mrs. David
Feldman, A.

Ferguson, Elsie
Fessler, Albert E.
Fifer, Dorothy E.

Fifer, Herbert Reaman
Fimermore, John
Fincham,

Mrs. Clara R.
Finlayson, Pearl
Fish, Emma
Fleming, Robert
Flood, Mrs. John T.

Festival Chorus — Continued

Flood, J. T.

Foster, Estelle L.
France, Mary M.
Franchois, Joseph B.
Frank, Helen
Frank, Kathryn
Freed, Elizabeth
Freed, S. Isabel
Freidrich, Alice W.
Fresinger, Francis C.
Fritz, Mrs. John
Fritz, John F.

Fry, Mrs. Charles L.
Fry, Mrs. Roscoe
Fuerst, Lucy
Fulton, Margaret
Fuss, Florence
Gaehring, Eva
Gallagher, P.
Garretson,

Mrs. George
Garson, Ben
Garstka, Genevieve
Gaul, Arthur E.
Gelman, Jane
Gemmill, Ruth
George, Edward
Germon, L. M.

Getty, Robt. B., Jr.
Glidhill, Mrs. K.
Golnitz, Andrew R.
Golppest, Ella L.

Golt, Ruth
Golz, Elizabeth
Gordon, George
Gordon, Helen
Gotthardt, Elizabeth
Gotthardt, Marie
Gotthardt, Mrs. Wm.
Graefe, Gertrude St.
Graefe, Helen
Graf, Florence
Graff, Mrs. B. T.
Graham, Jas. W.

Gray, Ada M.

Green, Elizabeth M.
Greenberg, Anna
Greenberg, Bertha
Grigg, Ruth I.

Grimm, Mary M.

Gros, Mrs. Chas. J.
Gros, Chas. J.

Grupp, Mrs. Lillian
Gunninger, _

Mrs. Louisa M.
Gutherman, Mrs. Ethel
Hackett, Anna R.
Hackett, Lillian A.
Haefner, Miriam
Haefner, Ruth M.
Haifa, Emma
Hainsworth, Florence
Hainsworth, Helen
Hajlamas, Rose
Hainley, Willis E.

Hall, Arthur W.
Hampfler, Ida _ .
Hampfler, Gottlieb
Hampfler, Martha
Hanford, Holland
Hanken, John H.
Hanson, Marie
Hardiman, Ida
Hardy, Mrs. John H.
Hargan, Mrs. Matilda
Hargan, Mildred C.
Hargrave Franklin B.
Hargrave, Mrs. Harry
Harlan, Russell F.
Harmen, Dorothea
Harris, Elizabeth E.
Harris, Mrs. E. H.
Harrison, Clara M.
Hart, Edward
Haverkamp, Edith A.
Hawkins, Eleanor
Hawkins, Wm..
Hawthorne, Elizabeth
Hawthorne, Frances L.

Hayes, Mrs. Wm. M.
Heard, Helen M.
Heard, Marion
Heaton, C. M.
Heaton, Emily
Hehl, Irene M.

Hein, Anna D.
Helbein, Rebecca B.
Helbein, Sarah
Helbling, William F.
Hellings,

Mrs. Flizabeth
Hendricks, George H.
Henricson, Fred. W.
Herb, Charles. F.
Herb, Mrs. May
Herbst, Adelaide M.
Heugh, Jennie
Hervey, Mrs. George
Hervey, Geo. H.
Hess, William C.
Hetherington,

Bertha B.

Heuser, Josephine
Hewitt, Elizabeth I.
Heyl, Lucia A.
Herzig, Marcella
Hill, Edmund
Hilles, Marion
Hoffman, Lillian M.
Hofman, Anna
Hofman, Martha
Holmes, Lloyd N.
Holst, Benj. C.

Holst, Elizabeth
Holst, Isabel N.
Holst, Thos. C.
Honeyford, William
Honocks, Minnie
Hood, Dorothy M.
Hood, Mrs. Frank G.
Hood, Frank G.
Hood, George A.
Hood, Robert R.
Horn, Thomas H.
Hornick, Ida
Howe, Mrs. Arthur
Howe, A. E.

Hoyer, Claire M.
Hudley, George A.
Hullstrung, Eleanor
Hullstrung, Anna
Hullstrung, Helen
Humphries
Mrs. Kathleen
Humphreys, H. H.
Hunniford, Anna
Hunsberger, Flora
Hunt, Edith E.

Hurll, Mrs. Ella
Hurst, Ellen
Hutchins, George B.
Illick, C. Raymond
Jacobs, Edward W.
Jackson, Mrs. H.
Jackson, Jay J.
Jackson, John, M.D.
Jakoby, Albert
James, John
Jamison, Mrs. Rose
Jamison, Verna R.
Janney, Mrs. Russell
Jeffries, Helen
John, Mrs. Ada C.
John A. Roy
Johnson, Mrs. A. J.
Johnson,

Mrs. Robert D.
Johnson, Robert L.
Jones, Alice
Jones, Edna
Jones, Mrs. John B.
Jones, Mrs, L. P.
Jones, Llewellyn P.
Jost, Sophie M.
Kaenfer, Esther R.
Kaffel, Josephine
Keller, Wm. A.
Kemper, Emma E.

Kemper, Mary L.
Kendrick, Mary E.
Kerr, James
Kiefer, Mrs. R.

King, Catherine
Kirchenbauer, Lena
Kirkman, William, Jr.
Kirkland, James
Klenk, Estella M.
Klotzbucher,

Mrs. Marie
Knopp, Lillian
Knopp, Wililiam T.
Knowlton, Lucille L.
Koch, Mrs. J.

Koch, Nellie E.
Korndaffer, Helen
Kostembader, Edw.
Kosterbader, Lydia
Kradoska, Charles
Kramer, Harry A.
Kroll, Ruth
Labold, Mrs. John H.
Lafferty, Alice S.
Lahnemann, Ethel
Laird, Margaret
Lamb, Pearl
Lamb, Mrs. R. J.
Lamond, Mrs. H.
Lamont, Anna
Lamont, Mrs.

Katheryn
Ladenburg, Ida
Larson, Carl M.
LaRue, Kathryne M.
Lassey, Nellie
Lawrence, Emma J.
Lawrence, Kate R.
Leadbeater, Bertha
Leaf hart, Harry L.
Lefferts, Alice M.
Lefferts, Edith A.
Lehm, Helen
Leichsenring,
Elizabeth
Leigh, Nana May
Leitenberger, Lillian
Lemke, Edna F.
Lennon, Laura C.
Lepping, A. A.
Lepping, Antony
Lepping, Mrs. John P.
Lepping, John P., Jr.
Lepping, John P., Sr.
Letterman, Hannah
Leusch, Mrs. Geo. R.
Leusch, Geo. R.

Lewis, Harriet T.
Liggett, Virginia
Lindsley, A. M.
Lincott, Edna
Linde, Anna M.

Linde, Lillian
Linton, Josiah M., Jr.
Lister, Nellie
Little, Edna
Little, George E.
Little, Mrs. J.

Little, Violet
Lorenz, Helen P.
Luck, Matilda
Lutz, Margaret J.
Lynch, Beatrice M.
Lyons, Frances W.
Lytle, Florence A.
MacFarland, James
Macllworth, Beatrice
MacWaters,

Kathryn A.
MacWaters, Virginia
McBride, Edgar H.
McBride, Mrs. Esther
McBrien, Mrs. C.E.
McBrien,

Mrs. Elizabeth E.
McCandless,

Mrs. Florence
McChulough, Mrs. O.

McClintock,

Mrs. Edith B.
McCloskey, Alpheus P.
McCloy, Gladys
McClymont, Mrs. J. R.
McCormick, Ethel
McDowell, Emma
McElmoyl, Ida M.
McGowan, Thelma
McIntyre, Margaret
McKay, Isobel
McKintry, Joseph
McWhinney, James E.
Madden, Theo. D.
Madely, Ethel
Mahler, Anna
Mahler, Julia
Malone, Regina M.
Mansell, Mrs. B.
Mansell, Doris
Marback, Bessie
Marcovitch, William
Marshall, Samuel H.
Martin, Elizabeth V.
Mathias, William J.
Matuck, S.

Maxlow, William
Mayer, Elsie
Mecouch, Elsie
Meng, Mrs. F. W.
Meredith, Ruth E.
Metzger, Florence E.
Mettinger, Mrs. S.
Miller, John
Miller, Mrs. John H.
Miller, John H.

Miller, Marguerite L.
Miller, Mrs. Reba
Milligan, Anna
Milligan, T. R.

Mills, Doris
Mills, Jane F.
Millward, Lincoln
Millward, L. J.
Millward, Thomas G.
Mocket, Mary
Moeller, H.

Moffet, Martha
Mollenkof, Ruth
Moodie, Florence
Moore, Bessie
Moore, Walter L.
Morrell, Emma
Morrell, Ethel
Morrell, Harry F.
Morris, Elsie G.
Mortimore, Ross
Moss, Ida M.

Moss, Mrs. Katherine
Moss, Mary
Mottershead, Marjorie
Moult, John W.

Moult, Julia A.
Mousley, Emma L.
Moyer, Edith D.
Moyer, Harry R.
Murphey, Lydia
Nashold, Mrs. H. S.
Naumann, Lavinia
Neebe, Mary
Neely, Margaret B.
Neill, Mrs. David
Nelson, Miss E. G.
Nesby, Anna
Newton,

Mrs. Andrew A.
Newton, Andrew A.
Newton, Florence
Newton, John
Newton, Phoebe A.
Newmeyer, Mrs. F. R.
Nixon,

Mrs. Wm. J., Jr.
Nixon, William J., Jr.
Noble, Mrs. Narda B.
Null, William
Nuss, Mildred J.
Nuttall, Mrs. J. T.
Nuttall, John T.

Festival Chorus — Continued

Nonnamaker,

Helen G.
Oberholtzer,

Mrs. Harry
O’Brien, Mrs. Geo. H.
Oelschlager, Floyd B.
Oelschlager, Nellie
Ogden, Mrs. Nelson
Ogden, Nelson
O’Hare, Fanny M.
Olsen, Theodoer C.
O’Mara, John E.

Page, Laura W.
Pallatt, Jessie
Palmer, Mrs. Anna
Palmer, C. Horace
Parr, Mrs. Frank S.
Parr, Frank S.

Parry, Thomas
Parson, May E.
Pearson, Mary M.
Pendlebury, Hattie L.
Penn, Harry G.

Penn, Myrtle,

Peoples, Harry J.
Peoples, Mildred
Persing, Dan H.
Persing, Mrs. H. M.
Persing, Harry M.
Peters, Mary C.
Peterson, Clifford R.
Pfunke, Anna May
Pfunke, William, Jr.
Platt, Mrs. Elizabeth
Plenderleith, Marion
Pokorny, Frank J.
Potter, Joanna L.
Powell, Elizabeth
Powell, Florence
Powell, Grace
Pray, Mrs. Harry
Pretty, Samuel J.
Price, Eva H.

Price, Kathryn
Pritchard, Frances
Raby, Amy I.

Raby, Florence M.
Radcliffe, George
Radcliffe, Polly
Rafferty, Elizabeth L.
Rafferty, J. G.

Raker, Mrs. Margaret
Ranken, Margaret I.
Ray, Mrs. Thos. L.
Raynor, Mrs. J. A.
Read, Esther
Reed, Mrs. J. A.

Reed, Mrs. Marian
Reeve, Fleurette
Reichert, Chas.
Reichert, Clara
Reilly, Elizabeth
Renk, Mrs. Edward
Renk, Gladys J.
Rennie, Helen A.
Reynolds, J., Jr.
Rhodes, Florence G.
Richter, Freda
Richter, Gertrude
Richter, Hilda
Ristine, Harvey M.
Roberts, Margaret C.
Roberts, S. T.

Robbins, Charles C.
Robinson, Marion I.
Roberts, Ruth A.
Rockhill, Mrs. F. K.
Rodgers, Marguerite
Rope, Laura A.

Abbott, Miss Fanny
Aberly, George F.
Addy, Mrs. W.H.
Aiman, Mary T.
Aires, Rena B.
Alcorn, Francis C.
Alcorn, Harry J.

Ross, Nellie
Rowland, Marion H.
Rudal, Richard
Rupp, Eleanor M.
Rush, Elsie
Ruth, Chas. A.

Ryan, Mrs. Anna
Ryffer, Mrs. Jennie
Sandberg, Esther
Sands, Cathryn
Sauter, Gustav K.
Savacoal, Bessie L.
Savacoal, Marian E.
Schaefer, Emma
Schenemann,

Mrs. Elsie
Schill, Edna E.
Schiveiker, Mrs. L.
Schmaly, Doris
Schmidt, Lillie A.
School, Helen
Schroth, Elizabeth K.
Schumacher, Clara B.
Scrobul, Dorothy M.
Scrobul, Helen
Scull, Mrs. A. M.
Sharlott, Edw.
Sharlott,

Mrs. Gertrude E.
Shaver, Grace
Shaw, Mrs. Anna
Shaw, James, Jr.
Sheetz,

L. W. Hewitt
Shepherd, Edna
Sherman, Grace
Shultz, Margaret
Shultz, Rena G.

Shupe, Marion
Seaman, Howard P.
Seaman, John H.
Seddon, Charlotte
Seuffert, Adelaide
Severs, Mrs. G. H.
Siddons, Margaret B.
Silver, Edith G.

Silver, Eleanor
Simon, Margaret Ford
Simpson, Sami. W.
Siner, Lillian M.
Skelton, Charles
Skelton, Edna J.
Skelton, Mrs. W. H.
Skill, Mrs. Anna
Slemmer, Miss A. J.
Sludley, Mrs. C. A.
Slutsky, B.

Smedley, Richard H.
Smith, Anna C.

Smith, Chas. S.

Smith, Elsie
Smith, Erma
Smith, Grace G.

Smith, Marian
Smith, Ralph W.
Smith, Raymond
Smith, Walter
Smoyer, Eva
Smyth, Belle
Snyder, Edith M.
Solly, Harry T.
Solmon, Gertrude
Spelt, David K.

Spies, Ruth N.
Stackhouse, Emma E.
Stadholme, Robert A.
Stahl, Frederick W.
Stahl, Katherine M.
Stalbird, E. Ellis

Stalker, Mrs. E. D.
Stalker, E. D.

States, Alice V.
Stephens, Mae
Stevens, Caleb T.
Stevens, Raymond T.
Stewart, Ellen
Stewart, Maude Pretty
Stille, Margaret
Stitzenberger,

Anna H.

Stocke, Mrs. Harry
Stradling, Lester
Strahan, Thos.

Streit, F. William
Streeper, Joseph G.
Studholme, J. Howard
Studholme, Sarah
Svenningsen, Ellen
Swartz, Anna E.
Swartz, Chas. L.
Sweet, Eleanor
Swope, Lida A.
Tanner, Emily
Taylor, Anna Z.
Taylor, Edythe W.
Taylor, E. Mae
Taylor, Helen C.
Taylor, Helen M.
Taylor, J. Leslie
Taylor, Mary E.
Taylor, Gertrude
Taylor, Thelma
Taylor, Mrs. T.

Tebbs, William R.
Theurer, Louise
Thomas, Willet
Thompson, Blanche
Thorp, Mrs. G. W.
Thorp, Sarah R.

Tilton, A. P.

Tilton, Elizabeth M.
Tobin, William E.
Tomlinson,

Mrs. Elizabeth
Tucker, Mrs. Clara U.
Turkheimer,

Howard, Jr.

Turner, Albert
Turvey, Mrs. Mary
Tweedale, Grace
Van Artsdalen,

Mrs. F. H.

Van Artsdalen, Lillian
Vander grift,

Mrs. Phebe H.

Van Dyke,

Mrs. Ethel R.
VanDyke, George S.
VanLee, Gertrude
Vansant, Ida E.

Virl, Philip
Vogt, Marie
Volkman, Emma
Wagner, L.

Wagner, Wm. H.
Walton, Cecilia C.
Walton, Mrs. Edith H.
Walton, Howard E.
Ward, Elizabeth A.
Waters, P. Hadley
Waters,

Mrs. Mabel H.
Walton, Mildred I.
Watt, Mary E.

Watts, Mrs. Evelyne
Waxier, Mrs. J.O.
Wehn, Elsie M.

Wehn, Katherine

Germantown Unit

Alcorn, Mary
Alderfer, Sara M.
Aldred, Emily
Alexander, Esther
Allen, Elsie D.
Allen, Warren
Allison, Walter W.

Anderson, J. F.
Anderson,

Mrs. Margaret
Anderson,

Mrs. William
Anspach, Clarence J.
Anspach, Mrs. J.C.

Wehr, Karl
Weidemann, Mrs. F.
Weikel, J. Althea
Weinberger, Chas.
Welch, Mrs. May
Welsh, Agnes C.
Wenzel, Mrs. Jos.
Wenzel, Joseph, Jr.
Wenzel, Katherine
Werner, Anna F.
Werner, Fred H.
Werner, Minnie C.
Wesolowski, Benj. J.
West, Edward
Whiteside, Gladys
Whittle, Anna F.
Whomsley, Matilda
Whitaker, Ethel C.
Whitfield, Edith
Wick, William
Wiegand, Mrs. Fred.
Wildermust, Ethel
Wildemuth,

Edward S.
Wilkinson, Cora
Wilkinson, Elizabeth
Wilkinson, Mrs. Irene
Wilkinson, John
Willerton, Joseph A.
Williams, Mrs. Chas.
Williams, Isabel C.
Williams, Mrs. J. C.
Williams, Lester E.
Williams, Sarah
Wilson, Mrs. G.
Wilson, Helen
Wilson, Jean
Wilkinson, Margaret
Wilson, Walter
Winpenny, Alice
Winder, Henry
Winslow, Elizabeth L.
Wister, Charles
Woffenden, Anna
Wolfe, John F.
Wolstenholme,

Mrs. Ral
Wolvin, Alice
Wolvin, Anna
Wood, Ronald G.
Woolley, George
Woolley, Virginia
Work, Violet D.

Work, Christine
Worrell, Edward K.
Worrell, Mrs. Elsie C.
Wossman, Elsie W.
Wraught, A. B.
Wydrop, Florence E.
Wylam, Celia I.
Yachiling, Margaret
Yard, Kathryn R.
Yeadon, Mrs. Selina
Yeager, B.

Yeagle, Helen C.
Yentter, Minnie
Yerkes, Alice R.
Yerkes, Bayard
Yerkes, Frances H.
Yerkes, Grace R.
Yerkes, Mabel J.
Yonty, Mrs. John
Young, Violet M.
Zebley, Ann
Ziegler, Carl
Zimmerman, Amelia
Zimmerman, Stella

Arland, Mrs. Mary
Arnesen, Alice
Arndt, Alice
Asay, Graydon N.
Aulenbach, Sadie C.
Bacon, William II., Jr.
Baer, Kathryn

Festival Chorus — Continued

Barber, Fred. A.
Barker, Mary
Bates, Eleanor
Bates, George L.

Bates, Mary W.

Bates, Mary C.

Baus, Edna M.

Bear, Miss L.

Becker, Edward
Behr, Karl H.

Behrman, Robert
Belanger, Edna
Belanger, Hebe
Bell, Mrs. John F.

Bell, John F.

Benedict, Mrs. W. D.
Benner, Marion B.
Berkly, L. C.

Bertie, Alma
Beveridge, Mrs. B.
Biddle, Mrs. W. R.
Biddle. W. R.

Binner, Mrs. R. K.
Bishop, Mrs. Alice M.
Bishop, Miss Jennie
Blacker, Anna L.
Blacker, Fred C.

Blair, Grace K.

Bluett, Jane
Blum, Andrew
Blum, Hazel T.

Bodle, Miss M.E.
Boggs, George P.
Boggs, George W.
Boorse, Mrs. S.

Booth, John
Born, Catherine
Bourquin, Miss D.
Boyer, Katherine
Boyer, Martha D.
Bradbury, Mrs. B. E.
Bayles, Mrs. S. Y.
Bradford, Mis9 M.
Brandt, Edith M.
Braley, M. Bertha
Brandenberger,

Miss E.

Bredenbeck, Elsie
Breyer, Elsie
Brient, Miss E. L.
Briggs, S.

Bright, Helen K.

Brill, Mrs. E. H.

Brill, E. H.

Broadbelt, Mrs. M. A.
Broome, Miss M. G.
Brower, John M.
Brown, Elizabeth
Brown, Lucien A.
Brown, Wilbur
Buell, Mrs. Alma L.
Burns, Julia
Burrows, A. Geraldine
Burwell, Margaret
Bus, Kathryn
Bus, Ramoa E.

Butler, Bertha A.
Butler, Margaret
Butterworth, Ruth
Buttimer, John
Byrne, Margaret
Cadwallader,

Evelyn F.

Cadwallader, Mrs. N.
Caldwell, Catherine
Caldwell, May
Calhoun, Elizabeth
Campbell, Mrs. H. E.
Cann, Mrs. M. L.
Carpenter, Emily E.
Carson, Mary E.

Carr, Mrs. Joseph A.
Castro, Mrs. Charles
Chamberlain,

Mrs. Theodore
Chamberlain,

Theodore
Chambers, Marion

Chapin, Mrs.

Charles E.

Chapin, Charles E.
Choate, Ada E.

Choate, Mina .
Christine, Clinton M.
Christman, Marion E.
Christy, Margaret
Clapp, Mrs. N. J.
Clash, Mrs. M.
Clayton, Miss M.
Clinton, Ernest
Clouds, Bessie
Cochran, Margaret J.
Collison, Joseph
Coester, Edna M.
Coester, Mrs. E. L.
Comley, Mrs. A. K.
Conard, Mrs. G. M.
Conly, Mrs. George J.
Conly, George J.
Conolly, Katherine
Conolly, L. Carrie
Conover, Mrs. G. R.
Conrad, William H.
Conrey, Gladys M.
Cook, Fannie
Cook, Mrs. Laura P.
Cooke, Florence E.
Cooper, Lillian
Cope, Florence A.
Corbett, William J.
Cornelius, Mary H.
Cosner, Lelah M.
Craig, Harriet E.
Crandall, Neal A.
Crawford, Hugh
Creighton,

Gertrude M.

Cross, Suzanne R.
Croston, Miss Inez
Cupitt, Mrs. H. W.
Cupitt, Harry W.
Curet, A. J. S.

Curet, Mrs. Cora H.
Cuthbert, Mrs. E. H.
Dading, Mrs. C. H.
Dading, Margaret L.
Davenport, L.

Davies, Jeanette
Davies, Mrs. R. A.
Davies, Robert A.
Davis, Marion E.
Davis, Rebecca D.
Day, Anna
Day, Bertha G.

De Ford, Alice R.
Demmons, Mrs. E.
Dettrey, Mrs. C.
Dever, Eliza A.
Dickson, Edith L.
Dieterly, Mrs. E. B.
Dietz, Mrs. Marie B.
Dimmock, Bessie
Dippen, George D.
Dobratzki, Sophie
Daggett, Miss Cecil
Doggett, Mrs. Della
Doherty, Esther
Dowling, C. G.
Dowling, E. B.
Dowling, Miss Marian
Duffield, Alice
Duffield, Mrs. E. N.
Dunbar, Mrs. F. C.
Dunlop, Katherine C.
Duvall, Estelle C.
Duvall, Harry S.
Duvall, Jennie P.
Duvall, Marie C.

Dyer, Anna M.

Ebert, Jane C.
Edmonds, Donald S.
Edmonds, Nancy
Edwards, Mr. S. A.
Eisenborn, Nellie
Eisenlohr, Anna R.
Eisenlohr, Eva C.
Eisentrager, Chester

Eisentrager, Millie E.
Eldridge, Gertrude
Ellis, Alice
Ellis, Anna M.

Ellis, Florence J.

Ellis, Harlan W.
Ellsworth, C. O.
Ellsworth, Emily
Emsley, Miss Helen
Engel, Mary
Enos, Mrs. R.

Eplett, Bessie M.
Evans, Edna Y.

Evans, Raymond T.
Everitt, B. F.

Everitt, Ethel D.
Ewing, Joseph E.
Fabry, Elsie S.

Fadler, Laura
Fagley, William F.
Fair, Robert J.

Felton, Dolores M.
Felton, Mae.

Ferge, Christine
Ferguson, Irma H.
Fidler, Ellen
Fillman, Mrs. C. A.
Fillman, C. A.

Finn, James F.

Finn, Ernestine
Fisher, Anna J.

Fisher, Carl
Fisher, Elizabeth
Flickstein,

Mrs. Samuel
Fox, Edith M.

Fox, Evelyn J.

Fox. J. Melville
Franks, Mrs. Lillian
Franks, Ruth A.
Frankenfield, Celia R.
Freeman, William
Friend, Mrs. Deborah
Fries, Mrs. Chrissie
Froggatt, Mrs.

Ella E.

Fulton, Mrs. Z. M. K.
Funck, Catherine
Fussell, Harriet J.
Fyfe, Janetta L.
Gamble, Elizabeth
Garlick, Blanche
Garvin, Miss P. S.
Geiter, Mary R.

Geiter,

Mrs. William G.
Geiter, William G.
Gemon, S. B.

Gerhard, Mary H.
Gibson, Miss Lydie
Gibson, Peter
Gill, Mrs. E. K.

Gill, Robt. L.

Gilmore, Dorothy M.
Gilmore, Mrs. J. F.
Girard, Stephen
Glaser, Florence M.
Gomersall, Mabel D.
Good, Charlotte
Good, Mrs. H. K.

Good, Marcella
Good, Mrs. Rilla
Goodwin, Melvin B.
Gould, S. Amy
Graff, Emma B.

Grater, Blanche
Grater, Leanore
Graupner,

Miss Annie E.

Green, Margaret
Greener, Mrs. H. J.
Greener, Herman J.
Greenwood,

Mrs. F. M.

Grepps, Miss Helen M.
Gretzinger, Mrs. Anna
Griffing, Georgianna
Griffith, Jennie
Grimwood, Ernest

Gutman, Rose Marie
Gutsch, Edna
Haas, Elizabeth
Hagan, Estella M.
Hagan, Gertrude T.
Hagenbucher,

Mrs. D. S.

Hahn, Dorothea
Haines, Miss J. B.
Halbert, Margaret M.
Haldeman, Mrs. J. C.
Hale, Arthur E.

Hall, Mrs. Charlotte
Hall, Mrs. P. A.

Hall, Phillip A.
Hamilton,

Mrs. Anna M.
Hamilton, Kathryn
Hanna, Mrs. Ella
Hansell, Mrs. F.
Harkins, George W.
Harkins, Mrs. John J.
Harkness, Mrs. Lillian
Harman, Loretta
Harman, Stanley
Harner, John
Harner, Laura
Harple, Miss B. M.
Harrop, Madaline
Hart, Elizabeth
Hartman, Elizabeth
Harvey, Helen T.
Hatter, Carolyn
Hatter, Evelyn
Hawley, Albert V.
Hawley, Mrs. Clara M.
Heaton, Carrie
Heaton, Mrs. J. S.
Heaton, J. S.

Heberton, Robert N.
Heins, Frank B.
Helmetag, Gertrude
Henkels, Beatrice A.
Henty, Alice M.

Henty, Mrs. Elizabeth
Hertel, Minnie L.
Hickok, Julian P.
Hicks, Ruth
Higginson,

Miss Catherine
Hight, Miss Anna
Hight, Eugenia
Hiller, Mrs. Mary R.
Hilligan, Miss Anna
Hindle, Ellen W.
Hirst, Albert
Hoag, Joseph G.
Hollingsworth, C. M.
Holmes, Albert S.
Holmes, Charlotte
Holmes, Clifford
Holmes, Harriett
Hooven,

Mrs. Elizabeth
Horn, Mrs. Mary E.
Horner, John K.
Horner,

Mrs. Simpson W.
Howgate, Mrs. Claire
Huffnagle, Mina M.
Hughes, Miss A. M.
Hugo, Miss Leora
Hugo, Lester A.

Hugo, Victor A.
Hulshizer, Mildred
Hunn, Katherine
Hutson, Mrs. B. C.
Hyatt, Florence
Hynds, Elizabeth
Hynds, Mrs. Mary M.
Hynds, Mildred
Illman, Miss
Martha W.

Irwin, Katheryn
Jackel, Harry
Jackson, Vanette
Jacobs, Hattie
Jacoby, Blanche H
Jacoby, William H.

Festival Chorus — Continued

Jameson, Helen
Jarvis, Mrs. F.D.
Jeffers, Anna
ohnson, Mrs. B. D.
ohnson, Mrs. Edith
ohnson, Mrs. E. Z.
ohnson, Mrs. J. C.
Johnson, Mrs. Mary P.
Jones, Agnes F.

Jones, Mrs.

Fred. J. R.

Jones, Fred. J. R.
Jones, Josephine J.
Jones, Mrs. O. C.
Josephson, Frieda
Josey, E. C.

Jost, Richard W.

Jury, Anna P.
Kalnback, Miss A.
Kassel, Elizabeth
Kay, Margaret D.
Keen, Charles E.

Kehr, Miss M. L.
Kelly, John W.

Kelly, Teresa
Kelsh, Agnes
Kemp, F. H.

Kenny, J. E.
Kenworthy, Gertrude
Kenworthy, Hazel A.
Kenworthy, Helen I.
Kershaw, Margaret I.
Kewes, Walter M.
Kiefer, Katherine E.
Kind, Elizabeth
King, Oscar, Jr.
Kinney, Marion P.
Kippax, Myra
Kirby, Mrs.

Thornton L.

Kirby, Thornton L.
Kircher, Mrs. J.

Kizlin, Louis J.

Klein, Elsie M.

Klink, Mrs.

Clarence J.

Klink, Clarence J.
Klunder, H. G.

Knapp, Miss Mary L.
Knoll, Gustave D.
Knoll, Hermina
Knox, Viola M.

Koch, Mrs. A. P.
Kohler, Lillie
Korndoffer,

Martha G.

Kornbau, Anna M.
Koumjian, Alice
Kraemer, Dorothy
Kraemer, Mrs. J. G.
Kraemer, Mrs. J. S.
Kraushoft, Louise M.
Krebs, Mrs. Emma
Kressly,

Mrs. Florence S.
Kriebel, Mrs.

Durant I.

Kriebel, Durant I.
Krumm, Gertrude
Kufder, Joe H.

Kuhl, Anna
Kunzman, Stanley W.
Lafferty, Clara S.

La Mar, Anna
Landenberger,
Katherine
Landes, Annabelle
Landis, Miss Edith S.
Landis, Mrs. Reed F.
Landstreet, F.

Lang, Myra C.
Laughlin, Miss C. B.
Lawman, Miss M. V.
Lawrence, Miss E. K.
Lawson, Mrs. Mary
Lefever, Blanche F.
Lefferts, John
Leisse, Mary E.
Lensch, Alma W.

Lensch, Elsie
Lensch, Eva A.
Lenschner, H.
Levengood, Emma
Lewis, Bertha
Lewis, Dorothy M.
Liebert, Mary
Lillicup, Mrs. B. C.
Lincoln, Mrs. H.

Ling, Mrs. Harry A.
Linker, Claire R.
Linson, Mrs. Edwin
Lippen, Mathilda N.
Lippen, Miriam
Logan, Mrs. R. P.
Logan, R. P.

Lotz, Mrs.

William F.

Ludy, Miss Alice R.
Luninger, Marie A.
Lutz, George W.
Lynch, Helen E.
Lyons, J. E., Jr.
Lythage, Mrs. Harry
MacAuley,

Georgianna
MacDonald, John J.
MacDonald, Robert
MacGarrigle
Mrs. F. M.
MacGarrigle, G. L.
MacNeil,

Margaret D.

Mackay, Jeanette E.
Maclay, Mrs. D. C.
MacMaster, Mrs. E.
Magarvey, Andrew
Magarvey, Mrs. H.E.
Magonigal, J. A.

Mall, Katherine
Maloney, James L.
Maloney, Ralph L.
Marchl, Miss Sophie
Marion, Joseph S.
Marshall, Nancy A.
Marx, John, Jr.

Marx, Richard
Maseherd, Nellie
Mast, Ralph S.
Matthews, Samuel B.
Mattis, Ruth I.
McAdoo, Gertrude
McAlister, Mrs. S.
McCabe, Mrs. Bessie
McCloskey,

Kathryn

McCarty, John M.
McClurkin, Mrs. Ella
McCorkle, James M.
McCorkle, Lillian E.
McDowell, Martha
McFarland, Miss E. C.
McFarland, Mabel K.
McGuire, Mathilda
McHale, Regina
McIntyre, Mrs.
William

McKenzie, Elsie
McLaughlin,

Mrs. C. A.
McLaughlin, C. A.
McLaughlin, Nellie
McMenamin, Ida
McMenamin,

Kathryn

Megovern, Mrs. S.
Michael, Madge
Michael, Mildred I.
Miller, Nellie
Miller, Paul S.

Mingle, Mrs.

Eva May
Mitchell, M. G.
Mitchell, W. F.
Moeckel, F. L.
Mogridge, Emma M.
Mogridge Mrs. R. P.
Mollendof, Sara E.

Montgomery,

Mrs. A. J.
Montgomery,

Kathleen
Moore, Jessie M.
Moore, Louise V.
Moore, Mary
Morgan, Benjamin E.
Morgan, L. S.

Morris,

Elizabeth F.
Morrison, Anna C.
Moses, Mrs. L. K.
Mosher, Mrs. Carrie
Murray, Laura M.
Murtha, Ray C.

Myers, Mary J.

Nace, Mabel
Nachod, Mrs. J. F.
Nash, Mrs. D. J.

Neal, Miss Anna
Neeld, Mrs. F. M.
Neeman, Clara C.

Neill, Mrs. Francis
Neithercott, John W.
Newhall, Dorothy
Nichols, Arthur C.
Nickum, Mrs. A. A.
Nickum, Lloyd H.
Norton, Mrs. Elsie
Oberly, Daniel W.
Oberly, Mrs. Ida G.
O’Brien, Joseph G.
O’Connor,

Mrs. Russell
O’Donnell,

Mrs. Elsie R.

Ollard, Grace
O’Neill, Mrs. Rose
Ott, Elizabeth
Ott, Roy W.

Ottinger, Mrs. Lydie
Otto, G. Freed
Overholt, Elizabeth
Pack, Lillian
Pahls, Margaret
Parker, Mary C.
Partridge, Charles E.
Partridge, Elizabeth
Partridge, L.S.

Pass, Anna H.

Passehl, Janice L.
Passehl, Lillian A.
Patterson, Mrs. A. W.
Patterson, Mary J.
Paxon, Mr's. Lillian Y.
Paxon, Mary J.

Peck, Florence M.
Peffer, Helen M.
Penglase, Mrs. Bertha
Peters, Blanche S.
Peters, Marion
Phetzing, Bertha E.
Phetzing, Ruth
Phillips, Elizabeth V.
Phillips, Jean B.
Phillips, Mazie
Pierce, Kathryn J.
Poehner, Dr. Carrie C.
Poel, Florence B.
Pollock, Miriam S.
Popp, John A., Jr.
Portner, Mrs. H. S.
Post, Clara
Potter, A. Gertrude
Potts, Ethel C.

Price, Henry
Priford, Miss L. A.
Prince, Mrs. W. A.
Pufield, Emlen P.
Pugh, Mrs. A. R.

Pugh, C. J.

Pullinger,

Mrs. Russell
Putnam, Mrs. Emma
Putnam, Helen B.
Pyfer, Mrs. Clara R.
Price, Mabel
Quinn, Mrs. Thomas

Radebaugh,

George O.

Rafferts, Clara
Rager, Edwin B.
Rahn, Katherine G.
Rainey, Mrs.

Violet M.
Randolph, Bert E.
Randolph, Elizabeth
Rau, Lillian
Reahm, Louisa
Reahm, Maude B.
Reber, M rs. F. L.
Reber, F. L.

Reber, Raymond
Reed, Alice E.

Reese, Florence M.
Reiff, Mrs. C. C.
Reiff, Clara H.
Reuton, J. Henry
Rhoads, Helen
Riley, Bernardine
Riley, Florence
Roach, Eva J.
Roatsch, Louis
Robidoux, Jasper
Robinson, Mrs. E. II.
Robinson, Frances
Robinson, Ida R. B.
Robinson, Mae
Robinson, M. Amelia
Robinson, Walter
Rodgers, Estelle M.
Roessler, Reba J.
Roper, Sarieta R.
Rosborough,

Mrs. Robert
Roth, George
Rothstein, Clara
Rudolph, Elizabeth
Rumming, Miss E.
Rumming, Mrs. F.
Russell, Violet E.
Ryder, Mrs. Bert
Ryder, Gladys
Ryder, Harriet
Sailer, Elizabeth C.
Sailer, Mabel C.
Sailer, Mary H.
Salsbury, Mrs.

George H.

Sand, Marie K.
Satterthwaite,

J. Ralph

Saurman, Byron
Saurman,

E. Marguerite
Saurman, Norman A.
Savage, Walter P.
Sawyer, Marion
Sawey, Kathryn
Schaal, Anna M.
Schell, Mrs. F. C.
Schell, F. C.

Schell, H. W.
Schening, Mrs. E.
Schening, Emma V.
Schmidt, Marguerite
Schneider, Elmer A.
Schoen, Catherine
Scholze, Gladys E.
Scott, Mrs. B.
Schrader, Anna R.
Schrader, Muriel A.
Schuck, Elizabeth
Schultz, Dorothy D.
Schultz, Irma A.
Schultz, Miss M. K.
Schwartz, Elmer E.
Schwartz, E. Roydcn
Schwartz, Ida M. C.
Seabury, Miss F. L.
Searfoss, Julia T.
Seidel, Lillian
Seth, Mrs. E. D.
Sheen, M. Roy
Shinn, Charles S.
Shinn, Leslie T.
Shirley, Mrs. W. H.

Festival Chorus — Continued

Shoan, Mrs.

Thomas E.

Siep, Mabel
Silbert, Howard
Silbert, Mrs.
Winifred

Simpkins, Mrs. M. B.
Simmons, Margaret
Simms, Mrs. Elsie Y.
Simpson, Charles G.
Simpson, Norman W.
Skidout, Louise
Smedley, Richard H.
Smith, Alice
Smith,

Mrs. George E.
Smith, Harry
Smith, Margaret M.
Smith, May
Sonneheim, Mabel
Sorber, G. Fred
Sordlast, George
Spencer, Irene
Stauffer, Josephine
Stauss, Alice
Stevens, Charles J.
Stevens, Frances
Stewart, Barbara
Stout, Dorothy G.
Stratton, Emma
Stringer, John A.
Stroud, Lillian E. A.
Stubbs, Alberta
Sullivan, Mabel C.
Summers, Charles P.
Sutro, Frances W.
Sutro, Mrs. Paul W.
Sutro, Paul W.
Sutton, Dorothea
Sutton, Eleanor
Sutton, Mary E.

S warts, Helen D.
Simpson, Dorothy
Simpson, Edith A.
Seth, Mrs. H. 1).
Seth, H. D.

Taylor, Emma M.

Abdill, Roberta K.
Adams, J. P.
Adamson, Frank
Aikin, Harriet B.
Aikin, Samuel L.
Albeck, Elmer E.
Albeck, Elton
Alexander, Elsie S.
Alexander,

Mrs. Madeline
Allen, Mrs. A. V.
Allen, Cora M.
Allison, Sue E.
Amleuhl, W.
Anderson,

Mrs. Alexander
Anderson, Alexander
Anderson, William J.
Andes,

Mrs. William G.
Andrews,

Julia Frances
Ankrum, Myrtle E.
Aumiller, Miss M.
Auns, W. D.
Armstrong, Grace
Armstrong, Herbert
Arnold, Frank
Asay, J. G.

Ash, Mrs. J. N.
Ashenhurst,
Elizabeth F.
Ashjian, Leon H.
Atchinson, James F.
Bailie, Ethel C.

Baird, Mrs. William
Baker, Ethel W.
Baker, Hugh C.
Baldwin, Eleanor M.
Baldwin,

Mrs. Frances M.

Taylor,

Granderson S., Jr.
Taylor, Jane
Taylor, Mrs. John B.
Taylor, Olivia
Taylor, Mrs. William
Terrill, David L.
Terrill, J. Violet
Terry, Mrs. Edgar
Tevis, Mrs. A. N.
Tevis, Asher N.
Thayer, Mrs. E. D.
Thomas, Emma N.
Thomas, Gertrude
Thomas, Raymond H.
Thompson, Mrs. E.
Thompson, F. N.
Thorne, Eva
Thorne, Margaret E.
Tobias, Reba I.
Tobin, G. E.

Tolle, Ella
Toller, Ida
Tomalino, Helen
Torrey, Fred. C.
Towkin, Thomas
Towne, Bertha
Towne, Marian E.
Towne, Mrs.

Robert D.

Towne, Mrs.

Robt. F.

Towne, Robt. F.
Towne, S. F.

Trant, Eleanor M.
Trommer, Betty E.
Trommer, Henrietta
Troup, Clementine L.
Troup, Mrs. Minnie
Tucker, Percy G.
Twesten, Mrs. David
Tyler, Warren
Tyre, Theodore
Ulhorn, William
Unselt, Helen
Vance, Mae
Van Steenburgh, A.

Van Steenburgh,
George L.

Van Steenburgh,

Mrs. Laura
Van Steenburgh, May
Vernon, Cecilia L.
Vollmer, Ida
Von Seldeneck, L. G.
Vose, Samuel S.
Vreeland, Edith B.
Vreeland, Ruth
Vurpillot,

Madaline L.

Wagner, Doris
Wagner, Mrs. J. H.
Wagner, J. H.

Wagner, Miriam
Wainwright, Alfred R.
Wainwright, Mrs. E.
Wallaner, Mrs. B. A.
Walls, Mrs. Jennie
Walters, George E.
Walters, W.H.

Ware, Emma F.
Warfield, Dorothy I.
Watson, Helen E.
Watson, Mrs. Henry
Watson, Marjorie
Weeder, Mrs. E. S.
Weil, Sara N.

Wells, Gertrude
Wells, Josephine
Wells, Thelma
Welsh, Esther W.
Wengel, Bertha
Werner, Marion O.
Weygandt, George H.
White, Alice A.

White, Mrs. A.
Wilkins, Mrs. Edna
Williams, Mary
Willis, Russell L.
Wilson, Mrs. A.
Wilson, Mrs. D. A.
Wilson, D. R.

Wilson, Eleanor A.
Wilson, Emma

West Philadelphia Unit

Ball, Rev. C. E.

Ball, Frida C.

Ball, William C. C.
Baltz, Bertha
Banks, Mrs. Catherine
Banks, Samuel J., Sr.
Banks, Samuel J., Jr.
Barnes,

Mrs. William R.
Barnes, William R.
Barnett, Anna E.
Barnhart, Dorothy D.
Barnshaw, J. W. C.
Barr, Betty
Barr, Janet T.

Barr, Jean
Barr, Mildred
Barrett, Dorothea
Barrett, Florence
Barrett, Ruth
Barsky, Rose
Bartlett, Clarence H.
Barton, Mrs. A.
Barton, William J.
Bastian, Mrs. Vesta L.
Bauerle, Dorothy
Bauers, Edwin A.
Bavis, Mrs. Alice
Beach, Bruce C.

Bear, Helen
Beard, Hazel
Beard,

Mrs. William H.
Beauchamp,

Mrs. Madeleine
Beaumont, Edward
Beck, Fred W.

Beck, Mrs. Henry
Beck, I. M.

Becker, A. Helen

Becker, Dorothy M.
Becker, Florence M.
Becker, Mrs. Sallie
Beckett, Coralie
Beckett, F. B.
Beckett, lone
Beckett, Mrs. H.
Bednar, Elizabeth P.
Bednar, Vladmer
Beissel, B. Franklin
Beissel, Mrs. C. E.
Beissel, Charles E.
Beissel, Ruth
Bell, Betty
Bellwood, Anthony
Belt, Ada M.

Belt, Estella B.
Bender, Clara N.
Bender, Mary
Benton, Mary E.
Berch, John Foster
Bernstein, Ida C.
Bettger, Mertie S.
Beveridge, Mrs. John
Beveridge, Mabel H.
Billings, Maude A.
Birch, Nellie C.
Biscoe, Mrs. Benton
Bishop, Mrs. J. E.
Bishop, Olive
Bixler, Mrs. W. H.
Bixler, William H.
Blake, G. H.
Blakelock,

C. Gilbert
Blakelock, Dorothy
Boden, Elizabeth
Bolger, Robert
Bond, Edith M.

Bond, Gladys

Wilson, Ernest D.
Wilson, Helen S.
Wilson, Henry M.
Wilson, Marjorie L.
Wilson, Mary R.
Wilson, Maude G.
Wilson, Orin S.
Wilson, Rhoda
Wilson, William
Wilt, Anna M.
Winarski,

A. Stanley
Winarski, Edward
Winarski, Helen
Wisner, Marjorie M.
Wolf, Evelyn
Woodcock, Walter
Wooler, Elizabeth
Wooler, Horace P.
Wooler, Mrs. Mary
Wooler, Robert
Worden, Mrs. G. T.
Worden, G. T.
Wunder, Ida
Wunder, Mrs. William
Wunsch, Felix
Wunsch, Myrtle
Walker, Mrs. Zilla
Yarnell, Mrs. E.

Yeo, Mrs. Samuel P.
Yost, Eva M.

Yost, Mary C.

Young, A. C.

Young, Mrs.

A. George
Young, A. George
Young, Mrs. Edna
Young, Edwin S.
Young, Lillian
Young, Thelma
Zeitlin, Eva D.
Ziegenfuss, Mrs. H.
Ziegler, Samuel J.
Zilm, Mrs. H. H.
Zimmer, Laura E.

Zinn, Mabel

Bond, Mrs. Robert
Boner, Gladys A.
Boner, Mrs. Mildred
Bosler, Mrs. Wilson T.
Bostick, Edwin H.
Bowen, C. F. W.
Bowen,

Mrs. Minnie R.
Bowersox, Alice
Bowman, Mrs. H. B.
Bradley, Maybel S.
Brad way, R. W.
Braenninger,

Albert W.
Braenninger,

Mary H.

Brehm, Olive
Breisch, Elizabeth
Brenz, Mary E.
Bressler, Anna
Brewster, F. G.

Briggs, Mary
Brill, Sarah E.
Britcher, Katherine
Broadwell, Nellie
Brock, Louisa F.
Brodman, Hattie
Brodman, Pearl
Brower, Ashaah
Brown, Claudia V.
Brown, Eleanor
Brown, James S.
Brown, Jennie
Brown, Muriel D.
Brunner, Samuel H.
Bry, Elizabeth L.
Buckingham, W. S.
Bunning, Leon
Bunting, M. Agnes

Festival Chorus — Continued

Buri, Mrs. Helen
Burk, F. Rosabella
Burns, Catherine F.
Bushong,

James J., Sr.

Buster, J. H.

Callahan, Anna B.
Callahan, Thomas D.
Calvert, Mrs. Harold
Candlin, Mrs. Walter
Cannon, Elsie W.
Cannon, Lillian M.
Cantrell, Mrs. J. A.
Carey, Mrs. Bruce A.
Carpenter, Clarence A.
Carpenter, Mrs. S.
Carr, Anna
Carr, Gertrude
Carter, Theresa
Cartledge, Vera
Carty, William P.
Casey, Rose
Cassell, A. M.

Chain, Clementine
Chandler,

Mrs. Anna Y.
Cheney, Mrs.

Gertrude
Chew, Minerva
Childs, Kathryn
Christie, Adeline
Christoffersen,

^ Cornelia L.

Clam, Mrs. George
Clark, Mary T.

Clarke, Mrs. E.
Clayden, Elizabeth A.
Clayton, Mrs. Ella M.
Clear, Edna M.

Clegg, Alice
Clegg, Elizabeth
Clem, Clifford O.

Clem, George W.

Clem, Isabelle
Clendenning,

Virginia

Cleveland, Robert B.
Cleveland, Mrs. Vida
Clyde, Thomas J.
Cocke,

Mrs. Florence O.
Coder, Ella G.

Coder, Mrs. Emma J.
Cohen, Rose L.
Colanterone, Rose
Colbath, Mrs.

Helen V.

Coleman, Hettie
Coles, Mrs. Frank
Colgate, Mrs.

Winnie L.

Compton, Mrs. Robert
Compton, Lillian P.
Conner, Miriam H.
Conway, Helen
Cooper, Mrs. A. H.
Cooper, John F.

Copple, Lola M.
Coursen, Leslie A.
Cowen, Mrs. A. M.
Cowen, Lucy Manor
Cox, Elisabeth
Cox, Florence K.

Coyle, Margaret R.
Coyne, Kathryn
Coyne, Mary
Craig, Helen
Craig, Jessie B.
Crandall, Evelyn H.
Crawford, Olive R.
Creticos,

Mrs. Harrietta
Creticos, Sophie
Croghan, Theresa M.
Cromwell, Frank D.
Crosby, Marian
Crossett, Elaine
Crowl, Bella C.
Cruikshank,

Lewis W.

Cullum, Sydney
Cunningham, Alan C.
Cunningham, Colin
Curry, Mrs. Grace G.
Collins, Mrs. E. H.
Daehling, Mrs. Helen
Dahl, Elsie
Dailey, Ferman M.
Dale, Paul

Dale, Mrs. Walter C.
Dallas, Henry W.
Dallas, Mrs. John W.
Daly, Loretto S.
Darling, Irene M.
David, Alexander
Davidson, Mrs. S. B.
Davies, Mrs. R. V. II.
Davis, Lewis O.

Day, Florence A.
Deacon, Peggy
Deardorff, E. L.
Decker, Rufus H.
Decon, Ernest A.
DeFord, Caroline
Delany, William J.
DeLong, Mrs. P.
DeMoreland,

Mrs. A. C.

Demuth, Dorothy
Denby, Henry T.
Denby, Katherine
Denman, Mrs.

Denny, James
Denny,

William H., Jr.
Dickinson, Mrs. C.
Dickinson, Hazel S.
Dickinson, Mary E.
Dietz, Sara A.

Dietz, W. G.

Diller, Fanchon C.
Dillin, Cecelia M.
Doane, Mrs.

Carlton B.

Doane, Ethel F.
Dodson, Leon
Dodson,

Mrs. Lillian R.
Donatz, Elizabeth
Donatz, Virginia
Dorfman, Sarah B.
Doud, Mrs. Ada
Dougherty,

Mrs. Ellsworth
Dougherty,

Ellsworth, Jr.
Dougherty, Mary
Doughty, Elias
Doughty, Ella
Doyle, Grace A.
Dowling, Grace
Doyle, Margaret
Drew, Evangeline
Druce, Elizabeth
Druce, Mrs. Lillian
Duckett, Mrs. H. L.
Dumpson, J. R.

Dunn, Mrs. A.

Dun worth, James F.
Durham, Minnie M.
Dyer, Florence C.
Downey, James N.
Eareckson,

Florence M.
Eareckson, Mildred
Eastwick, Charlotte
Edwards, David P.
Edwards, Shirley
Edwards, Stanley Y.
Edwards, Mrs. W.
Edwards, William R.
Egan, Marian H.
Eisenhart, Marian
Ellis, Thomas S.
Emory, William
English, Mrs. Anna
English, Anna Estelle
English, Edna E.
English, Mildred M.
Enos, F. J.

Erickson, Mae
Ermold, L. Evelyn
Ernst, Mrs. Besse
Ettleman, Mrs. Rose
Evans, John Warren
Evans, Orrin C.

Eves, Mathilda D.
Fagely, Jennie B.

Fair, Mrs. Robert
Fair, Robert L.
Fantom, Evelyn M.
Fantom, Mrs. Mary
Farbman, Ethel
Fearon, Frances
Fees, Agnes S.

Fees, E. Leonore
Fenton, Arthur
Fetters, Mildred
Fidler, Helen J.

Fields, Anna
Fields, P. Wray
Figuly, Pauline A.
Fink, Helen L.

Fischer, E. Alvina
Fischer, Isabel G.
Fisher, Kate A.
Flanagan,

Rev. Henry D.

Fly, Elsie
Foery, George W.
Foote, Anna
Forster, Mrs. F.
Forsyth, William H.
Fox, Katherine M.
Free, Dorris
Freeman, Harry C.
French, Mrs. A. T.
French, Mrs. Clara
Frescoln, L.

Frescoln, Leonard
Frey, Clara L.

Friedly, Frances I.
Fromm, Edna M.

Fry, David P.

Fuller, Mrs. B. J.
Fuller, Byron J.

Fuller, Harold T.
Fulton, Anita
Fulton, Hugh J.
Furrer, Nettie
Fite, Mrs. John B.
Gardiner, M. E.
Gardner, Robert N.
Garratt, Edith M.
Garratt, Harold V.
Garwood, Mrs. A. A.
Gay, Lulu
Gerhart, Harvey K.
Gerhart, Mrs. Iva V.
Gersen, Fred C.

Gersen, Mrs. Margaret
Gettz, Lydia
Getz, Laura
Gibson, Mabel
Gifford, Katherine
Gilbert, A. M.

Gilbert, Julia F.

Gilbert, Theodore T.
Gillingham, Carrie A.
Gillingham,

Dorothy C.

Gink, Mrs. August
Gladding, Mrs.J. P.
Glazier, Florence E.
Gleason, Peg
Good, Alberta
Good, Thelma
Gosser, Miriam L.
Gottschall, Jessie
Gould, Mrs. M. D.
Gould, Rene
Graeber, Anna V.
Graef, Mildred
Grafton, Frances L.
Graham, Eleanor J.
Grams, Pauline
Grant, Hazel B.

Gray, Emma E.

Gray, Margaret
Grey, Louise E.

Green, Dorothy
(ireen, Ella
Green, Sylvia F.

Grier, Mrs. Emma M.
Grier, Ethel S.
Griffiths, Arthur W.
Groat, Mrs. Grace M.
Gsell, Marie E.
Gutman, Alice
Gilvear, Mrs. D.

Haas, Laura A.

Haas, Walter T.
Haigh, Albert G.
Haines, Adella E.
Haines, Dorothy D.
Haines, Helen G.
Haines, Mrs. Nev T.
Haldman, Emma G.
Hall, Philip
Halvorsen, Anna M.
Hamilton Elsie L.
Hamilton, Mrs. F. L.
Hamilton, Frank L.
Hampshire, Jesse
Hansen, Elizabeth
Hardt, Carrie Jane
Harding Mrs. Frank
Haring, Bertha J.
Haring, Sally A.
Haring, Mrs. S. S.
Haring, S. S.

Harper, Mrs. Gladys
Harris, Jess S.

Harry, Mrs. Amelia
Harry, Leroy P.
Harshaw, Alice
Hartley, Harold C.
Hartley, Robert
Hartman, Anna M.
Hartrick,

Mrs. Florence
Haslett, Elizabeth
Haufler, Olive G.
Haupt, Mrs. David
Haussmann, Otto G.
Hay, Mrs. C. W.
Hayes, Catherine
Hazell, Elva
Headman, Betty L.
Heaton, Mrs. A. V.
Heineman, Mrs. O.W.
Heller,

Mrs. Bertha
Helmuth, Baron O.
Henry, Eleanor R.
Henry, Helen L.
Hepwell, Mrs. Howard
Hepwell, Howard
Herbert,

Mrs. Elizabeth
Herbott, Marie E.
Hermon, Mrs. Katie
Hertel, Mrs. E.

Hertel, Paul
Hertzler, Mrs. A. J.
Hertzler, Harold L.
Hettich, Frieda
Heywood, Mrs. James
High, Beatrice K.
Highley, Mary S.

Hill, Mrs. N. L.

Hill, Norman L.
Hinkel, Ruth
Hirst, William H.
Hobeden, Charles T.
Hobden, Katherine
Hoffman, Mrs.

Howard

Hoffner, Alford W.
Ilohl,

Mrs. Margaret S.
Holmes, Harry G.
Homan, Mrs. A. F.
Hoover, Jessie
Hopkins, Alexia
Hopkins, Joseph
Hopper, C. Edmund
Hopwood, Margaret
Hoskins, Elenor
Howard, Keene P.

509

Festival Chorus — Continued

Howarth, Caroline
Howarth, Edward
Hoy, Elizabeth.
Hudome, Lottie C.
Huff, Jay B.

Hugh, Peter M.
Hughes, Catherine
Hughes, Mrs. E. C.
Hughes, Elva
Hughes, Grace E.
Hughes, Jennie
Hughes, Mrs. L.
Hugo, Augustus
Hulme, Ellis C.
Hummel,

Wilhelmine E.
Humphries, Dorothy
Hunt, Everett N.
Hunt, Miriam
Hurcomb, S. Angus
Husted, Ethel F.
Hutton, Jessie E.
Hutton, Margaret E.
Hyssong, Mary A.
lander, A. Everett
lander, August H.
lander, Carrie G.
lander, J. Richard
Ireland, Mrs. E. K.
Ireland, Frances
Ireland, Isabel
Ireland, M. Jessie
Irvin, M. E.

Irving, Marguerite
Jackson,

Mrs. Georgiana
Jackson, Mrs.

Helen Lee
James, Mary
Janbazian, Edward
Jarvis, Grace
Jarvis, Lillian
Jay, Fred G.

Jaycox, A. M.

Johns, Anna E.
Johnson, Anna
Johnson, John L.
Johnson, Margaret
Johnson, Margaret
Johnson, Ruth
Johnson, Mrs.

Thomas P.

Johnson, T. P.
Johnstone, Anna R.
Johnstone, Muriel C.
Joline, Fred E., Jr.
Joline

Robert Merritt
Jones, Miss D. E.
Jones, Mrs. Geo. J.
Jones, Gwendolen
Jones, Mrs. Howell
Jones, Miss Sarah
Josephson, Frieda
Joyner, Emma E.
Joyner, James A.
Joyner, Joseph A.
Kane, K. A.
Kannegeiser,

Elizabeth G.
Kearney, Mrs. John J
Kearney,

Katherine E.

Keeler, Catherine
Keeler, Ella R.

Keeler, J. Frank
Keim, Dorothy
Keim, Lydia
Keller, Esther H.
Keller, Mildred
Keller, Morris
Kelley, Mrs.

George F.

Kennedy, Frank B.
Kennedy, Dorothy
Kennedy, Elizabeth
Kennedy, Evelyn
Kennedy, Henrietta
Kennedy, Viola
Kennedy, W. G.

Kent, Evelyn

Kent, Mrs. Margaret
Kent, F. C. B.

Kent, Rosamond K.
Kerr, Margaret
Kersey, Henrietta
Kilpatrick, Samuel L.
Kimball, Miriam I.
Kime, Mrs. D. Alvin
Kimmey,

Mrs. E. W. C.
Kingsbury,

Mrs. R. B.
Kingsbury, R. B.
Kleefield, Albert G.
Klein, Mrs. William
Klein, William C., Jr.
Kleinschmidt
Veronica
Kline, Frank M.
IClinka, Mabel
Klinka, Sylvia
Knapp, Regina
Knell, Fred, Jr.
Knerr, Robert
Knight, Mrs. Olive
Knopf,

Marion Adams
Knoppel, Mrs, Clara
Koch, Mildred
Kohl, Anna
Kohler, Dorothy
Kohn, Aaron
Kolb, Mrs. Emily L.
Kolb, Gertrude S.
Kolb, John P.

Koons, Mrs. j. A.
Koons, Martin L.
Kreps, Lillian M.
Kresse, Charlotte
Kuhnle, Mrs. W. R.
Kuhnle, W. Ralph
Kulp, Beatrice
Kunkle, Kitty
Kunz, Ethel
Kunz, Harry J.
Kusner, May M.

Kyle, Bessie D.
Lafferty, Mrs. W. H.
Lambert,

Mrs. Mary A.
Lambert, M. Isabell
Lamborn, Dorothy
Landergin, Robert S.
Landergin, Willabelle
Landers, Marcelle
Lang, Mary E.
Lapetina, Elizabeth
Larson, Edith J.
Larson, S. W.

Laury. Mrs. Fred F.
Lavin, Mary Agnes
Law, Maggie
Lawless, Frances
Lawrence, Reba N.
Leaman, Mrs. B. F.
Leary,

Mrs. Harriett F.

Mrs. J. Wilbur
Leidy, Beatrice
Leighton, Marie E.
Leithold,

Margaret E.
Leonard, Marie
Leslie, Mrs. Ethel M.
Lewis, Edna
Lewis, Elizabeth
Lewis, J. Norman
Lewis, Walter L.
Leyman, Pauline B.
Libby, Gertrude
Lilly, Mary
Lilly, May

Linder, Mrs. Edward
Linn, George
Lister, Mrs. Carolyn
Lithgow, Anna
Lithgow, Mary F.
Litzenberg,

Mrs. C. C,
Litzenberg, Homer

Livingston, Ida M.
Livingston, Jane
Lockard, Almeda
Lockwood, Mrs. E.
Logue, John F.

Long, Grace E.

Long, William C.
Lopez, Rose
Lorck, Mrs. May
Lovatt, Mrs. James S.
Lovatt, J. Sidney, Jr.
Lovatt, Mrs. Lillian
Lunn, E. A.

Lutton, Addie B.

Lutz, Irene T.

Lutz, Ruth M.
McAllister, Elizabeth
McAllister,

Mrs. Katherine E.
McAllister, Lillian S.
McAllister,

Marion S.
McCalmont,

Mrs. Robert
McCalmont,

Robert W.

McCarty, Rhoda
McCausland,

Mrs. Frank N.
McClain, Arthur F.
McClain, Thomas
McClea, J. M.
McClure, Gertrude
McClure,

Mrs. J. B.R.
McClure, J. B. R.
McCoach, Lydie
McConnell, Robert R.
McCoy, Mary F.
McCray, Margaret I.
McDermott, Bernard
McDonald, Sarah
McGee, Anna E.
McGee, Katherine
McGinn, John A.
McGinn, Mary
McHugh,

Mrs. Frank P.
McKechnie, Esther
McKechnie, Henry
McKee, Anna
McKinney, Anna I.
McKinney, Jane
McWilliams, Elsie H.
MacAdams, Mrs.
Jennie

MacAdams, Tho9. B.
MacAdams,

Thomas, Jr.
MacElhone, Mary
MacFarland, Jane R.
MacGonigle, Agnes M.
MacHenry, W. Bruce
Macllvain, Emma
MacMillen,

Mrs. Isabella
MacMillen, Marie R.
MacNeill, Christiana
MacNeill, Dorothy
Mac Watters,

Frederick K.
MacWatters, Idoleen
Mac Watters,

William H.
MacWatters,

Mrs. W. J.
MacWatters, W. J.
Mackie, Ruth
Macko, Julia M.
Maisch, Henrietta
Makens, Mrs. J. F.
Maker,

Mrs. Katherine P.
Maloney, Anna
Maloney,

Elizabeth W.
Malony, Edith W.
Manheim,

Alfred James
Marks, Sarah M.
Marriott, Mrs. Frank

Marshall, Julia B.
Marshall, Ruth F.
Martin, Mrs. John
Martin, Marion
Mason, Mrs. M. D.
Masse, Elizabeth
Mast, Elizabeth E.
Maves, George
Mawhinney,

Mrs. J. C.

Max, Martha B.
Maxson, C. E.
Maxwell, Joe, Jr.
Meagher, Mrs. John
Meckert, D. A.
Mehorter, Elizabeth
Mehorter, Mrs. M. B.
Mehring, L. D.
Mellen, Maisie
Mencke, Helen M.
Mercer, Mrs. Harper
Meredith, Albert E.
Merker, Edith
Merker, Evelyn
Merker, Lillian
Merryman, Helen I.
Mervine, Charles P.
Merz, John
Meschter, Mrs. Jacob
Messmer, Alice
Messmer, Edna
Meuser, Aurelia M.
Meyer, Lucy M.
Meyer, Miriam
Mezger, Sophie F.
Michael, H. B.

Miller, Ella May
Miller, Ellen
Miller, Emma S.
Miller, Florence C.
Miller, Mrs. Frank
Miller,

Mrs. Lillian
Miller, Mabelle G.
Miller, Margaret E.
Miller,

Margaretta S.
Miller, Mary
Miller, Mary R.
Miller, Mrs. Wm. O.
Min die, Julius H.
Minter, Robert W.
Mitchell,

Elizabeth B.
Moehring, Kathryn
Moffat, Grace E.
Mohr, Jack
Molineux, Edna
Molineux, Ruth
Moore, Elsie
Moore, Mae R.
Moore, Ruth M.
Morell, Reba I.
Morgan, Edith
Morgan, Mrs. Evan
Morrell, Mrs.

George L.

Morrell, Philip W.
Morton, Isabella S.
Mott, Charles
Mowery, Emory G.
Movies, John
Mukenfuss, Anna G.
Mulford,

Mrs. F. Howard
Mulford, F. Howard
Mulloy, Harold
Munz, Mrs. Charles
Munz, Mrs. Florence
Murphy,

Mrs. Eleanor A.
Murphy, Elizabeth
Murr, Rosa E.

Myers, Elizabeth
Myers,

Mrs. Florence R.
Myers, Lillian
Myers, Mrs. Mary
Myers, Orville
Meyers, Mrs. Robert
Needham, Mrs. A. W.

Festival Chorus — Continued

Neiman, Mrs. Alice
Nelson, Alfred K.
Nelson, Earl Austin
Nelson,

Mrs. James G.
Nelson, Vivian
Nicholas, A. S.
Noeppel, Henry E.
Nolte, M. Elizabeth
Nutt, Caroline E.
Nutt, Marguerite
Oakly, James E.
O’Brien, Mrs. M. J.
Ohm, Mabel C.
O’Keef, Sabini M.
Olewine, Raymond E.
O’Malley, Mary
Orth, Harry M.
Ortlick, Bertha
Ortlisle, Emil
Osborne, Ida
Ostema, Lydia
Ott, Mrs. Howard
Palmer, Georgia B.
Palmer, Lavinia
Palmer, Margarette
Parke, Carolyn S.
Parker, Elizabeth C.
Parker, Mrs. J. A.
Parker, J. A.

Parker, Lydia C.
Parker, Miriam L.
Parker, Mrs. M. S.
Parker, Ruth M.
Parker, Mrs. W.
Parkinson,

Vincent W.
Patterson, Elizabeth
Patterson, Eunice
Patterson,

Minnie Wood
Paul, Betty
Paul, John B.

Paul, William Forrest
Paullin, Edith E.
Pearce, Louise
Peckworth,

Dr. Charles W.
Pennock, Walker C.
Pennypacker, Elsie C.
Pennypacker,

S. Edna
Penrose, Ethel
Peoples, Samuel S.
Perrott, Mrs. J. A.
Perry, Antone J.
Perry,

Mrs. Beatrice
Perry, B. L.
Peterman, Anna B.
Peterman,

Katherine B.

Peters, Lillian M.
Phillips, Elvy C.
Phillips, Ethel L.
Pierce, Elmer E.
Pilton, William
Platt, Sue S.

Pole, Grace A.

Poole, Walter H.
Poore, E. Mae
Postpichal,

Frances M.

Potter, Florence A.
Power, Martha B.
Pratt,

Mrs. Gertrude E.
Presby,

Mrs. Charles M.
Presby, Charles M.
Prescott, Helen
Presson, J. T.

Price, Emma
Price, Jessie M.

Price, Louise D.
Price, May
Price, Ruth
Prickett, Sophie
Proctor, Florence E.
Proudfoot,

William S.

Pugh, James G.

Suigley, Mary
uinn, Elisabeth
Rabin, Freda
Raeuber, Christine
Rainey,

Mrs. Charters, Jr.
Rainey, Charters
Ralston, Miss Ethel
Ramsey, Virginia
Ramsey, William
Raport, Anna
Rauch, Gladys A.
Rawley, Mrs.

Harold C.

Rawley, Harold C.
Reagoso, Michael
Recher, William E.
Reed, Edith A.

Reeder, Elsie
Reeder, Mrs. W. C.
Reichert, May E.
Reilly, Helen
Reilly,

Josephine P.

Reilly, Una
Reinhold, Henry L.
Rennie, Wilburn P.
Reutlinger, Fred
Reutlinger,

Katherine H.
Reutlinger, Ruth
Reynolds, Mae I.
Rhoades, J. L.
Richards, Horace G.
Richards, Mary J.
Richardson, Clara A.
Richman, H. C.
Richman, Mrs. H. C.
Rieger, Sarah
Rife, Mrs. Phoebe A.
Riley, Joseph A.
Rinard, Grace P.
Robbins, Mrs. J. P.
Roberts, Mrs. G.
Roberts, Elizabeth M.
Robinson, Anna B.
Robinson, Miss Dean
Rockett, F. Dorothy
Rodebaugh,

Harold A.

Rodgers, Elizabeth
Roes, Clara V.

Roes, Irma
Roesch, Elizabeth M.
Roesch, William C.
Rogers, Miss Lillian
Rohrback, Gilbert B.
Ronig, Eleanor
Ronig, Eva C.

Rose, Lydia E.
Rosemont, Miriam
Rosen, Cecelia
Ross, Betsy J.
Rossman,

Mrs. Clara P.

Roush,

Gertrude M.

Rowley, Irma
Ruble, Harry A.
Rudolph, G. C.

Ruehl, Franklin R.
Rule, Helen
Ruller,

Worthington R.
Russell, Andrew W.
Russell, David B.
Ryan, Mrs. D. T.

Ryan, Edna F.

Ryan, Kathryn B.
Safer, Elizabeth E.
Saltford, Katherine L.
Sandham,

Mrs. Catherine
Sandoz, Maurice F.
Sandoz, R. A.

Sangree, Mrs. Henry
Sarjeant, Ethel B.
Sarkis, Angelina
Sassaman, John C.
Schaeffer, J. J.

Schaeffer, Louise P.
Schaffer, Inez G.
Schell, Henry A., Jr.
Scherer, Kathryn M.
Scheuren,

Catherine V.
Schneck, Albert
Schneider, Katherine
Schnett, Christine
Schrom, George S.
Schulz, Adelaide
Schwabenland,
Mathilde

Schwarze, Mrs. Nellie
Schweitzer, Elsie
Schwemmer, M. E.
Scott, Betty
Scott, Margaret
Scott, William C.
Seaboldt, Margaret
Seeley, Walter R.
Selbst, Dorothy
Sellers, Mrs. J. E.
Semel, Jeanne
Semel, Mrs. S.

Semple, James W.
Serverson, Jane F.
Serverson, S. Alice
Shaw, Mrs. Joseph
Shaw, Robert
Sheaff, Mrs. Philip A.
Sheeley, Earl
Sheeley, Virginia
Sheets, Anna D.
Shields, Mrs. Mary G.
Shirtz, Vera M.
Shoemaker, Amy
Shoemaker, Edith R.
Shoemaker,

Eleanor C.

Shubert, Emma M.
Silverstein,

Rebecca B.

Singley, Daniel
Singley, Olive M.
Sixsmith,

Mrs. Samuel
Skaroff, Elizabeth E.
Sladen, Mary L.
Slatcher, Marion
Sloan, Carrie M.
Smiley, Mrs. Edwin
Smith, Allan B.

Smith, Anna C.

Smith, Blanche C.
Smith, Claire
Smith, Mrs. E. B.
Smith, Mrs. E. M.
Smith, Mrs. Ella W.
Smith, Jean B.

Smith, Marie
Smith, V. T.

Smith, Mrs. W. D. D.
Smith, W. D. D.
Smyth, Mrs. Douglas
Smythe, Virginia C.
Snavely, Bertha
Snavely, Evelyn
Snyder, Elsie G.
Songster, Mrs. J.
Souder, Mary B.
Souders, Mary
Spaeter, E. Gertrude
Speakman, Mrs. C. A.
Spencer, Mrs. D. E.
Springer, Eleanor L.
Springman, Emma
Sproul, Connie B.
Sproul, James D.
Stauffer, Edith
Steel, Miriam
Steiger, Chester C.
Stephenson, Margaret
Sterling, Helen C.
Stem, Adiel M.
Sternberg, Jesse
Stetler, Ruth
Stevens, Mabel
Stewart, Edith V.
Stewart, Mrs. J.
Stewart, J. E.

Stewart, Mrs. S.
Stickney, M. N.
Stoakley, Mrs. G. M.
Stock, Norma
Stoneback,

Blanche C.

Stonehill, M. Eleanor
Stoops, Dorothy
Storch, Mrs. L.

Stover, Mrs. A. M.
Stowers, Mrs. A.
Strayer, Mary J.
Strome, Mrs. Nellie
Stroup, Gladys
Stryhall, Mrs. Louise
Stup, Mathilda
Swab, Nellie A.
Swaine, Mae E.
Swaine, William F.
Swart, Elliott
Sweetwood, Anna K.
Sweetwood,

J. Howard
Swope, Frances M.
Taft, Mrs. C. H.
Taylor, Mrs. Bessie B.
Taylor, Esther L.
Taylor, Margaret
Temple, Emily Young
Tenneson, Emma
Terrell, Mrs. A. E.
Thompson, Elizabeth
Thompson, Mrs. J. P.
Thom, Florence
Toerring, Helen
Tomlinson, Mrs. A. C.
Toms, Mrs. Warren S.
Trautwine, John C.
Trimble, Jessie W.
Tripple, Helen D.
Tritle, John C.
Troutman, Robert B.
Truitt, George A.
Turkington, Lillian H.
Turner, Ruth H.
Turner, Mrs.

William W.

Tyre, Mrs. Mary E.
Tyron, J. Martin
Uhde, Mrs. F. W.
Umholtz, John T.
Underwood,

Rodney J.

Vanderwerff, William
VanHouten, Evans
Veehy, James
Videon, Ella
Viguers, Susanna
Vogel, George B.
Vogel, Mildred
Vogel, Reba
Vollweiler,

Sophie Emma
VonBalzereit, Marie
Vondersmith, Mrs. E.
Vosledge, Florence K.
Waldman, David K.
Walker, Mrs. C. D.
Wall, Edith
Walter, Mrs. C. S.
Walters, G. E.
Walters, Huldah
Walton,

Violetta A.

Ward, Mrs. Mary P.
Waring, C. Wilma
Wames, C. E.
Watkins, Dorothy
Watkins, Margaret
Watson, Edna M.
Watson, Hannah M.
Watson,

Mrs. J. Bayard
Wear, Margaret R.
Webb, Charles
Webb, Elsie E.
Webster, Mrs. Arthur
Webster,

Florence B.
Weightman Robert G.

Festival Chorus — Continued

Weiss, Mrs. Adolph
Welcker, Dorothy M.
Wellington, Herbert
Wenner, Laura
Werner, Dorothy L.
Werner, Mrs. Frank
Weston, Mrs. D. E.
Wharton, Leozor W.
Wharton,

Mrs. Margaret E.
Wheatley, Bertha
Wheeler, Mrs. Harry
Whitaker,

Mrs. Josephine R.
White, Alice B.
White, Betty
White, Isabella A.
White, Mildred B.
Whiteside, Mrs. J.J.
Whittington, J. fi.

Alexander, Neil
Basler, Catherine
Bennett, Elizabeth
Bennett, Priscilla M.
Bennett, William
Bidwell, Jean
Black, Mildred
Boothees, Charles
Bresette, Mrs. M. H.
Brown, Eleanor
Carvey, Florence
Chapman, Belle
Colum, Mrs. Wray
Coombs, Mrs. D. C.
Derrickson, Lida
Dill, Mrs. C.
Esehinger, Mrs. Elva
Feidt, Mrs. J. H.
Fenner, Claire
Fields, Julia
Foelker, Dorothy
Forbes, Mrs. H. R.
Ford, Mrs. Agnes
Fott, Mrs. George
Freas, Mabel

Ancora, Mary E.
Anderson, Mrs. V. M.
Batten, Isaac L.
Bauman, Helen
Bingham, James
Cattell, Mrs. H.

Chute, A. P.

Dager, Mrs. Marie W.
Eckenhoff, Mrs. Ada

Whitworth, Mrs. E. B.
Wicks,

Mrs. S. Clayton
Wiest, Dorothy
Wigton, Lovanne
Willcox, M. S.
Wilkinson,

Mrs. Emma A.
Wilkinson, Geneva K.
Wilkinson, Susan
Williams, Mrs. C. B.
Williams, Ester
Willing, Anna
Wilson, Mae S.

Wilson, Grace
Wilson, Lydia T.
Wilson, Mrs. Merwyn
Wilson, Merwyn
Wilson, Rudolph L.
Wink, Samuel B.

Winsmore, Mrs. R. J.
Wolf, Mrs. T. K.
Wood, Bradley
Wood, Elsie
Wood, Mrs. Estelle L.
Wood, Lillian H.
Wood, Robert J.
Woodle, A. G., Jr.
Woodle, C.

Woodman, Dorothy E.
Woodman,

Mrs. Katheryn
Worthington,

Mrs. J. E.

Wright, Florence H.
Wright, Henrietta O.
Wynne,

Florence D. P.
Yarnall, Marian
Yarnall, Ruth E.

Yarp, Ruth M.

Yeogh, R. Franklin
Yerger, Virginia
Yerkes, Mrs. E. M.
Yerkes, Edwin M.
Yohn, Helen D.
Yorke, Helen
Young, Carolyn
Zensen,

Mrs. Charles H.
Zerfing, William A.
Ziemssen,

Mrs. William R.
Ziemssen, William R.
Zimmerman,
Elizabeth B.
Zogbaum, J. C.
Zollickoffer, Edith M.
Zollickoffer,

Kathreen E.

Sander, Mary B.
Scheubing, Mrs. M.
Shenton, Jannice
Simmond, Mrs. Alice
Smith, Mrs. Tom
Snyder, Catherine
Souders, Chester P.
Stackhouse, Elizabeth
Swallow, Camille
Swayne, Mrs. E. W.
Taylor, George L.
Thompson, Francis
Thwartes, Emma
Treat, Harriet L.
Trimble, Aline
Trimble, D. Q.
Trimble, Mrs. J. W.
Von Uffel, Mrs. Lidie
Warmald, Charlotte
Washburn, Elva
Whyte, Bessie
Williams, Elsie
Williamson,

Mrs. Abbie
Winslow, Helen

Schneider,

Mrs. George W.
Schramm, H. J.
Southworth, James P.
Sternberg, David L.
Swahk,

Mrs. Mildred E.
Ulrich, Mrs.

Weisel, L. C.

West Philadelphia Musical Association
Dr. J. Marvin Hanna, Director

Furman, Myra
Gilbert}, Edith
Gilbert, Mortimer
Grant, Mrs.

Charles K.
Hallman, Mary E.
Hasselberg,

Mrs. Ida C.

Hear, Helen
Heim, Mrs. A.
Hellier, Josephine
Heydorn, Mrs. M. S.
Hoffner, May B.
Hornberger, Sara
Hunter, Ross
Jenkins, Anna
Jones, Sarah D.

Kirk, Mrs. E. R.

Le Noir,

Mrs. F. E., Jr.
Letson, W. C.

Levan, Victor
Little, Almira E.
Logan, Mrs. Essa
MacGregor, Jessie H.

Mendelssohn Club
Bruce A. Carey, Director

Erwin, Mildred M.
Faber, Estelle E.
Fluke, Gertrude
Fluke, Lee
Hilbert, John E.
Hoar, Marie A.
Jones, Mrs. Ray D.
Lindsay,

Mrs. Albert M.

McCarthy, Ruth
McCloud, Mrs. H. H.
McFalls, Mary E.
Mater, Leta
Michener, E. G.
Murray, Helen
Neale, Ethel
Neale, Florence
Neale, Mrs. Frank
Nickle, Mrs. Reginald
Norris, Edith
Osmun, Helen E.
Pagan, Edna
Pagan, Walter, Jr.
Patterson, A. H.
Phillips, J. W.
Phoebus, Beulah
Rabuck, A. E.

Rabuck, Mrs. H. E.
Rabuck, Hazel M.
Rankin,

Mrs. Charles C.
Rice, Gladys M.
Rossman, George
Rowe, Louise

Lindsay, Albert M.
Lindsay, Mrs. E. J.
McMorris,

Mrs. Howard
Musselman, D. Paul
Oldach, Mrs. Margaret
Otter, Ida H.

Paul, Katherine
Paul, Margaret

Achenbach, Mrs. B. E.
Aiken, Mrs. Joseph R.
Boileau, Willis, Jr.
Campbell,

Miss Mary S.
Collier, Austin McD.
Crooks, Joseph

Bartine, Harriet
Borrall, Mrs.
Bromley, Eleanor
Fernly,

Mrs. Gertrude H.

Main Line Choral Society
William P. Bentz, Director

Ewing, Miss Mabel
Fenno, H. C.

Gerhard, Mrs. J. S.
Jones, Miss Elizabeth
Kirk, Miss Anna
Metzler, H. E.

Reinhold, H. L.

Senn, Wm.

Shaw, Mrs. Charles H.
Speakman,

Mrs. Clarence
Sutherland, Mrs. J. D.

Sweeney, Mrs. J.
Trotter, Mrs. L. H.
Vondersmith,

Mrs. Earl
Walker, Mrs. Etta
Whiteside, Mrs. R. S.

Haydn Club Chorus
Mrs. Gertrude H. Fernley, Director

Gillingham, Helen
Hammond, Mrs.
Herberts, Elizabeth
Hutchinson, Winifred
Kesten, Sophie

Krather, Edna
Mettger, Martha
Miller, Miss
Pearson, Evelyn
Reside, Nellie

Sands, Rose Marie
Smith, Elsie
Woolcock, Laura
Young, Miriam

Pennsylvania Railroad Glee Club, Car Service
G. Curtis Hartel, Director

Atkinson, F.
Booth, F.

Boyle, H. E.
Brookes, E. P.
Buckler, J.
Challman, A.
Conrad, H. W.
Deacon, M. J.
Donohue, J. E.
Donohue, W. C.

Elliott, J. G.
Fenton, J. W.
Garnett, H. S.
Hall, M. F.
Hartel, G.C.
Lavelle, J. T.
McConkey, A. G.
Mainwaring, J. C.
Moore, W. H.

Nolen, O. H.
Phillips, R. J.
Randolph, J. G.
Reed, W. H.
Reeves, L. C.
Rodig, A. E.
Rogers, W.
Rothoff, H. T.
Schwartz, N. T.

Department

Shank, J. M.
Sherman, E. C.
Snyder, H. E.
Snyder, O. L.
Steinhoff, H. D.
Townsend, F. E. A.
Unholtz, A. E.
Warfield, C. A.
Winchester, F. E.

512

Festival Chorus — Continued

Adams, Louisa
Baker, Ted
Bastian, Jean
Bezold, Lillian
Birch, Bertha
Bond, Nettie
Bones, Kath.

Boyer, Henrietta
Buchanan, Harry
Burke, Rose
Burnside, E. M.
Byrnes, John
Cadwallader, Nettie
Campsie, Wm. E.
Care, Ruth
Childs, William
Conlan, Mary
Cornog, Wm. H.
Cox, Mrs. M. L.
Cross, Monte
Cummings, E.

Curie, Mrs. E.
Curie, Eileen
Davidson, Jean
Davis, Helen
Davis, O. E.
Deckman, Catherine
Dougherty, W. J.
Dowling, Mat.
Evans, Dorothy

Absolem, Miss
Absolem, Edmund
Andrews, Gladys
Bachman, Joseph
Baker, Mrs. G. W.
Bardsley, Lillian
Beckert, Ruth
Behm, W. A.

Bennett, Arthur G.
Bethell, Anna
Bethell, Emily
Bloesinger, Edward
Breneman, Anna
Bright, Irene
Broadbent, James L.
Browne, Mrs. E.
Brumback, Hazel
Butterwick, Estelle
Campbell, Blanche
Campbell, Grace
Carmint, William H.
Cass, Alberta
Chalburn, Ethel
Chalfonte,

Mrs. Elwood W.
Chalfonte, Elwood W.
Clapp, Helen
Clendenning,
Elizabeth

Clendenning, Myrtle
Cochell, Margaret
Conner, Mrs. Clarice
Creese, Jerre L.
Davis, Helen
Davis, Ruth
DeGeorge, Amelia
Dillon, Edna S.
Draeger, Erma A.

Arde, Walker
Ferguson, William
Geney, Raymond
Kee, Howard C.

Bennett, Minerva M.
Broder, Sylvia
Kirby, Ethel H.

Gimbel’s Choral Society
Charles S. Halsall, Director

Fenton, Jean
Flack, Edw.

Ford, A. M.

Foxe, Geo. W.
Francella, G.
Galloway, Edna
Gamble, Morton
Gordan, Lottie
Graham, Chris
Green, Pearl
Hahn, Anna
Halsall, C. S.
Harrington, T.
Hughes, Marie
Jackson, Ida
Jesse, Herbert
Johns, Jennie
Johnson, Katherine
Johnson, Laura
Johnson, Laura
Kass, Pauline
Keen, Maude
Keenard, Carrie
Koehl, Edythe
Lafland, H.

Lamb, Florence
Lee, Mary
Leland, William
Love, Estelle
Lutton, B. F.

Lynn, Roseland
McFarland,
Katherine
McLeod, Corrine
McMahon, Thos.
McMenamin, K.
Maguire, W. J.
Mays, Anna
Meng, Lenora
Morrison, Mary
Mich, Emma
Minch, Betty
Minnick, Frank
Mitchnick, S.

Mullis, Sara
Myers, Mary
Patten, Gert
Phillips, Florence
Pierce, M. E.

Pierce, Mae
Posner, Herman
Price, Charles
Pusey, Rose
Pierro, Anna F.
Ressler, S.

Ressler, Simon
Reed, A. M.

Rhoades, Ruth
Ripka, Flora
Robertson, Margaret

Temple Chorus
Dr. J. Marvin Hanna, Director

Dripps, Ida M.
Drumm, Elizabeth
Dundore, Evelyn
Eager, Mrs. Ida
Elliott, Harry' C.
Emry, Mrs. M. J.
Engard, Irene
Engard. Ruth
Engle, Erma
Evans, Grace
Faville, Mrs. W. H.
Fisher, Edith
Fluck, Margaret
Forney, Charles H.
Foulkrod, Lillian
Fowler, A. Ransford
Graef , Elizabeth T.
Hale, Betty
Hardwick, Mrs. A. V.
Hardwick, A. V.
Harkness, Carolyn M.
Hartpence, Dorothy
Hartshorne,

William J.

Harvey, Dorothy
Harvey, Olive L.
Hatch, Clara F.
Hazlett, Romayne
Heckert, Clethia
Heckert, Lorraine
High, Dorothy
High, John M.
Himelberger, Dorothy
Hoesch, Anna
Holstein, Jeanett
Holt, Edwin
Hughes, Alexander
Huseter, Jane

Huseter, Julia
Jackson, Blanche E.
Jackson, Dorothy
Janson, Louise
Jenkins, Helen
Johnson, Lillabell
Jones, Mabel
Keener, Sue B.
Kinder, Arthur G.
Kirkpatrick, Mina
Lawford, Mrs. A.
Lazarius, Theresa
Leidy, Joseph
Leidy, Violet
Lupton, F. G.

Lusk, Ida M.
McCarthy, Henry
Martin, Viola M.
Martin, Russell D.
Mason, Marie
Mattern, Isabel
Millon, Mrs. Florence
Moeller, Lillian
Moyer, Madeline
Mullendore, Elaine
Nuss, William J.
Oakley, Mrs. H. B.
Oakley, H. B.

Parkey, Betty
Parry, Mary
Peden, Evelyn
Peel, Esther
Peoples, Sara
Proctor, Mrs. J. H.
Putnam, Doris
Raush, Mrs. George
Raush, Ruth
Reynolds, Myrtle

Temple Glee Club
Dr. J. Marvin Hanna, Director

McCurdy, J.
Marion, Martin L.
Miller, Charles F.
Pierce, A. W.

Rand, Wilmot M.
Ross, John C.

Rote, George L.
Staufenberg, John A.

Temple University Glee Club
Dr. J. Marvin Hanna, Director

La Pish, Katheryn Rogers, Carol

McGeary, Anna Smith, Emily V.

Pringle, Sarah Webb, Rhea H.

513

Schaeffer, Edw.
Scott, H. D.

Shapiro, Sophie
Sheehan, Daniel
Sheehan, Leo
Sherk, Virginia
Smithwick, B.

Smull, Isabel
Sommers, Hattie
Specht, Anna
Spencer, H.

Steele Wm. J,
Stewart, Robert
Stott, S. M.

Sutcliffe, Sid
Switzer, M. H.
Switzer, S. H.
Switzer, S. I.
Tatterella, Louis
Test, Louis
Thompson, Mary
Thorne, A. W.

Tims, Mae

von der Lindt, Marne
von der Lindt, G. C.
Wallace, Ada
Williams, Anna
Wise, Hortense
Yeakle, Carl

Rhoades, William L.
Rosell, Lillian M.
Savage, Agnes
Sawyer, Adele
Schwartz, Edna
Sechler, Betty
Secher, J. Wilbur
Seeds, Edward J.
Serverson, Marian
Shermer, Charles
Sigg, Louise
Smith, Agnes G.
Smith, Hazel
Smith, Martha
Smith, Miriam
Smith, W. Earl
Snyder, Florence
Stees, Seville S.
Steinauer, John F.
Stewart, John M.
Stewart, Robert M.
Van Horn, Mrs.
Vickers, Mina
Wagner, Cora
Walters,

Mrs. Margaret
Wendall, Albertine
Whitcomb, Edith
White, Isabel
White, Preston B.
Wiedersheiin, Morris
Williams, David
Wilt, Mary
Wood, Burton G
Woods, Mrs. Mae
Wueger, Martha

Warfel, George D.
Willson, Fred
Wolf, R. C.

Yeisley, Mae C.
Zelley, Lewis R.

Festival Chorus — Continued

Beekman, Walter
Buerklin, Fred, Jr.
Burger, Albert G.
Culley, J. Mark
Drueding,

Frederick L.
Dunlevy, Clifford W.
Fegley, Dr. O. G.
Fischer, A. W.

Ambrogi, John F.
Barry, Catherine P.
Bastian, Joseph A.
Batezell, Ethel Q.
Batezell, Horatio
Binns, Theresa
Bittle, Mrs. H.
Bourque, Mrs. W. J.
Breslin, Anna
Connolly, Mary B.
Connolly, Mary C.
Connor, George D.
Crossley, Alice M.
Dabrowski, Mrs. V. M.
Deegan, Regina T.

Di Lauro, Renato
Donohue, Margaret
Druding, C.

Dwyer, Mae E.
Ellsperman, Katherine

Abrams, Elizabeth A.
Atlee, Ruth
Baragwanath,
Florence
Bawden, H. K.
Betgold, Lydia
Boettner, Jos. E.
Boileau, Willis J.
Boohar, H. L.
Burkhart,

M. Florence

Acaley, Roy D.
Alexander, J. C.
Austin, N. J.

Barlow, John W.
Benner, George K.
Burger, Albert G.
Burwell, Edward T.
Christine, Francis K.
Clemmer, Dr.

Cox, Dr. R. M.
Crummes, Kenneth
Deesham, Frank P.
Eplett, John T.

Ervinq, James
Eschinger, Edward, Jr.

Drummer, Andrew
Eaton, Anna
Falcus, Mrs. Margaret
Flory, Alta
Ford, Mrs. Albert N.

Alexander, Margaret
Baker, Bessie
Begley, Edmund
Benson, John
Broderick, Florence
Brodman, Hattie
Brown, Zora
Cantlin, Marjorie
Cohen, Esther
Coppola, Rose
Corry, Margaret
Dodd, Gabriella M.
Drumheiser, Gertrude

Tall Cedars of Lebanon Glee Club
Joseph A. Martin, Director

Gordon, William
Hightlinger, C. A.
Klein, Leopold
Koerniz, Hans
Kumme, J. G.
MacCreadie,
Andrew R.
Martin, Joseph A.
Orr, Charles D., Jr.

The Palestrina Choir
Nicola A. Montani, Director

Falato, Mrs. E. A.
Farrell, Anne P.
Farrell, H. Francis
Flanagan, William F.
Fleming, Robert H.
Frega, Joseph
Gallagher, Leona
Gallagher, Philomena
Gifford, Elizabeth
Haag, Marie A.
Harrington, J. J.
Hoffman, Emma C.
Kane, Alice M.
Kiessel, F. W.

Kratz, Henry E.
Long, Maurice J.
Lukey, Helen
McAuliffe, Monica
McCoy, Marion E.
McElroy, Mary C.

Penn Mutual Glee Club
William P. Bentz, Director

Butler, Ernest A.
Cocker, Charles B.
Carwin, Ethel R.
Davis, Muriel J.
Degerberg, Alfred
Geary, Thomas P.
Gebert, Dora
Goodwin, Mark
Hall, Lillian L.
Herchewder, A. C.
Hickman, Carral J.

Shrine Choir

Dr. J. Marvin Hanna, Director

Freas, Ernest T.
Gardiner, E. C.
Godfrey, C. R.
Greene, Marion A.
Hallowell, C. W.
Hartzell, Russell N.
Hinkle, John, Jr.
Johnston, John
Keen, George V.
Knox, Wesley S.
Krupp, Howard G.
LeBronn, Charles J.
Linde, E. C.

Loflin, Victor G.

Choral Society of First Baptist Church
Dr. J. Marvin Hanna, Director

Patton, Zita A.

Sheets, Lillie K.

Skiles, Betty
Stevens, Mrs. R. B.
Walters, Mrs. Margaret

Hill, Mrs. C. B.
Hill, Charles B.
Hunt, Viola J.
Hutchinson, F. W.
Knight, Mrs. C. L.

Lit Brothers Chorus
Henry Hotz, Conductor

Overholt, Harry
Ravel, Frederick
Reilly, Joseph
Replogle, S. Mark
Rhoades, Dr. H. F.
Roberts, Wesley
Robinson, E. E.
Rombold, Elmer F.
Schaack, John

McFadden, Joseph F.
McGill, Edward
McGuigan, Agnes
McMahon,

M. Frances
Meschter, William E.
Monoghan, Mary M.
Naylor, O. M.
O’Brien, Mrs. Belle
O’Connor, John E.
O’Donnell, Anne
O’Donnell, Josephine
O’Donnell,

Katherine C.
O’Donnell, Mrs.
Pfeuffer, Elsie
Podall, Katherine K.
Pomfret, Nan
Robertson, A. E.
Rooney, Rose

Hopper, C. Edmund
Houssman, Mary E.
Jamison, George
Johnston, William B.
Ketran, Elizabeth J.
King, Margaret
Koenig, Virginia
Lundahl, Charles A.
Missey, Earl
Owens, Mary M.
Patton, Thomas G.

Londenslager, T. J.
Long, Charles D.
McClowd, H. H.
McDowell, Edward
Miller, William H.
Morris, Herbert M.
Moyer, Rolf R.
Owens, John
Phillips, Robert J.
Rhoades, Dr. H. T.
Robinson, William
Rookstool, A. L.
Rudolph, Paul C. .
Rudrauff, Raymond

Dyson, George
Faigenbaum, Etta
Finn, James
Fishman, Rose
Forman, William
Freiberg, Mary
Genet, Anna
Ginty, John
Hans, Norbert
Hild, Helen
Hooven, Sadie
Jacobs, Estelle

Kelley, Eleanor
Kerner, Caroline
McKeown, Jennie
Marme, Hannah
Moore, Fannie
Muldowney, Agnes
Newman, Minnie
Pasquerilo, M. John
Raskin, Leah
Recker, William
Reiner, Gertrude
Richards, Lewis

Schaefer, Walter
Souder, John G.
Stein, Herman
Thomas, George B.
Tugend, F. P.
Wardle, Ernest
Wright, Alfred

Ruger, Claire C.
Schmidt, H. C.
Schnitzer,

Katherine T.
Schraider, August
Seelaus, Irma A.
Seiberlich, Cecelia
Snider, Mrs. William
Staples, Mrs. A. C.
Staples, Jean
Starrett, Mrs. Frank
Steedle, Mary E.
Szeling, Marie
Vanderslice, Emma
Wagner, William A.
Walsh, Mary T.
Williams, H. J.
Williams, Joseph J.
Wizla, Pietro H.
Wright, Alfred H.

Proctor, Gladys M.
uigley, Anna E.
eed, Elsie
Renton, J. H.

Roth, Ralph
Sheffer, Katherine
Tomlinson, Franklin
Wister, Alice
Wilkinson, John
Wollersheim, Andrew
Wood, Ruth

Russell, William H.
Sander, John G.
Schaffter, George H.
Schwalenlend, J. C.
Schweizer, William H,
Seville, J. A.

Smith, Horace
Sutter, William H.
Todd, H. B.

Wieland, John C.
Wilby, E. A.

Wright, Howard E.
Yeatman, N. J.

Zabel, William E.

Watrous, R. E.
Weston, Benjamin S.
Wills, Theodosia

Rodgers, John
Sack, Beatrice
Saurer, Allyn
Schlessinger, S. J.
Schwartz, Beatrice
Smith, Ella
Sternberg, Harry
Sternberg, Jack
Wardell, Mary
Warren, George
Weider, Willard
Williams, Alice

514

Festival Chorus — Continued

Backman, Mrs. Mary
Bardel, K.

Bauer, C. G.

Bayles, M.

Bell, Edith V.
Benison, Florence
Bevan, G.

Bevan, K.

Bickel, Mrs. L.
Bingham, Violet
Boehm, Laura D.
Booth, Henry L.
Boyles, Mrs. M.
Brennan, Michael
Brunner, C. G.
Conroy, Mary
Davies, Amelia
Davis, Mrs. A.

Derr, Anna
Dornan, P. J.

Banwell, Vemia
Becker, Mrs. John B.
Berlin, Mrs. George H.
Blake, Alice W.

Bollen, Mrs. John H.
Bray, Mrs. Harry
Browne,

Mrs. David A.
Burke,

Mrs. Helen Penn
Comly, Mrs. Alfred K.
Connell, Marguerite S.
Craig, Ada N.

Davis, Mrs. Richard S.
Drew, Jane B.

Denise,

Mrs. Margaret E.
Eckard, Ethel P.

Allebach, Mrs. Emma
Baer, Theresa
Bailey, Edgar D.
Barker, Marion W.
Begley, Mrs. Violet
Bevers, George C.
Bolger, Mrs. William
Bolger, William
Bolger, William, Jr.
Boyer, Mildred
Briegel,

Mrs. Esther M.
Brown, Mrs. W. S.
Cox, Mrs. G. R.

Coxey, Mary E.
Crothers, Mrs. L. A.
Davis, Marion
Ellis, Mrs. J. C.

Ellis, J. C.

Fermery, Gladys
Farrell, Helen
Ford, Caroline
Fowler, Mrs. Raymond
Freeman,

Mrs. Harry C.
Funck, Catherine

Ackerman, George L.
Allen, W. H.

Ankrim, Sue E.
Anthony, Anna
Bailey, Philip
Baker, Ober R.

Bates, Catherine M.
Baxter, Mrs. H. B.
Baxter, H. B.

Bemler, Donita
Bennet, Clara
Bilisnausky, Joseph
Blair, Lizabeth R.
Bogard, Elizabeth

Snellenburg Company Chorus
Henry Gordon Thunder, Director

Eames, Milly D.
Egan, Mary
Eschert, J.

Etris, Solta
Fleishman, Frank L.
Fletcher, Mrs. J. A.
Foelker, William H.
Forrest, E. G. C.
Freeman, W. S.
Gardial, Mrs. J.
Graham, Rosalie
Hamilton, Helen S.
Harrison, Anna A.
Iiegman, Elizabeth N.
Heim, E. S.
Hendricks, Mrs. J.
Hill, Charles H.
Hogan, Emma
Hurst, Bertha

Hurst, Mrs. C.
Johnson, Marie G.
Jones, Helen G.
Jones, Lincoln D.
Kane, Mrs. M.
Kassitz, Albert
Kelly, Marion
Kunkle, George T. C.
Lang, Marie
Levy, Gertrude
McCort, Catherine
McCusker, Joseph
McGettigan, M.
McHugh, Peter
McLellan, Royal P.
McNally, C.

Mark, William H.
Morrison, Tessie
Neff, Linda L.

Matinee Musicat, Club Chorus
Mrs. Helen Pulaski Innes, Director

Edmonds,

Mrs. George W.
Ewing, Mrs. J. Arthur
Freeman,

Mrs. Harry C.
Ganoe, Leonette R.
Gotshall, Jane
Haring, Gertrude A.
Hatton, Mrs. H. W.
Jackson, Ethel L.
Johannes, Helen
Johnson, Ethel M.
Jones, Elizabeth W.
Jones,

Mrs. Meredith T.
Keller, Mrs. A. G., Jr.
Kresser, Adele
Lutz, Mrs. H. W.

McCaughan,

Mrs. William J.
McCracken,

Mrs. John N.
McKinstry, Mary S.
McQuilkin, Helen I.
McWilliams,

Mrs. J. H.

Marston,

Mrs. Herbert E.
Neely, Florence M.
Niethammer, Ethel B.
Noble, Clara S.

Oellers, Mrs. R. G., Jr.
Price, Ludo M.

Pyle, Irene E.

Read, Mrs. C. Carlton

Choral Society of Philadelphia
Henry Gordon Thunder, Director

Goddard, Mrs. Arene
Griffiths, Alice M.
Hamberg, Bertha
Hamer, John
Harding, Louise
Harris, Mrs. Sarah A.
Heim, Evan S.

Hess, Caroline
Holmes, Mrs. George.
Hood,

Mrs. Elizabeth H.
Hunsicker, Mrs. Otis
Hutchins, George B.
Jackson, Lillian E.
Jacoby, Mrs. Harry
Jones, Mrs. M. O.
Jung, Mrs. August
Kromer, Mrs. Wm. H.
Kromer, Wm. H.
Lehman, Mathilde E.
MacAdams, Mrs. Ethel
MacLean, William, Jr.
MaicNichol, Charles H.
McGinley,

Mrs. Jos. W.
McGinley, Jos. W.

Malin, C. H.

Martin, Mrs. Robert L.
Martin, Robert B.
Mayhew, Mrs. E. C.
Montgomery,

Mrs. A. J.

Morison, S. Agnes
Morrow, A. L.

Murphy, Mrs.R. B.
Nefferdorf, Lydia
Pacey, Mrs. Ruth H.
Patton, Wm. S.

Prange, Olive
Rahill, Mrs. Mary T.
Rankin,

Miss Margaret
Riley, Miss Irene
Roberts Mrs. John E.
Roncaglia,

Mrs Evelyn
Schaffer, Lydia
Scott,

Mrs. James P. E.
Shaffer, F. C.

Shaw, Miss Sadie
Sizemore, Mrs. Ethel

Chester Unit
Karl W. Nocka, Director

Bonawitz, Mildred
Boudreau, J. Austin
Bozzelle, Mrs. Mary
Buehler, Mrs. Mary
Burk, Rosabella
Cocks, Catherine B.
Cohen, Alice L.
Cohen, Mary
Cohen, Richard
Congdon, R.

Corbin, Garfield S.
Corbin, James S.
Crook, H. F.
Czaplica, Sophie

Earl, Mrs. N.

Eby, Earl
Eby, Mrs. Earl
Emmott, Edna S.
Field, Bessie L.
Gambol, Mrs. R. M.
Garrett, Emma
Gorby, Mrs. A. W.
Grant, Samuel C.
Gubson, Mrs. Paul
Gubson, Paul
Hall, Ralph •
Hann, Mrs. Ray H.
Harrington, Hilda

Neville, Alice
Odonsio, Vincent
Parker, Andrew F.
Patterson, Mrs. K.
Reese, Ella S.

Ross, Emily
Ruedy, Harry M.
Sangram, Katherine
Schock, Walter E.
Simon, Anna J.
Smith, G. H.

Smith, Milly
Stoddard,

Mrs. Catherine
Teisher, Mabel E.
Thompson, Ethel
Way, S.

Wisler, Elizabeth
Zane, Mrs. M.

Rieker,

Mrs. Frederick C.
Rile, Ruth S.

Roediger, Ishnee
Smith, Anna
Smith, Edith M.

Smith, Lillian W.
Snowden, Stella V.
Sparr, Mrs. R. A.
Thomas, Mrs. Frank G.
Thomas, Jane F.
Tilbury, Mrs. James
Tope, Mrs. Roy
Ward,

Mrs. Florence P.
Whartenby, Marie
White, Mrs. H. R.

Shannon, J. Preston
Smith,

Mrs. Mabel G. Day
Smith, Miss Mary I.
Standing,

Mrs. Laura J.
Taylor, Mrs. John
Thermas,

Miss Elizabeth
Thomas, Mrs. Anais
Townsend,

Miss E. Marie
Von Zech, Bert
Von Zech, Mark
Von Zech, Paul
Vosson, Miss E. M.
Walters, F. Romer
Weil, Miss Janet
White, W. John
Wilson, Mrs. Harry
Wilson, Robert
Wingfield, Mrs. Wm.
Young, Mrs. Annie S.
Zopich, Miss Lucy

Harris,

Mrs. Georgiana
Helms, Mrs. Anna
Henderer, Charlotte
Howarth, Mrs. R., Jr.
Jackson, Mrs. E. M.
Jones, Mrs. Molly
Jorgensen, Margaret
Kelly, Kathryn
Koster, F. William
Leete, Violetta I.
MacAskie,

Catherine C.

Festival Chorus — Continued

Porter, Mrs. Mary E.
Post, Mrs. George
Pote, Mrs. Phoebe A.
Price, Ben

Redmond, Henrietta T.
Rennie, Alice M.
Rennie, Ella W.
Reynolds, Mae I.
Rodenbaugh,

Mrs. E. H.

Rogers, R. J.

Rohacz, Eugene S.

Bristol Unit
Tlios. H. Snelson, Director

Cox, Mrs. Elizabeth
Cox, Miss H.
Dewsnap, D.
Douglas, James
Douglas, Thomas
Eberhard,

Mrs. Pauline
Ellis, W.

Fitfman, Mrs. John
Garrison, Mrs. G.
Groff, Mrs. B.

Guy, James
Hanford, T. C.
Hanford, T. C., Jr.
Hargraves, Dorothy

Delaware County Chorus
Mrs. Esther Caudill, Director

Erskine, Roland
Evans, Marian
Ferguson, Mary
Flood, Alice K.

Force, Edith S.

Force, Sarah K.

Fox,

Mrs. Harry C., Jr.
Fofx, Harry C., J T.
Garrahan, Mrs. Aida
Giles, Adelaide
Giles, Mrs. William H.
Giles, Dr. William H.
Goenner, Irene
Groves, Anna F.
Haegele, Mrs. Blanche
Hancock, Benjamin
Hannum,

Mrs. William E.
Hannum, William E.
Hinchliffe, May
Holmes, Helen
Honan, Mrs. Louise
Hurbrenk, Mrs. R. W.
Husselton, Lillian
Husselton, Wiletta
Kent, Mrs. R. H.

Kirk, S. Elizabeth
Larrimore,

Mrs. Charles

Philadelphia Music Club Chorus
Clarence K. Bawden, Director

Guy, Mrs. D’Aras
Johnson,

Mrs. Irwin B.
Logan, Essa M.

Lott, Mrs. George P.
Preston, Bertha E.
Shaffer, Mrs. T.W.
Simons, Mrs. E. R.

League Branch Y. W. C. A. Choral Society
Melberta M. Maize, Director

Robinson, Marie B.
Rupert, Hilda
Russell, Elizabeth
Schlosbon, Hilda J.
Schulman, H. J.

Shurter, Mrs. R. W.
Sidwell,

Mrs. Mildred G.
Simms, Anne
Smith, Mrs. C. O.

Smith, C. O.

Smith, Mrs. Florence B.

Hargraves, Maybelle
Hellings, Marion
Hunter, Mrs. Rilla
Illick, Clara
Illick, Grace
Jackson,

Mrs. Isabelle
Jenks, Mrs. Bertha E.
Johnson, Mrs. M.
Loller, Mrs. Lola
Longstreth, Thomas
Madden, Mary
Mathias, Ella
Miller, Mrs. Ida
Moss, Pearl

Larrimore, Charles
Lear, Mrs. Robert
Lutz, Mrs. H. W.
Lutz, H. W.

Lyons, Elizabeth
Lyons, Mary
McDonough, Mrs. E.
McGill, Dorothy
Marsh, Mary
Martin, Mrs. David C.
Martin, David C.
Mellard, Winifred
Miller, H. Catherine
Moody, William B.
Mooney,

Mrs. Henrietta
Moonyer, Emily
Morton, Mrs. F. W.
Morton, F. W.
Murdock, Mrs. W. H.
Murdock, W. H.
Nodine, Mrs. Jean
Peiffer, Vera
Preston, Bertha E.
Ritchey, Elmer
Ritchey, James C.
Ritchey, O. W.

Reese, Mary S.
Robertson, Grace W.
Ross, Mrs. Mabel

MacDonald,

Mrs. Duncan
MacDonald, Marjorie
MacLean, Mrs. Gladys
McGowen, Eleanor
McLain, Helen L.
Meritt, Kathleen E.
Morrison, Elizabeth
Moudy, Mildred V.
Munroe, C. A.

Neeson, Edna A.
Neeson, Margaret

Ancker, Mrs. Harry
Ancker,

Mrs. Mitchell
Ardrey, Mrs. Malpas
Ardrey, Malpas
Bingham,

Mrs. Joseph J.
Bischoff, Mrs. George
Bischoff, George
Bowen, Mrs. Charles
Brown, Mrs. H. A.
Bunting, Harry C.
Bunting, Mrs. Wesley
Bunting, Wesley
Carty, H. M.

Atlee, Ruth
Bartleson, Mrs. Edith.
Bertsch, Mrs. Charles
Black, Ruth E.

Bock, Flora
Bode, William M.
Brehm, Frank H.
Buckley, Mrs. Charles
Budlong, Dorothy
Caudill, Mrs. Esther
Caudill, W. H.

Carr, Mrs. Howard
Chambly, Mrs. Ida
Clevenger, Anna
Clevenger, Lottie
Coffee, Mrs,. Ellen
Cole, Dorothy
Coleman, Elizabeth
Coleman, Emma
Collom, Percy
Colt, Kathleen
Conger, Mrs. Merle
Crogan, Mrs. F. J.
Davidson, Mrs. J. A.
Dickson,

Mrs. Charles H.
Duncan, Mrs. Laura
Drucker, Mrs. M.
Eicholtz, E. Clyde
Entwhistle, Thomas L.

Aitkin, Mrs. B. J.
Biddle, Lillian
Clipsham, Mrs. R.
Goldsmith,
Marguerite

Behrend, Lillian
Broderick, Norman
Burrows, Adele
Cadmus, Mrs. Anna
Copes, Mrs. Blanche
Craig, W. B.

Dodson, D. M.
Dodson, M. L.
Donoghue, Helen
Durning, E. W.
George, Arthur C.
George, F. P.
Gilbert, Mrs. F. A.

Greer, Iolanthe
Haig, Ruth
Hannum, Miriam
Hart, Florence
Hasenfus, Violet
Helveston, Edmund
Kingsbury, Wesley
Kittlitz, E. L.

Klebe, Charles
Krause, M.

Lawson, Margaret
Livezy, Mrs. D.
Loans, Helen M.

Love, Mabel
McGarvey, Mrs;. J.
McKee, L.

Maize, Melberta M.
Mayer, W. J.

Meyers, Mrs. James
Milligan, Wilson
Newman, Adele
Nyland, Mrs. Helen T.
Pascoe, Helen
Paton, L. R.

Plewinsky, Agnes
Reichley, Virgie

516

Smith, Isabelle
Smith, Margaret
Speare, Mrs. Grace F.
Stang, John W.
Taylor, Samuel E.
Tonge, Alyce
Wagner, Mary
Whitlock, Sara M.
Witsil, Margaret C.
Wright, Cantwell G.
Wright, Viola L.

Musnuff, Franklin
Myers, Dorothy
Neal, Mrs. David
Orr, Mrs. Emily
Quinter, Ruth
Rafferty, Alice
Reetz, Adeline E.

Rue, Mrs. Robert F.
Shaver, Grace
Siddons, Mrs. M.
Snelson, Thomas
Weagley, Mrs. M. D.
Weiks, Frank
Wilkinson, Miss E. M.
Wilkinson, E.

Scheurle, Katherine
Searle, Elizabeth
Shrimp, Clara
Sinex, Ida M.

Sinex, Louden
Smith, Edith
Smith, Dr. James H.
Smith, Margaret
Spare, John T.
Steidel, Mrs. G.
Stewart, George
Stottler,

Mrs. Estelle S.
Straughan, Helen
Thomson, Mary
Van Zant, M. E.
Wagner, Viola
Walters, Kenneth L.
Walters, Mrs. Sarah
Wells, Mrs. J. R.
Wells, J. R.

Wilcock, Mrs. Helen
Wise, J. Frank
Wooding,

Mrs. Thomas
Wooding, Thomas
Wolters, Mrs. Susan
Woods, R. P.

Suplee, Mrs. D. C.
Wickham, Martha E.
Wolstencroft,

Mrs. Isaac

Rhoades, Ruth E.
Robinson, Alvin
Robinson, George
Schaeffer, Ethel
Schilling, Hilda M.
Smith, Doris
Tanner, Louise
Teasdale, Charles
Thompson, Alice
Todd, Mrs. Elsie
Vivian, Marguerite
Winslow, Dorothy
Wright, Irene

EXHIBITORS AND CONCESSIONAIRES

report upon audit of accounts of the Sesqui-Centennial
Exhibition Association)

(Names as listed in the

Rosie Marie Adams
The .^Eolian Company

A. S. Alexander & Son
Allegheny Steel Company
Allendale Farms, Inc.

M. Alouf

M. Alouf and H. Hocking
M. Alouf and E. B. Sanhame
Altorfer Bros. Company
Amazon Rubber Company
American Birth Control
League, Inc.

The American Catholic
Historical Society
American Eugenics Society,
Inc.

American Express Company
American Federation of Labor
American Federation of
Organizations for the Hard
of Hearing

American Forestry Association
American Full Fashion
Hosiery Exhibition Group
American LaFrance Fire
Engine Co., Inc.

American Library Association
American National Red Cross
The American Nokol Company
The American Pulley
Company

American Radiator Company
American Slicing Machine Co.
American Telephone &
Telegraph Co.

Ames Shovel & Tool Co.

Nissim Amram Freres
Ansco Photo Products, Inc.
Anthracite Operators
Conference

Anti-Stall, Inc., and Capitol
Machine Co.

Arco Sales Corporation

D. Ardite

State of Arkansas
The Armand Company

A. Arouani
Arouani & Kakim
Artco Corporation
Associated Tile

Manufacturers

Atlantic City Sesquicentennial
Exhibit Commission
The Atlantic Refining
Company

Austria (M. Marcus and S.

Weinstock, Commissioners)
Automatic Electric, Inc.
Violette Avigdor

B. M. B. Importing Co.

Baker & Labe

The Baldwin Locomotive
Works

Baltimore & Ohio R. R. Co.
The Barber Asphalt Co.

Battle Creek Food Co.

Russel Ernest Baum
David Becker & Sons
The Belber Trunk & Bag Co.
Bell & Howell Co.

Bell Telephone Co.

The Berlitz School of
Languages

The Bessemer Gas Engine Co.
The Bessler Disappearing
Stairway Co.

The Best Food Co., Inc.
Bethlehem Steel Co.

Leon Bijou
George W. Blabon Co.

Blaisdell Pencil Co.

E. Blanco
Michael Bodak
Bommer Spring Hinge Co.

H. Borschardt & Blumberg

Exhibitors

Erian Boutros
Edward J. Bowen
Bowersock Mills & Power Co.
Boy Scouts of America
Boyertown Burial Casket Co.
The Breyer Ice Cream Co.
Bridgeton Chamber of
Commerce
The J. G. Brill Co.

The Bristol Co.

British

Bryn Mawr College
Bucknell University
Jabez Burns & Sons, Inc.
Burroughs Adding Machine
Co.

Arthur Cahill

California Walnut Growers’
Association
Edward J. Campion
Canadian Universities
Canonesses Missionaries of
St. Augustine

Cape May County Board of
Chosen Freeholders
Cardinell-Vellum Manufac¬
turing Co., Inc., and
Associated Companies
J. D. Cardinell
Catholic Charities
Catholic Daughters of
America

The Centennial Candy Co.
Chaki, Elnecave & Co.

Abe Cliappam and H. Beraka
Cheek-Neal Coffee Co.
Hotchand Chellaram
H. Chellaram and

Thanwerdas Fatehchand
Chellaram and Fatehchand
Chelsea Hooked Rug Knitter
Co.

Whence Chen

Child Study Association

Children (Magazine)

China

China (Ziang-Ling Chang,
Consul General, Republic
of China)

Christian Science Committee
on Sesquicentennial
Epaminond Chrysolor
Chung Hwa Book Co., Ltd.
Clewiston Sales Co.

M. J. Cohen and J. Behar
Cohen & Behar
Coleman Lamp Co.

College of the City of New
York

Commercial Museum,
Philadelphia
Connery & Co., Inc.

The Conover Co.

F. E. Compton & Co.

Norbert A. Considine

E. Conti y Figli

F. Comacchia
Abram Cox Stove Co.

Crane, Chicago

The Crawford McGregor &
Canby Co.

Crosby 6-5-4 Products Co.
Cuba (R. M. Ybor, Official
Cuban Commissioner)
Czecho-Slovakia
The Dalton Adding
Machine Sales Co.

Danon, Berberian & Co.
Daughters of the Revolution
Delco Light Co.

Denmark (by William Arup)
DeWalt Products Co.

The Dentists’ Supply Co.
Diocese of Penna.

(Protestant Episcopal)

517

The Dirigold Corporation
jeunesse d’or
Paul Dreher
Drexel Institute
Drueding Bros. Co.

The Duff Manufacturing Co.
Frank J. Duggan & Son
Durant Motors, Inc.

Samuel R. Dweck
M. Edelstein and J. Oseas
Thomas A. Edison, Inc.

John Eisele
The Electric Storage
Battery Co.

Electric Vacuum Cleaner
Co., Inc.

Electro Dental Manufacturing
Co.

Elmira College
The Enterprise Manufac¬
turing Company of
Pennsylvania
Eskinazi, Cohen, Gani &
Soliman

Mark G. Eskinazi & Co.

The Estev Co.

Eureka Vacuum Cleaner Co.

F. R. A. G. Corporation
Fairbanks Co.

Fearn Sisters
Edward Feldman
Fels & Co.

Field Museum of Natural
History

Stanley G. Flagg & Co., Inc.
The Fleischmann Company
James Flynn
Samuel Folkman
Follmer, Clogg & Co.

J. B. Ford Co.

Franklin Air Compressor
Corp.

Franklin Baker Co.

Franklin Institute
Freihofer Baking Co.

The R. T. French Co.

Charles Freshman Co., Inc.
Frick Co., Inc.

Ben Fried

John Friedrich & Bro., Inc.
Friends Schools and Colleges
Friendship Between Nations
Frigidaire

The Frontier Press Co.

Fulper Pottery Co.

Funk & Wagnalls Co.

Eli Gabison

C. L. Gairoard, Sales

Manager, J. Wiss & Sons
Co., Kraeuter & Co., and
The Kroydon Co.

G. Galette

The Gelfand Manufacturing
Co.

General Electric Co.

Isaac Gindi
Gindi & Dweck
Girard College
Girl Scouts, Inc.

Alice Kennedy Girvin
Glen-Logan Co.

Globe Slicing Machine Co.
Joseph Goldstein
The Good Roads Machinery
Co., Inc.

T. Howard Goodwin & Co.
Hugh Grant
Grating Co. of America
The Great Atlantic &

Pacific Tea Co.

The Great Northern
Distributing Corp.
Greenwald’s

The Gregg Publishing Co.

The Grolier Society

Exhibitors and Concessionaires — Continued

Gulf Refining Co.

Stavros P. Haggea & Sons
Republic of Haiti
Frederick Hamill
Hampton Institute
Henry Harrison
Hastings & Co. and Morgan,
Hastings & Co.

Einar Hausvik & Co.
Haverford College
Heller Bros. Co.

Henry George Foundation
of America
Heppe Bros.

Mrs. Anna Herman
Anna Herman and S. H.
Koonin

Henri Hoffman
M. Hohner, Inc.

Holyoke Heater Co.

Home and School League
and White-Williams
Foundation
Hood College
The Hoover Co.

K. Hovden Co.

Howard University
F. Hoyt & Co.

Hudson River Day Line
Illinois Central R. R. Co.

State of Indiana
Individual Drinking Cup

Co., Inc.

Institute of American
Meat Packers
Institute of Margarine
Manufacturers
Insurance Co. of North
America

International Business
Machines Corp.
International Colorgraph
Corp.

International Dental Health
Foundation for Children
International Printing
Pressmen Union
Irving-Pitt Manufacturing Co.
Japan

Dr. D. Jayne & Son
The Jell-O Co.

S. T. Johnson Co.

Jones & Laughlin Steel
Corporation
Ferdinand Keller
Maurice S. Keller
Corporation
Kenmore Association

L. A. Ketonan
Keystone Products

Corporation

J. Kjambata and H. Dastoor
The Kuffeez Co.

Lafayette College
La France Manufacturing Co.
La France Textile Industries
Laird Shober & Co.

Carl F. Lauber
Claude D. Lawes
Thomas L. Leedom Co.

Anna B. Lentz

Leon M. Levy

Dr. Julien Lewis

R. Allyn Lewis

H. H. Lineweaver & Co., Inc.

J. B. Lippincott Co.

Lit Brothers

Log Cabin Toy Manufac¬
turing Co.

Los Angeles County (Los
Angeles Chamber of
Commerce)

Louisiana Highway
Commission
William H. Luden, Inc.

Ludo Corporation
Giovanni Luise & Sons
Pietro Mancuso
Arthur Mandl

The B. Manischewitz Co.

E. L. Mansure Co.

W. H. and A. E.

Margerison Co.

Marglen Novelty Co.

Marx Lyons Co.

Maryland Sesqui-Centennial
Committee
L. Maurice
The Maytag Co.

E. L. McCleary
McCormick & Co., Inc.
McEvoy & Co.

Meadows Manufacturing Co.
Metropolitan Life Insurance
Co.

Jacob Miner
Djamil Missry
Molstar ben Mohamed ben
Moussa

Molstar ben Moussa
Molby Boiler Co.

G. A. Mongelli
Monroe Calculating Machine
Co., Inc.

Monroe County Publicity
Bureau

The Moody Bible Institute
of Chicago

Morrison, McCargo Co.

The Morrison Safety Ladder
Foot Suction Grip Co.
Morrow CandyCo.

Morse Chain Co.

Mohsen Moulla and Allala
Belhadj

Chalom Haim Nadoff
Chalom Nadoff
National Business Shows
Corporation
National Carbon Co.

The National Cash Register
Co.

National Casket Co., Inc.
National Child Welfare
Association

National Congress of Parents
and Teachers

National Council af Jewish
Women

National Drug Co. of
Philadelphia

The National Farm School
National Hungarian Society
of Applied Art
National League of Girls’
Clubs

National Packaging
Machinery Co.

National Radiator Co.

National Society, Sons and
Daughters of the Pilgrims
The National Spanish School
of Ceramics
National Surety Co.

National Teachers Agency,
Inc.

The National Humus Co.

Near East Relief
Needlework Guild of America
Negro Activities
Neuman & Gerhardt
Ernst Neumarker
New Jersey Commissioner
of Education

New Jersey School Furniture
Co.

New Jersey State School for
the Deaf

New York Central R. R. Co.
Mohamed Nifar
C. Nizard

State of North Carolina
Northeast Philadelphia
Chamber of Commerce
North State Pottery Co.
Charles Nunneman
O. K. Vacuum Brush Sales
Co.

Oliver Iron and Steel
Corporation

Olsen Testing Machine Co.
Omin Co.

Joseph Ostrow
Paine Lumber Co., Ltd.
Palestine Produce Co.

The A. N. Palmer Co.

Frank Palmeri
J. F. Palmeri
Parfum Bove
Parish Schools
The Paterson Parchment
Paper Co.

Pathex, Inc.

Patino Mines and Enterprises
Consolidated, Inc.

Penn Leather Co.

The Pennsylvania Academy
of Fine Arts

Pennsylvania Department of
Labor and Industry
Pennsylvania Department of
Welfare, Bureau of
Restoration

Pennsylvania Grade Crude
Oil Association
Pennsylvania Institute for
the Instruction of the Blind
Pennsylvania League of
Women Voters
Pennsylvania Museum and
School of Industrial Art
Pennsylvania Railroad Co.
Pennsylvania State College
Persian Government
Philadelphia Board of
Education

Philadelphia Department of
Public Health
Philadelphia Department of
Public Safety

Philadelphia Department of
Welfare

Philadelphia Department of
Wharves, Docks and Ferries
Philadelphia Key Co.
Philadelphia Paint, Oil &
Varnish Club

The Philadelphia School of
the Bible

Philadelphia School of
Design for Women
Philadelphia Society of
Allied Arts

The Phillips-Laffite Co.

The Phillips Manufacturing
Co., Ltd.

Pierce, Butler & Pierce

Manufacturing Corporation
Pittsburgh Malleable Iron Co.
Pittsburgh Steel Products Co.
Pluvimors Vertriebs
G. M. B. H.

Pneumatics Scale Corporation,
Ltd.

A. Pomerantz & Co.

Portable Machinery Co., Inc.
Government of Porto Rico
Postal Telegraph & Cable Co.
Pratt Food Co.

Theodore Presser Co.

Proctor & Schwartz, Inc.
Projector Advertising
Corporation

Proportional Representation
League

Public Service Directories,

Inc.

Public Service Stock &

Bond Co.

A. H. Radford

Radio Corporation of America
Reading Co.

Regional Planning Federation
of Philadelphia and Ameri¬
can Civic Association
Remington Typewriter Co.

R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co.

518

Exhibitors and Concessionaires — Continued

F. B. Rhodes
Harold E. Rhone
Riehle Bros. Testing
Machine Co.

Roberts & Mander Stove Co.
Roosevelt Memorial
Association, Inc.

Marcus Rothschild
Royal Distributing Co., Inc.
Isadore Rudolph
Mary A. L. Russell
Ruud Manufacturing Co.
Safety Electric Sander Cor¬
poration and S. E. Guinn
Manufacturing Co.

B. Sah

The Salvation Army
Sangamo Electric Co.

Sani-Seat Co.

Sanitary Postage Service
Corporation
Charles Sasson

C. F. Sauer Co.

Erick Schonemann and

Moritz Burlin
M. Schorr & Co.

Schutte & Koerting Co.

Henry Schwartz
Irving Schwartz, Inc.

H. G. Schweitzer and Rosen
Science Park, Inc.

William S. Scull Co.

Seamen’s Church Institute

of America

SecurityBank Note Co.

J. P. Seeburg Piano Co.

Seeck & Kade, Inc.

Alex Seitz and Edw.

Stonehill

Sesquicentennial Commemo¬
rative Coins

Sesquicentennial Commis¬
sion, State of Ohio
Sesquicentennial Committee
of the Wall Paper Industry
Sesquicentennial Corner
Drug Store, Inc.
Sesquicentennial Department
of Aeronautics
E. and D. Setbon
Ernest and David Setbon
Maurice Setbon
R. Setbon
Rafael Setbon
A. Shammah
Ayash Shammah

I. Shammah and T. Srour
Beatrix Sherman

Abbotts Alderney Dairies,
Inc.

Harry A. Ackley
Rose Adams

Ad-Lane Advertising Co.
Allendale Farms, Inc.

M. Alouf

M. Alouf and H. Hocking
Amazon Rubber Co.
American Full Fashioned
Hosiery

American Ice Co.

Nissim Amram Freres
Arco Sales Co.

D. Arditi
Armand & Co.

Arovani & Hakim
Artco Corporation
The Atlantic Refining Co.
Violette Avigdor
B. M. B. Importing Co.
Baker & Labe
Balloon Amusement Co.
The Battle Creek Food Co.
Battle of Gettysburg
Exhibition Corporation
John S. Baughman
Emily Bayley

Silent Automatic Corporation
Simplex Valve and Meter Co.
Sinunu Brothers
Skerrett Manufacturing
Co., Inc.

Maurice Smadja
A. Smida

The H. B. Smith Co.

Southern Industrial

Educational Association
Spain

Sparklets, Inc.

The Spencer Turbine Co.
Spring Stopper Co.

Standard Shop Equipment
Co.

Standard Underground
Cable Co.

Percival Stanton
Percival Stanton

(This contract purchased by
Chiria Bros.)

State Council of Republican
Women

Sterling Range & Furnace
Corp.

John B. Stetson Co.

Simon Steudler
Stromberg Carlson Telephone
Manufacturing Co.
Structural Slate and
Associated Companies
James Sukstels Co.

W. G. Sullivan
Sun Oil Co.

Hirsch Sverdloff
Sword Burners, Inc.

David Taieb and R. Darsa
Gaston Taieb

Sakraoui Tayeb ben Ahmed
Temple University
Textile Machine Works
Thermokept Corporation
Joseph Tibi

Trans Lux Daylight Picture
Screen Corporation
Trask School of Lip
Reading
Albert Tuil

Underwood Tyepwriter Co.,
Inc.

United Religions
United Utilities &

Engineering Corp.

U. S. Cast Iron Pipe &
Foundry Co.

U. S. Government
U. S. Sesquicentennial
Memorial Association

Concessionaires

Major E. A. Belcher
Elie Bentolila and
Ellie Zouray

J. Bentolila
Jacob Beresin
The Best Foods, Inc.

Blaisdell Pencil Co.

E. Blanco
Israel Bleweiss
Hans Bock

R. Borschardt and Blumberg
Erian Boutros

Bowersock Mills & Power Co^
Lewis Breuninger
Breyer Ice Cream Co.

E. P. Brinegar
British Section
Otto Burghardt
Louis Burk, Inc.

William Burkhardt. Jr.

Bus Terminal Co., Inc.

Cagney Bros.

Arthur Cahill
Edward J. Campion
John D. Cardinell
The Centennial Candy Co.
Centennial Pretzel Co.

Chaki, Elnecave & Co.

519

U. S. Slicing Machines
University of Delaware
University of Pennsylvania
Ursinus College
Vac-U-Swat Co.

J. Vandersteen
J. B. Van Sciver Co.

Veterans of Foreign Wars
Vineland Chamber of
Commerce

Violinist Publishing Co.

Virgin Islands
The Vitameter Co., Ltd.
William E. Wall
John Wanamaker
Warren-Knight Co., Inc.

L. E. Waterman Co.

John Warren Watson Co.
George Washington Coffee
Refining Co.

Wedge Mechanical House
Heating Furnace Company
Western Union Telegraph Co.
Westinghouse Air Brake Co.,
and Associate Interests
Westinghouse Electric &

Mfg. Co.

Westmoreland Coal Co.

Weston Electrical Instrument
Corp.

Whiting Paper Co.

West Texas Chamber
of Commerce
The S. S. White Dental
Mfg.Co.

White Rock Mineral Springs
Co.

The Wild Flower Preserva¬
tion Society, Inc.

A. Wittnauer Co.

Women’s History
Foundation

Woman’s Medical College
A. E. Wong, Inc.

R. D. Wood & Co.

Woods School

A. E .Wright Co.

J. W. Wupperman
York Manufacturing Co.
Maison Zaglia
Leonid Zamaiskey

S. D. Zekaria

F. X. Zettler Stained Glass
Studios

Zionist Organization of
America
O. F. Zum Co.

Abe Chappam and H. Beraca
H. Chellaram and

Thanwerdas Fatehchand
Hotchand Chellaram
Chelsea Hooked Rug
Knitter Co.

Whence Chen

Mrs. William I. Cheyney

Chiria Bros.

Epaminond Chrisolor
Mandel Cohen
M. J. Cohen and J. Behar
C ohen and Danon
Colonial Ice Cream Co.

E. Conti y Figli
Eugene Conway

F. Comacchia
The Cossacks, Inc.

Crane Ice Cream Co.

A. R. Creive
Tessie Crow

iDanon Berberian & Co.
Dansant Amusement
Corporation
Guido di Vincenzo
Jeunesse D’Or
Mhamed Djamal
EdwinV. Dougherty, Jr.

Exhibitors and Concessionaires- — • Continued

Paul Dreher
Helen L. Duckett
Frank J. Duggan
Edelstein & Oseas
Emergency Aid of
Pennsylvania
Emergency Aid Shop
The Enterprise Mfg. Co.
of Penna.

Eskenazi, Cohen, Gani,
and Soliman

J. Eskenazi and E. Cohen

F. R. A. G. Corporation
Aurelio Fabiani
Fairview Manufacturing Co.
Fearn Sisters

Edward Feldman
Fire & Flame, Inc,

James Flynn
Gerhard Folgero
Samuel Folkman
William H. Fothergil!
Franklin Baker Co.

Franklin Cushion & Drapery
Co.

Edward E. Fricker, Inc.

Ben Fried
Fulper Pottery Co.

Eli Gabison

G. Gallette

The Gelfand Manufacturing

H. E.' Gimbel

Alice Kennedy Girvin
Glen-Logan Corporation
James Goldie
William Goldberg
Joseph Goldstein

J. Howard Goodwin & Co.
Stavros P. Haggea & Sons
Hahnemann Hospital

Association
Republic of Haiti
Frederick Ham ill
Einar Hatisvik & Co.

Heppe Bros.

Anna Herrmann and
S. H. Koonin
Alfred Hoegerle

K. Hovden Co.

F. Hoyt & Co.

International Colorgraph

Corp.

Dr. D. Jayne & Son
Junior League Blind
Committee
Ferdinand Keller
Maurice S. Keller
Maurice S. Keller Corp.
Kells, Estate of Everett C.
Johnson, Deceased

L. A. Ketonan
Keystone Products Corp.

E. J. Kilpatrick
Frederick Kirsch

J. Kjambata and H. Dastoor
Maurice Klisto
John Kodet and Edwin
Rood

William F. B. Koelle
Tatsu Kozai
Dr. Max Kreps
The Kuffeez. Company
Ladies’ Auxiliary, Ancient
Order of Hibernians
Carl F. Lauber
Launch & Gondola
Corporation
Claude D. Lawes
Mrs. S. W. Layton
Levin & Garman
Leon M. Levy

Dr. Julien Lewis
R. Allyn Lewis
Meyer Lipman
Log Cabin Toy Manufac¬
turing Co.

M. D. Lokitz
Ludo Corporation
Giovanni Luise & Sons
E. L. McCleary Novelty Co.
The McEvoy Co.

Arthur Mandl
Marglen Novelty Co.

Louis Mark Shoes
Marx Lyons Co,

L. Maurice

Michigan Fur Producers,
Inc.

Jacob Miner

Moktar ben Mohamed ben
Moussa

Morrison & Struhm
Morrow Candy Co.

Mohsen Moulla and Allala
Belhadj

Heinrich Mueller
Charles Muller and
Fritz Muller
Chalom Haun Nadoff
Shalom Nadoff
National Business Shows
Corp.

The National Drug Co. _
National Overseas Service
League

National Society— Sons and
Daughters of the Pilgrims
National Souvenir Co.
Arthur Neumann and
Charles Gerhardt
Ernest Neumarker
Mohamed Nifar
C. Nizard

North State Pottery Co.
Charles Nunneman
Omin Co.

Oriental Concessions Co.
Outdoor Amusements, Inc.
Overseas Service League
Palestine Produce Co.

Frank Palmeri
Charles N. Pappas
The Party Shop
Paterson Parchment Paper
Co.

Perfect Beverage Co.

The Philadelphia Club of the
American Football League
Philadelphia Key. Co.
Philadelphia Rapid Transit
Co.

The Phillips-Laffite Co,

The Phillips Mfg. Co., Ltd.
Phillips Novelty Co., Inc.
Philomusian Club
Pitcairn Aviation, Inc.

Aaron Poland, Nathan Dwo'ir-
kin and Hyman Jablonsky
Projector Advertising Corp.
Quaker City Laundry
Quaker Ice Cream Co.

Quill Book Shop
Wilmer H. Ran del
Mrs. William N. Reynolds
F. B. Rhodes
Harold Rhone
The Robbins Co.

Nathan Robinson
Mrs. Ray Davidson
Rosenbaum
Marcus Rothschild
Isadora Rudolph

Mary A, Russell

A. J. Sabon and N. Moran
Safety Electric Sander Corp.

and Guinn Manufacturing
Co.

B. Sah

Charles Sasson
Erich Schonemann and
Moritz Burlin
Ella Schooley
Charles H. Schorpp
M. Schorr & Co.

Henry Schwartz

H. T. Schweitzer & Roosen
Seamen’s Church Institute —

Auxiliaries
Alexander Seitz
Semper Fidelis Philanthropic
Assn.

Ernest Setbon and David
Setbon

Maurice Setbon

R. Setbon
Rafael Setbon

Melle Alice Sevin-Marny
Ayash Shammah
Sesqui-Centennial Poster
Advertising Co.

I. Shammah and T. Srour
Beatrix Sherman
Shut-in-Society— Penna.

Branch
Sinunu Bros.

Skerrett Mfg. Co., Inc.
Maurice Smadja
A. Smida

Joseph H. Smith and
Harry Cunin
W. W. Smith
Souvenir Candy Co.

Sparklets, Inc.

E. B. Sprankle
FI. Q. Stansbury Co.

Maidie Stanton
Star Music Co,

L. & H. Stern, Inc.

Simon Steadier

Rev. Percy R. Stockman

James Sukstels Co.

W. T. Sullivan
Sun Oil Co.

S upplee- Wi!is-iJ ones MJlk Co-.

Hirsch Sverdloff

David Taub and Robert Darsa

Gaston Taub

Taj Mahal Trading Co.

S. Tayeb
Taylor & Gurmis
Myron A. Teller

Temple University Women’s
Club

Richard Thorn a
Joseph Tibi
Beatrice Toubkin
Toy Furniture Shop
Albert Tuil
Vindebona Waffles
George Washington Coffee
Refining Co.

Wiggy Products Co., Inc.
Neville Wilkinson
Isadora Witsky and Harry
Trachtman
A. E. Wright

J. W. Wripperman
Young Women’s Christian

Association
Gabriel Chen Yun
David Zagha
Leonid Zamaisky
S. D. Zekaria

520

Form 45

606 P 56612

Austin cop. 3

Sesnui-nant ftnnial internat ion

al exi
4

position

34671

■

—

Form 47

PENNSYLVANIA STATE LIBRARY
606 Harrisburg c Op .3 ^ 5 3 6 1 2

In case o( failure to return the book, the borrower ‘o pa^tWngjnaJ

price of the same, or to replace them with other copies, me ia
responsible for any mutilation.

Return this book on or before the last date stamped below. 246 / 7 6

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